Linguis’c)and)extralinguis’c) constraints)on)preaspiraon ... ·...

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Linguis’c and extralinguis’c constraints on preaspira’on in Bethesda Welsh Jonathan Morris (Cardiff University) Michaela Hejná (Newcastle University)

Transcript of Linguis’c)and)extralinguis’c) constraints)on)preaspiraon ... ·...

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Linguis'c  and  extra-­‐linguis'c  constraints  on  preaspira'on  in  

Bethesda  Welsh      

Jonathan  Morris  (Cardiff  University)    Michaela  Hejná  (Newcastle  University)  

 

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Outline  •  Study  of  pre-­‐aspira'on  before  for's  plosives  in  Bethesda  (North  West  Wales):  

Ø Frequency  of  occurrence  

Ø Dura'on  

Ø Noisiness  

•  Correla'ons  with  speaker  sex  and  home  language.  

•  Ini'al  findings  of  pre-­‐aspira'on  before  lenis  plosives.  

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Research  Context  •  Sugges'ons  that  pre-­‐aspira'on  could  be  a  non-­‐obligatory  feature  of  many  varie'es  of  Welsh  and  Welsh  English  (Ball  1984:  18;  Morris  2010;  Hejná  2015;  Hejná  in  prep  a).  

•  Evidence  that  women  pre-­‐aspirate  more  frequently  (e.g.  Docherty  &  Foulkes  1999;  Helgason  2002).    

•  Effects  of  language  contact  and  synchronic  bilingualism  on  Welsh-­‐English  bilingual  phone'cs  (Morris  2013;  Mayr  et  al.  2015;  Mennen  et  al.  2015).    

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Data  •  16  speakers  aged  between  16  and  18  (dataset  equally  stra'fied  in  terms  of  sex  and  home  language).  

•  Wordlist  data  collected  as  part  of  a  previous  project  (Morris  2013).  

•  For's  (n=698)  and  lenis  tokens  (n=266).  Examples  include:  ‘siop’  shop,  ‘brat’  apron,  ‘clec’  smack  ’bod’  be,  ‘baban’  baby,  ’cig’  meat.    

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Measurements  

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Coding  and  analysis  •  Frequency:  Presence  of  breathiness,  pre-­‐aspira'on,  

or  both.    

•  Dura'on:  %  of  the  token.  

•  Noisiness:  Band-­‐pass  filtered  zero  crossing  rate  using  an  automated  script  developed  by  Gordeeva  &  Scobbie  (2010).  

•  Mixed  Effects  Models  (R  Core  Team  2015)  using  lme4  and  lmerTest  packages  (Bates  et  al.  2015;  Kuznetsova  2015).  

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Frequency  •  87.2%  of  for's  tokens  pre-­‐aspirated  (n=609).  •  More  likely  to  occur  before  /t/  and  /k/  than  /p/  (p  <  0.01).    

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Frequency  

•  High  vowels  less  frequently  pre-­‐aspirated  (but  not  significant).  

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Frequency  

•  Not  found  to  be  significant.  

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Dura'on  

•  Gender/Sex  (p  <  0.01)  

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Dura'on  

•  Home  language  (p  <  0.01)  

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Noisiness  •  Sensi've  to  place  of  ar'cula'on  (p  <  0.05)  

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Noisiness  •  Sensi've  to  vocalic  condi'oning.    •  <a>  vs  <i>,  <io>,  <u>,  <w>  (p  <  0.01).      

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Noisiness  •  Gender/Sex  (p  <  0.01)  

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Lenis  plosives  •  /b,  d,  g/:  omen  voiceless  and  pre-­‐aspirated.  •  Pre-­‐aspira'on  found  before  47.7%  of  lenis  stops  (n=127):  

   

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Lenis  plosives  •  /b,  d,  g/:  omen  voiceless  and  pre-­‐aspirated.  •  Pre-­‐aspira'on  found  before  47.7%  of  lenis  stops  (n=127):  

   

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Phone'c  discussion  •  Pre-­‐aspira'on  least  frequent  and  least  noisy    

–  with  /p/  (as  opposed  to  /t/  and  /k/)  –  with  high  vowels  

•  This  is  found  across  languages  (for  frequency  and  dura'on;  noisiness  not  analysed).  

 PLACE:  

–  English  (Hejná  2015:  99-­‐104;  Morris  2010:  10)  –  Icelandic  (Ní  Chasaide  1985:  126)  –  Italian  (Stevens  &  Hajek  2004a:  58,  2004b:  342;  Stevens  2010:  101)  –  North  Wales  Welsh  (Morris  2010:  10)  –  Scopsh  Gaelic  (Nance  &  Stuart-­‐Smith  2013:  10;  Ní  Chasaide  1985:  126)  –  Swedish  (Helgason  &  Ringen  2008:  623)  

HEIGHT:  –  English  (Gordeeva  &  Scobbie  2007:  1;  Hejná  2015:  104-­‐8)  –  Italian  (Stevens  &  Hajek  2004a:  59)  –  Skolt  Sámi  (McRobbie-­‐Utasi  1991:  10,  2003:  3)  –  Western  Yugur  (Roos  1998:  32)  

•  Why?  

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Discussion:  place  condi'oning  •  VOT  explana'ons  (Cho  &  Ladefoged  1999)  

 pressure  built-­‐up  behind  the  closure    (NA)    mass  of  air  before  the  constric'on  point  (NA)    velocity  of  the  ar'culator          (yes)    ar'culator  mass  in  contact          (yes)    glotal  opening  area            (NA)    temporal  adjustment  between  closure  and  release  dura'on  (can  be,  but    not  ar'culatory)  

 •  Could  pre-­‐aspira'on  paterns  be  beter  explained  by  an'cipatory  and  

perceptual  mo'va'ons?    •  For  example:  If  a  plosive  is  foot-­‐final  and  followed  by  a  pause,  the  cues  to  

place  may  not  be  salient  enough  •  à  pre-­‐aspira'on  mirrors  post-­‐aspira'on  to  preserve  place  contrast  •  needs  to  be  tested,  but  problema'c  because  of  phonologisa'on    

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Discussion:  vocalic  effects  •  opposite  paterns  found  for  vowel  devoicing  •  mo'va'ons  cannot  be  the  same  as  those  proposed  for  vowel  

devoicing  (Ohala  2011)  

•  opposite  paterns  found  for  post-­‐aspira'on:  longest  with  high  vowels  (e.g.  Chang  et  al.  1999;  Nearey  &  Rochet  1994),  although  not  always  

   •  mo'va'ons  cannot  be  the  same  

•  There  could  be  two  types  of  vowel  devoicing:  –  “vowel  devoicing”:  mechanic  &  in  unstressed  syllables  –  “pre-­‐aspira'on”:    a.  place  contrast  preserving  &  an'cipa'on  of  

           post-­‐aspira'on            b.  syllable-­‐'ming  preserving  &  primarily  in  stressed              syllables  (pre-­‐aspira'on)    

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Further  work  •  Does  pre-­‐aspira'on  in  lenis  plosives  patern  like  pre-­‐

aspira'on  in  for's  plosives?  

•  To  what  extent  is  pre-­‐aspira'on  a  feature  in  areas  where  the  use  of  Welsh  by  the  community  is  less,  and  where  other  varie'es  of  English  may  have  had  more  influence  historically?  

•  How  salient  is  pre-­‐aspira'on  to  listeners?  

•  Rela'onship  between  pre-­‐aspira'on  &  breathiness?  

–  breathiness  as  a  precursor  to  pre-­‐aspira'on  (Hejná  in  prep  b)  

•  Is  it  physiological  sex  or  gender  that  biases  pre-­‐aspira'on?  

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References  •  Bates,  D.;  Maechler,  M.;  Bolker,  B.;  Walker,  S.  (2014)  lme4:  Linear  mixed-­‐effects  models  using  Eigen  and  S4.  R  

package  version  1.1-­‐7.  <htp://CRAN.R-­‐  project.org/package=lme4>  [accessed  in  2014-­‐2016].    •  Boersma,  P.;  Weenink,  D.  (2014)  Praat:  doing  phone'cs  by  computer.  Version  5.3.78.  <htp://www.praat.org/

>  [accessed  in  2014-­‐2015].    •  Chang,  S.S.;  Ohala,  J.;  Hansson,  O.;  James,  B.;  Lewis,  J.;  Liaw,  L.;  Urban,  M.;  Yu,  A.;  Van  Bik,  K.  (1999)  “Vowel-­‐

dependent  VOT  varia'on:  an  experimental  study”.  JASA  105.  1400.    •  Cho,   T.;   Ladefoged,   P.   1999.   “Varia'on   and   universals   in   VOT:   evidence   from   18   languages”.   Journal   of  

Phone8cs  27:  207-­‐29.  •  Gordeeva,  O.;  Scobbie,  J.  (2007)  “Non-­‐norma've  preaspirated  voiceless  frica'ves  in  Scopsh  English:  phone'c  

and  phonological  characteris'cs”.  QMU  Speech  Science  Research  Centre  Working  Papers.    •  Gordeeva,   O.;   Scobbie,   J.   (2010)   “Preaspira'on   as   a   correlate   of   word-­‐final   voice   in   Scopsh   English  

frica'ves”.   Turbulent   Sounds:   an   Interdisciplinary   Guide.   Eds.   S.   Fuchs,   M.   Toda   &   M.   Żygis.   Mouton   de  Gruyter:  Berlin.  167-­‐207.  

•  Hejná,   M.   (2015)   Pre-­‐aspira8on   in  Welsh   English:   A   Case   Study   of   Aberystwyth.   PhD   thesis,   University   of  Manchester.    

•  Hejná,   M.   (in   prep   a)   “Phone'c   precursors   of   a   laryngeal   allophony:   Welsh   English   pre-­‐aspira'on   and  glotalisa'on”.  

•  Hejná,  M.  (in  prep  b)  “Pre-­‐aspira'on  implies  breathiness”.  •  Helgason,  P.;  Ringen,  C.  (2008)  “Voicing  and  aspira'on  in  Swedish  stops”.  Journal  of  Phone8cs  36.  607-­‐28.    

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References  •  Kuznetsova,   A.   (2015)   lmerTest:   Tests   in   Linear   Mixed   Effects   Models.   Version   2.0-­‐   25.   <htp://cran.r-­‐project.org/web/

packages/lmerTest/index.html>  [accessed  in  May  2015].    •  McRobbie-­‐Utasi,  Z.  (1991)  “Preaspira'on  in  Skolt  Sámi.”  SFU  Working  Papers  in    •  Linguis8cs  1.  77-­‐87.    •  McRobbie-­‐Utasi,  Z.  (2003)  "Norma've  preaspira'on  in  Skolt  Sami  in  rela'on  to  the  distribu'on  of  dura'on  in  the  disyllabic  

stress-­‐group".  Hon8-­‐FestschriL.  Eds.  Z.  McRobbie-­‐Utasi  &  C.  So.  Hungarian  Academy  of  Sciences,  Ins'tute  of  Linguis'cs:  Budapest.  291-­‐300.    

•  Morris,   J.   (2010)   “Phone'c   varia'on   in   Northern   Wales:   preaspira'on”.   Proceedings   of   the   Second   Summer   School   of  Sociolinguis8cs.   Eds.  M.  Meyerhoff,   C.   Adachi,   A.   Daleszynska  &   A.   Strycharz.   University   of   Edinburgh:   Edinburgh.   <htp://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/sssocio/proceedings/Jon.pdf>  [accessed  in  September  2012].    

•  Nance,  C.;  Stuart-­‐Smith,  J.  (2013)  “Pre-­‐aspira'on  and  post-­‐aspira'on  in  Scopsh  Gaelic  stop  consonants”.  JIPA  43,  2.  129-­‐52.  •  Ní  Chasaide,  A.  (1985)  Preaspira8on  in  Phonological  Stop  Contrasts.  PhD  thesis,  University  College  of  North  Wales.    •  Ohala,   J.   (2011)  “Accommoda'on  to  the  Aerodynamic  Voicing  Constraint  and   its  phonological   relevance”.  17th   ICPhS,  Hong  

Kong.  64-­‐7.    •  R  Studio.  2009-­‐2013.  Version  0.98.1049.  <htp://www.rstudio.com>  [accessed  in  2013-­‐2015].  •  Roos,   M.   (1998)   “Preaspira'on   in   Western   Yugur   monosyllables”.   The   Mainz   Mee8ng.   Proceedings   of   the   Seventh  

Interna8onal  Conference  on  Turkish  Linguis8cs  August  3-­‐6,  1994.  /  Turgologica  32.  Harrassowitz:  Wiesbaden.  28-­‐41.    •  Stevens,  M.   (2010)   “How  widespread   is   preaspira'on   in   Italy?   A   preliminary   acous'c   phone'c   overview”.   Lund   University  

Centre  for  Languages  and  Literature  Phone8cs  Working  Papers  54.  /  FONETIK  2010,  Lund.  97-­‐102.    •  Stevens,  M.;  Hajek,  J.  (2004a)  “Preaspira'on  in  Sienese  Italian  and  its  interac'on  with  stress  in  /VCː  /  sequences”.  Speech  

Prosody,  Nara.  57-­‐60.    •  Stevens,  M.;  Hajek,  J.  (2004b)  “Comparing  voiced  and  voiceless  geminates  in  Sienese  Italian:  what  role  does  preaspira'on  

play?”.  Proceedings  of  the  10th  Australian  Interna8onal  Conference  on  Speech  Science  &  Technology.  340-­‐5.    

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Pre-­‐aspira'on  •  A  period  of  breathy  voice  and  voiceless  pre-­‐aspira'on  as  a  result  of  the  abduc'on  of  the  glops  prior  to  the  stop  closure  (Helgason  2002:  9;  Nance  &  Stuart-­‐Smith  2013:  130).  

•  Either  as  an  obligatory  feature  or  one  which  can  be  present  or  absent  and  subject  to  sociolinguis'c  constraints  (see  Nance  &  Stuart-­‐Smith  2013  for  refs).  

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Frequency  •  No  effect  

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Dura'on  •  No  effect  of  place  of  ar'cula'on  

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Dura'on  •  No  effect  of  the  vocalic  factors  

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Noisiness  •  No  effect  of  home  language  


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MORRIS COUNTY PARK COMMISSION COUNTY OF MORRIS …

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MORRIS CENTRAL SCHOOL DISTRICT INFORMATIONmorriscs.org/UserFiles/Servers/Server_117587/File/Morris... · Morris Central School Student Handbook 2015-2016 Morris Central School P.O.

Constraints We have discussed three types of integrity constraints: primary keys, not null constraints, and unique constraints. CREATE TABLE Movies ( title.

Constraints We have discussed three types of integrity constraints: primary keys, not null constraints, and unique constraints. CREATE TABLE Movies ( title.

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This is an Open Access document downloaded from ORCA ...orca.cf.ac.uk/102907/1/Exploring Cosmic Origins... · 4School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff

Constraints & Triggers - Artificial Intelligenceopenclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/courses/IntroToDatabases/… · Constraints & Triggers Constraints and Triggers For relational

Constraints & Triggers - Artificial Intelligenceopenclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/courses/IntroToDatabases/… · Constraints & Triggers Constraints and Triggers For relational

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Www.duanemorris.com ©2009 Duane Morris LLP. All Rights Reserved. Duane Morris is a registered service mark of Duane Morris LLP. Duane Morris – Firm and.

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Www.duanemorris.com ©2014 Duane Morris LLP. All Rights Reserved. Duane Morris is a registered service mark of Duane Morris LLP. Duane Morris – Firm and.

TheRegulationoftheCNSInnateImmuneResponse … · 2019. 7. 31. · M.R.Griffiths,1 P.Gasque,1,2 andJ.W.Neal3 1Deptartment of Medical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff

TheRegulationoftheCNSInnateImmuneResponse … · 2019. 7. 31. · M.R.Griffiths,1 P.Gasque,1,2 andJ.W.Neal3 1Deptartment of Medical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff

Flight Dynamic Constraints in Conceptual Aircraft ......Flight Dynamic Constraints in Conceptual Aircraft Multidisciplinary Analysis and Design Optimization Craig C. Morris ABSTRACT

Flight Dynamic Constraints in Conceptual Aircraft ......Flight Dynamic Constraints in Conceptual Aircraft Multidisciplinary Analysis and Design Optimization Craig C. Morris ABSTRACT

Philip Morris Brands Sàrl (Switzerland), Philip Morris ... › sites › default › files › case-documents › italaw7428.pdfPhilip Morris Brands Sàrl (Switzerland), Philip Morris

Philip Morris Brands Sàrl (Switzerland), Philip Morris ... › sites › default › files › case-documents › italaw7428.pdfPhilip Morris Brands Sàrl (Switzerland), Philip Morris

Constraints. Some basic ones Some basic integrity constraints: primary keys, not null constraints, and unique constraints. Examples: CREATE TABLE Movies.

Constraints. Some basic ones Some basic integrity constraints: primary keys, not null constraints, and unique constraints. Examples: CREATE TABLE Movies.

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RA 007 New look for Cardiff Central - railfuture.org.uk

RA 007 New look for Cardiff Central - railfuture.org.uk