Lineage April 2013

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FROM THE EDITOR

When avid readers picked up 100000 copies of the novel Oath of the Vayuputras, each priced Rs 350, durin

the first week of its release in March 2013, the media celebrated the rise of a Literary Pop Star. The Shiva Trilog

written by Amish has captured their imagination and heralds a healthy appreciation of new sensibilities.

Kochi Metro and the entire populace of Kerala look up to Er.E.Sreedharan to deliver their dreams. Forbe

analyses the celebritys traits and style.

T.Ravindran comes up with a well-timed Tutorial on Solar PV Installations. This subject should ideally bprescribed as a lesson for Class XI / XII for effective penetration to and acceptance by the people in the powe

starved homes of Kerala. And, it appears as though we have to turn to the Sun not only for Electricity but fo

wellness too! Essential vitamins provided by Sun promote good health.

It is not uncommon that wild prophecies/claims accompany a new product; they often get forgotten by th

appearance of an even better Technology; NFC is an interesting Technology. Gangadharan & Madhavamenon jo

regular contributors - Sasi, KNC, GHK and Suhair- with valuable and interesting stuff under a misleading caption

TRIVIA. They are all priceless.

HAPPY READING! K.E.DAMODARAN NAYANAR

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INBOX

Received the March issue of Lineage and many thanks. The appearance and diversity of contents are

impressive. Keep up the good work. Suha

Received the March issue of Lineage. Beautiful layout and useful contents. I read all the materia

except 'Heart Beats', because it is quite long. I would read it later. Kollam unit conducts meetin

regularly and the discussions are very interesting and beautiful. However, in communicating the minuteto Lineage, some lethargy prevents our colleagues and of course, myself. The Prayer I sent for Lineag

was only garnered, and not made by me. Someone may think that I authored it. Regards,

G.H. Krishna Iye

E Sreedharan: More Than The Metro ManN.S. Ramna

Delhi Metro was just one feather in E Sreedharans cap, albeit a large one

He faced a lot of interference from politicians in the early years, but Sreedharan put hfoot down and demanded that he be given a free hand.

In 2000, following a long and ugly public spat with the Ministry of Railway, E Sreedharan wanted tquit Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC).

He had wanted to use coaches of standard gaugeused globallyfor the Delhi Metro, while thministry wanted to use broad gauge, like the rest of the rail network in India.

The issue went to a group of ministers, which favored the railway ministry. Sreedharan, who ha

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been selected on the basis of his competence, found that the government did not trust his judgmenHe saw no reason to continue with DMRC.

He then turned to the Bhagwad Gita. For more than 15 years, he has been reading a couple of stanzevery day and ruminating on their meaning.On that day in 2000, he reflected on the central theme of the Gita, where Arjunlooking at thgathered armiesfeels despondent, drops his weapons, and tells Krishna he will not fight. Krishnsays that, no matter what, Arjun has to fulfill his duty.

Sreedharan decided not to quit, but, instead, to stay on and fight his battles.

Before Delhi Metro

In 1963, he had been given six months to repair PambaBridge, which connected Rameshwaram to the mainlanSreedharan, barely 30 at the time, took 46 days.

In the 1990s, he was in charge of Konkan Railway, a 760km stretch cutting across the Western Ghats. Nearly 15bridges and 92 tunnels had to be built. He took seven year

The memories of the Kolkata Metrobuilding the 17-kstretch had taken 22 yearswere still very strong. The coof the project had overshot its budget 14 times; fataccidents and building collapses had followed undergroundigging.Policy makers largely viewed work on the Delhi Metrthrough this prism of scepticism.

But all this changed when things started moving fast. DelMetro carries 2.2 million people every day and earns Rs

crore a day, more than enough to cover operationexpenses and interest payments. World over, a metro trais considered late if it is delayed by two minutes. For DelMetro, this is one minute. With such an exacting standarit has been punctual 99.97 percent of the time.

andAfterSreedharan retired from DMRC in December 2011. He w65 when he had taken up the project. But, I had felt veyoung then, both physically and mentally. Today, itdifferent. I have become a little old mentally, and very mumore bodily, he said. He wanted to retire to his ancestrvillage, and live a placid life in Ponnani, on the coast Kerala. He moved to Ponnani, but his retired life did nwork out the way he had planned. Kerala wanteSreedharans help in implementing the Kochi metroprojec

In terms of engineering, it is not a tough project. The terrais flat; the train lines were to run above the ground; he hthe support of the Centre and the state.

There will be problems: The rails will pass through som

crowded spots, people will have to put up with constructio

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and the project willbe completed in three years.

Sreedharan givestalks on project management to managers and engineers all over India. He speaks them, shares his experiences, and takes questions. The senior officials, many with greying hair, lap it ulike undergraduates listening to a star professor.This roleof listening, advising, motivatingseems to fit him like wheels on a track. He is a goospeaker, and his advice doesnt come across as pontification; its almost like a suggestion. His sense humourwhich sparks off a few spontaneous bursts of laughterreveals the absurdities of corporalife.

Sreedharan could well have opted for a placid life, and yet sated his sense of duty by being a source knowledge, wisdom and inspiration. Why would he take up responsibility that might pull him into thworld of politics, bureaucratic turf wars and even put his reputation at some ris

To know why, one needs to look not at what he has accomplished, but how.

What Makes Him Tick

Sreedharan might as well be 80, but there is little sign of ageing. He walks fast, smiles often, and his eyglisten with curiosity while discussing any engineering project. He gets in and out of a small car with thagility and speed of a young man.

Sreedharans day begins at 4 am. He meditates, reads the Gita, listens to a spiritual discourse, has a baand breakfast, and gets into his home office at 9.30 am. There are meetings, discussions and calls, unlehe decides to work from Kochis DMRC office, or when he is travelling. In the evenings, after work, htakes a long walk with his wife. Its family time, he says.

His routine was no different when he was implementing the Delhi Metro project on tight deadlines. Halways knew how to manage his time. His colleagues say he is very punctual. He is never a minute latand never a minute early. He never took files home, and discouraged colleagues from calling him unleit was an emergency. At the project sites of Konkan Railway and Delhi Metro, he set up reverse clocks show impending deadlines.

Sreedharan sets deadlines that can be achieved Whether we take two days or 10 days, in reality we onspend just a few hours on this activity. It can be done.

The biggest problem in implementing projects is the delay in taking decisions. P Sriram, who has workwith him since the 1970s, recalls an incident during the Konkan Railway project. At one point, his teahit a stone wall while digging a tunnel and an additional tunnel had to be dug. He wanted Sreedharan take a look. He agreed on the second tunnel, and asked him to go ahead.

When can we start? asked Sriram.Sreedharan replied, What do you mean when? Of course, start your work now.

But, what about approvals, what about the budget?Sreedharan said, Dont worry about that. Ill take care of it. The more the work is delayed, the morewill cost. So, start now.

The ability to take quick decisions entails a range of other skills, including the ability to quickly proceinformation, calculate probabilities, assess risk, and, have a thorough knowledge of the subject. A wrondecision can prove costly.

Once during his visit, a senior manager asked him about dealing with changes that creep in mid-wthrough a project. Sreedharan told him about the Japanese, who spend a lot of time on planning. Bonce the plan is finalised, they never allow any changes, for good or bad. One should not get intosituation where changes need to be made to a plan.

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Sreedharan never had the luxury of time while planning. But his mind works several times faster thours.

Sreedharan encouraged his team to strive for mastery. For the first phase of Delhi Metro, DMRC haengaged consultants. Sreedharan sent his team abroad to study the best metro networks, and by the timwork started, they knew enough to challenge the consultants. For the second phase of Delhi Metro, thewere no external consultants.

His approach to ethics is both idealistic and practical. If someone made a mistake, he turns everyoneattention towards a solution. But, he can be ruthless when it comes to ethical lapses.

He believes in creating a system where there is little incentive for fraud. For instance, at Konkan Railwhe did away with paying contractors based on measurement books. It took months to complete, anaffected the contractors cash flow. Instead, he brought in AV Paulose, an authority on railway finance, device a system where payments can be made faster, based on bills contractors submit. By this metho85 percent of payments were made within 24 hours, no questions asked, and the rest within a week aftthe bills were scrutinised.

It is based on trust, and penalty for breaching it is high. But, once the cash flows are certain, contractohad little incentive to cut corners. Sreedharan followed the same system at DMRC.

His definition of success is not just about completing a project on time, but completing it wittransparent integrity.

More than EngineeringFor Sreedharan, there is more to a metro project than engineering excellence, effective projemanagement and use of the latest technology. Its about serving the people. Its about saving liveOnce, he did a quick calculation of the number of lives the Kochi Metro could save. Even if 1percent of the traffic moves to the Metro, 20 lives can be saved in a year, and 100 grievous injuriecan be avoided. Finishing the project fast is a social responsibility as well, for every single days delain the project will result in a loss of Rs 50 lakh. For him, its the right thing to do.

The instinct to do the right thing has often landed him in trouble, and each time he came ouunscathed. He attributes this to doing what he believed was right, rather than doing something fopersonal gai

He has been prepared to work any where. In the first 15 years of his service, he was transferred 2times. And he was also prepared to quit any day.The detachment gave him the courage to always do what he believed was right. That, in fact, is thmessage of the Gita: To act, without desire for the fruits of the action.

In Sreedharans sparse room at the DMRC office in Kerala, there is a plaque with a line from YogVasishta Ramayan. It reads:Whatever to be done, I do. But in reality I do not do anything.

Forbes India Magazi

Five powerful lessons to be learnt from the exemplary life of E.Sreedharan :

1. Let deadlines motivate you rather than pressurize you

2. Start your day early, finish your day early

3. Work with honesty, others will co-operate

4. Believe in your self, believe in the impossible

5. Let awards and accolades not affect you, and similarly, let not criticism deter you .

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KANNUR UNIT MEMBERS VISIT NAVAL ACADEMY

The Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala is located approximately 35 km north of Kannur.

Coordinates: 12040N 75138E

Folklore has it that the seven hills are part of the Rishabadri mountain that fell to the eart

when Lord Hanuman was carrying the mountain with Mrita Sanjivani and other herbs to Lanka.The academy's campus is spread over 2,452 acres (9.92 km2) with 7 km of beach front o

the Arabian Sea. The INA is divided into three zones -- a Training zone, an Administration zon

and an Accommodation zone. The Mount Dilly Light house is in its premises.

The training zone contains the main academic building complex, as well as physical-training

aquatics and outdoor-training complexes, auditoriums, a firing range, cadet's Mess and cadet

dormitories.

The main academic building complex is situated on the highest point of the academy. It include

the Service and Technical Training wings, laboratories, workshops, library, and a 1800-capaci

auditorium.

The academy accepts up to 1200 cadets for officer-training each year. This includes office

trainees from foreign countries, as well as interim training facilities for the Indian Coast Guard.

Several members of the team had associated with some activity connected with power supply t

the Naval Academy at some point of time in their service. The church on the hillock with th

jovial European priest encouraging visitors to use his binoculars, the ashram in seren

surroundings and the expansive sea in the background were among their cherished memorie

But none had the opportunity to see the transformation of the ancient Ezhimala as a moder

training campus. Perhaps they were discouraged by the awe-inspiring protocols of DefencSecurity. No wonder there was a mix up while giving the bus driver directions - the11ok

substation at the southern tip that we reached first was not the entry point for the visitor t

Indias premier Naval Academy!

The commotion over the capture of Bitty Mohanthy- a suspected criminal living incognito in th

small town; had not died down when we passed through Pazhayangadi at 10 am. Furthe

ahead, the large statue of Hanuman on the slopes of the Ezhimala hillock gave a breath-takin

view. We were shown around by a guide provided by the academy. The scenic beauty of th

verdant village and the serene beach gave a surprising ambience to the functional areas lik

stadium, stables, parade ground and swimming pool. The residential, administrative an

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academic buildings blend perfectly with the scenic splendor. Something worthy of Nation

Pride! Er.K.V.Padmanabhan had thoughtfully carried tea and home-made snacks all the wa

from Payyanur. The steam cooked, plantain leaf-wrapped adas tasted heavenly.

By the time we arrived at Payyanur, after spending two hours at Ezhimala under merciles

scorching sun, every one was hungry and tired. After lunch the formal Unit meeting was held

There was a lively discussion on the 1kWp solar PV system GOK was offering to 10000 home

with subsidy. The debate kept us awake, denying the pleasure of a well-earned siesta! It wen

on and on, seemed endless, till the bus driver reminded about the scheduled time of departure.

The feed back on the days adventure was enthusiastic; high praise was liberal. The few wh

missed it really suffered a loss. Inclusion of family members in such outings in future was

suggestion worthy of consideration. Mohanan Nambiar and his team cannot run out of ideas!

NAYANA

GITAMRUTHAM

An enlightened man treats every one equally.

He sees no difference between a learned, a brahmin, animals or others.

Those who treat everyone with equality are self- realised

and have conquered the cycle of birth and death.

Thus they are one with GOD.

One who is neutral in good, bad times remains unaffected by present situation;

Such a person is in transcendence.

M. M. KATHOL

Contributed by Madhava Menon, (courtesy: A. Chandra

LAUGH READERS DIGEST

Lying on his deathbed, a loving husband was wavering between life and death when he thought h

smelled chocolate chip cookies baking. They were his very favourite, so he dragged himself out of bed

crawled to the kitchen and was just reaching up to take a cookie off the plate when his wife slapped h

hand with a spatula. "Don't touch!" she commanded. "They're for the funeral."

Most of the cooking in our house is done by my husband, but occasionally I get to make dinner. One dait dawned on me that our four-year-old daughter was willing to help mein the kitchen but not her father

asked her why. "Well, Mom," she replied, "Dad seems to know what he's doing."

Two elderly couples were walking down the street, the women a couple of metres ahead of the me

One man told the other that they'd had a wonderful meal the night before-great food, reasonably price

His friend asked for the name of the restaurant. "Well, I'll need your help on this. Let's see, there's

flower that smells great and has thorns on the stem?" "That would be a rose," his frien

responded."That's it!" the man replied. Then he shouted to his wife: "Hey, Rose! What's the name of th

restaurant we ate at last night?"

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Books:

SHIVA TRILOGY

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NAYANA

Amish Tripathi

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Remember to put the glass down - asuhair

A psychologist walked around a room while teaching stress management to an audience. As she raise

a glass of water, everyone expected they'd be asked the "half empty or half full" question. Instead, with

smile on her face, she inquired: "How heavy is this glass of water?" Answers called out ranged from

oz. to 20 oz.

She replied, "The absolute weight doesn't matter. It depends on how long I hold it. If I hold it for

minute, it's not a problem. If I hold it for an hour, I'll have an ache in my arm. If I hold it for a day, my arwill feel numb and paralyzed. In each case, the weight of the glass doesn't change, but the longer I ho

it, the heavier it becomes." She continued, "The stresses and worries in life are like that glass of wate

Think about them for a while and nothing happens. Think about them a bit longer and they begin to hur

And if you think about them all day long, you will feel paralyzed incapable of doing anything."

Its important to remember to let go of your stresses. As early in the evening as you can, put all you

burdens down. Don't carry them through the evening and into the night. Remember to put the glas

down!

Seven Most Expensive Materials1. Antimatter costs 62.5 trillion dollars per gm

(Antimatter is composed of solely of antiparticles (sub atom particles having the mass as

given particle but opposite electric or magnetic properties, of course a gm of antiparticle w

explode with intensity of three Hiroshima.)

2. Californium 252. costs 27 million dollars per gm(A Transuranic radioactive material element produced artificially from Curium . US milita

considered making pocket size nukes using this, but found too expensive.)3. Diamonds costs 55000 dollars per gm4. Tritum costs 30000 dollars per gm

(A hydrogen isotope used in watches)5. Taaffeite costs 30000 dollars per gm (4000/carat)

It is one of rarest gemstone in the world

6. Painite costs 9000 dollars per gm (1800/carat)

(A rare borate mineral named after a gem dealer)

7. Plutonium costs 4000 dollars per gm(It is called the big bang of nuclear energy.)Contributed by Gangadharan Courtesy T.O.I.

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Soak up some sunBY SANGEETHA DEVI DUNDOO

The Hindu Take up an outdoor activity. Besides fitness, you'll enjoy an increase in your vitamin D levels.

Vitamin D deficiency is emerging as a more common menace than we thought. Why do weneed to be in good D company?

Most Indians are at a genetic disadvantage with regard to vitamin D. Dark skin, with its melan

pigments, prevents sunlight and UV light from converting pro-vitamin D to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferoin the skin. Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, leading

deformed bones in children and increased risk of fractures among the elderly. Nearly every tissue

organ in the body has receptors for vitamin D: immunity, cardiovascular health, depression, diabet

prevention and cancer prevention are some of the potential areas of benefit.

Our ancestors started the day with prayers and suryanamaskars facing the sun, outdoors. We spend th

best part of the day in enclosed spaces both at home and work. Lack of vitamin D manifests its

through acute pain in the feet, shoulders, neck and joints in some individuals. Research has also show

link between vitamin D and low immunity levels, obesity and diabetes.

Fair-skinned individuals require only 20 minute exposure to direct sunlight three to four times a we

for the skin to make adequate vitamin D. Darker-skinned individuals with more melanin pigmen

require 30 to 40 minute exposure three to four times a week. The best source of vitamin D is UV

radiation from the sun. UV radiation levels vary depending on location, season, time of day, clou

coverage and the environment. UV-B levels are most intense during the mid-day, but longer exposures

early morning or late evening can be adequate.

Spend a few minutes in the sun without applying sunscreen. Only the exposed parts of the skin help

manufacturing vitamin D. Keep moving while out in the sun. Being stationary will make you prone

sunburns.

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ENGLISH - A POWERFUL LANGUAGE

Professor Ernest Brennecke of Columbia University is credited with inventing a sentence that can bemade to have eight different meanings by placing ONE WORD in all possible positions in the

sentence: "I hit him in the eye yesterday."

1. ONLY I hit him in the eye yesterday. (No one else did.)2. I ONLY hit him in the eye yesterday. (Did not slap him.)

3. I hit ONLY him in the eye yesterday. (I did not hit others.)4. I hit him ONLY in the eye yesterday. (I did not hit outside the eye.)

5. I hit him in ONLY the eye yesterday. (Not other organs.)6. I hit him in the ONLY eye yesterday. (He doesn't have another eye..)

7. I hit him in the eye ONLY yesterday. (Not today.)8. I hit him in the eye yesterday ONLY. (Did not wait for today.)

G.H. Krishna Iyer

UNIT PULSE

Senior Engineers Kozhikode

The monthly meeting of Senior Engineers Kozhikode was held on 09.03.2013, 10:30 am at CalicTowers. Er N .Ravindran presided the meeting in the absence of Er A.Chandran. One minute sileprayer was observed in memory of Late Sri T.Balan Asst Executive Engineer,(Rtd). Sri Balan haworked at Kakkayam PH, Nadakkave Ele. Section and Kozhikode T C Division

Being a bus strike day, the attendance was poor. In his presidential remarks Er Ravindran informedthe developments during the last one month. Er Chandrahasan explained the positioof DCRG arrear and interest. Er V.Ramachandran then explained the 10000 roof top Solar Electrpanels promoted by Anert and M N R E, Govt of India. This 1000 watts solar panel will be almost 50%

subdised by Govt. The total cost will be just below 2 Lakhs at present The solar energy generation Kerala is at present of the order of Kilowatts and the immediate aim is to bring it in MW levelsEr Krishnanunni then read out Lineage March, followed by a discussion on it. Er T.RavindraMadhavamenon and Er Sudhakaran participated in the discussion.The meeting ended at 2.30 pm after lunch

RamachandraSENIOR ENGINEERS, KANNUR

The meeting commenced at 02.30pm after the visit to Ezhimala Naval accademy and lunch at th

Auditorium of Hotel Top Most, Payyannur on 09-03-13 with Er.K.E.Damodaran Nayanar in chair. 3

Engineers attended the meeting. After silent prayer Er..E.P.Ravindran welcomed the gathering. On

minute silence was observedas a mark of respect to the memory of Smt. Karthyayani M

M.C.Reghusudhan who expired on the 24th of February 2013. May her Soul Rest In Peace.

In the presidential speech Er.K.E.D.Nayanar high lighted the need of get together and the pleasant tr

performed.

Er.A.V.Mohanan Nambiar presented the minutes of the last meeting and reported the follow up action

taken and was passed as such. Rose bouquet was presented to Er.V.Velayudhan Nayanar, who ha

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celebrated his Seventieth birth day since last meeting. A ponnadaiwas also presented to Er.Velayudha

Nayanar. Er.Velayudhan Nayanar replied to the toast.

Er.K.E.Damodaran Nayanar Chief Editor briefly touched upon the main contents of the Lineage issue f

the month of March2013

Er.A.V.Mohanan Nambiar talked about the importance of Solar Power Generation in the prese

scenario. General discussion followed - mainly on the Solar Power Generation.Ers. E.P.Ravindra

T.C.Govindan, K.E.Damodaran Nayanar, P.U.Bhaskaran Nambiar, M.V.Gopalakrishnan, C.Mohanda

and P.K.Chandran took part in the discussions.

The secretary proposed vote of thanks to all and the meeting came to a close by 4pm.

A.V.Mohanan Nambiar / Secreta

LIFE LESSON

A FROG HOMILY

A scientist conducted some experiments on frogs a long time ago. He dropped a frog in a pot of boilinwater. The frog immediately jumped out. He then placed the frog in a pot full of cold water; the fro

settled down comfortably. The water temperature was raised gradually. The frog kept adapting to th

increasingly warm and then hot water till it finally died. from the novel: The oath of vayuputra

What is NFC? Jamie Carter

(Courtesy NFC FORUM & TECHRADA

Your credit cards: gone. Bus passes and train tickets: vanished. Those dog-eared loyalty cards for higstreet coffee shops: binned.

You've been the victim not of theft, but of the future a future where the wallet, purse, paper ticket an

pocket have all gone digital and together live solely on your phone.

Welcome to Near Field Communications (NFC), a contactless, Wi-Fi-lite style tech that could already b

in your smartphone, and could soon be a regular feature

your commute.

Near Field Communication (NFC) technology makes life easi

and more convenient for consumers by making it simpler

make transactions, exchange digital content, and conne

electronic devices with a touch.

A standards-based connectivity technology, NFC harmonizetoday's diverse contactless technologies, enabling current anfuture solutions in areas such as:Access control -Consumer electronics - Healthcare Information collection and exchange - Loyalty and couponPayments - Transport.

At its core, all NFC is doing is identifying us, and our ban

account, to a computer. The technology is simple. It's a shor

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range, low power wireless link evolved from radio-frequency identification (RFID) tech that can transfe

small amounts of data between two devices held a few centimeters from each other.

Unlike Bluetooth, no pairing code is needed, and because it's very low power, no battery in the devic

being read. By tapping your phone on a contactless payment terminal in a shop, train station or coffe

shop is able to identify your account (and even your personal preferences, shopping habits and eve

your most frequently travelled route home) and takes payment through an app on your phone.

Passive NFC 'tags' on posters, in shops and on trains could contain a web address, a discount vouche

a map or a bus timetable that passers-by could touch their phones on to receive or to instantly pay fo

absolutely anything.

NFC is only one technology, with Bluetooth and RFID just as able to strike-up a conversation betwee

two gadgets, but there are distinctions within NFC, too. In comes in both passive and active flavour

including P2P mode (exchanging information, such as business cards or contacts) and SecureEleme

NFC (where a machine recognises a NFC phone as a bankcard).

NFC has long been supported by the makers of Android handsets. Flagship and mid-range handse

from the likes of Samsung, HTC, Motorola, Nokia, LG and Blackberry all include NFC.

NFC is still in its trial phase, but promoters have great expectations. ABI Research predicts that 1.9

billion NFC-enabled devices will ship in 2017, largely in smartphones, though NFC will also enter th

living room. WiFi routers will swap passwords for a simple 'tap' from any smartphone, tablet or game

console, with 395 million consumer electronics devices to ship in 2017 in other words, NFC will be

everything.

Solar Power: Next Generation Power

It is no wonder that the Sun is worshipped as a God by ancient people of the world. Directly or indirectly, Suprovides all the power we need to exist and supports all life forms. The sun drives our climate and our weathe

Solar electricity is a wonderful concept of generating electricity from sun light. Taking power from the sun an

using it to power electrical equipment is a terrific idea.

Kerala Government and Anert have launched a new solar power project of 1 kW X 10,000 Roof Top Solar powe

plants. This is the first step in this direction by our Govt. 10 mW solar power plant is a marvellous idea. Te

thousand people are going to have there on solar power plant on their roof- top. Minimum requirement is 1

square metre shade free area for installing 1kWp Solar panel array and about two square metre covered area f

accommodating battery and inverter.

SOLAR POWER

Solar power is a general term for generating power, whether heat or electricity, from the power of the sun. The

are two methods used for generating electricity from the solar power. One is by using Photovoltaic solar pane

(PV) and the other is concentrating solar power technologies (CSP). CSP is a power generator technology th

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uses mirror or lenses to concentrate the suns rays and, in most of the cases, they heat a fluid and produce steam

The steam drives a turbine and generates power in the same way as conventional power plants.

The Principles of solar electricity.

A solar panel generates electricity using photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon discovered in the early 19th

centu

when scientists observed that certain materials produced an electric current when exposed to sun light. Tw

layers of a semi conducting material are combined to create this effect. One layer has to have a deplete

number of electrons. When exposed to sun light, the layers of materials absorb the photons. This excites th

electrons, causing some of them to jump from one layer to the other, generating an electrical charge. The semi

conducting material used to build a solar cell is silicon, cut into very thin wafers. Some of these wafers are the

doped to contaminate them, thereby creating an electron imbalance in wafers. The wafers are then aligne

together to make a solar cell. Conductive metal strips attached to the cells take electrical current. It is when th

photon hit the solar cell is absorbed by the silicon that an electric current is generated. The more photons (ie th

greater intensity of light) that are absorbed by the solar cell, the greater the current generated. Individual sola

cells only generate tiny amount of electrical energy. To make useful amounts of electricity, these cells ar

connected together to make a solar panel or a photovoltaic module.

The Four Configurations for Solar (PV) Power.

There are four different configurations you can select while making a solar electric plant.

1. Stand-Alone/ off grid system

In this system the power generated by the solar panels are stored in a battery and then used as required. Th

power generated is never connected to the supply grid.

2. Grid-Tie system

In a grid tie system the pow

generated by the solar panels are tie

to the supply companies grid. The

are no batteries connected in th

system. In this system, your hom

runs on solar power during the day an

any surplus energy you produced is fe

in to the grid, actually you are sellin

the surplus power to the supp

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company at an agreed rate per kWh. In the evenings and at night when your solar energy system is not workin

you then buy your power from the supply company. One disadvantage is that if there is a power cut, power fro

your solar array is also cut.

The simplified block diagram of grid tie system is shown above. The solar array ( Multiple panels link togeth

to provide high voltage) is connected to the grid level inverter which feeds AC supply to the main grid and als

distribute electricity to the devices in the building and grid level voltage. The grid level inverter monitors th

power fed from the grid. If it detects any power failure it also cut power from the solar panel to ensure that nenergy is fed back to the grid. The grid tie meter monitors how much energy is taken from the grid and how mu

is fed back in to the grid using solar energy system.

3. Grid tie with power backup (Grid interactive)

Grid-tie with power backup- is also known as grid interactive system- combines a grid tie installation with a ban

of batteries. The battery banks provides contingency for power cuts so that you can continue to use power from

your system. The cost of a grid tie system with power back up is higher than a standard grid tie syste

because of the additional cost of batteries and battery controllers

4. Grid fallback system.

With a grid fallback system, the solar array generates power, which in turn charges a battery bank. Energy

taken from the battery and run through an inverter to power one or more circuits from the distribution panel

the house. When the batteries run flat, the system automatically switches back to the grid power supply. Th

solar array then recharges the batteries and the system switches back to solar power. In this system, you do no

sell electricity back to the electricity companies. All the power that you generate you consume yourself.

Components of a Solar Electric system

Solar panels

Solar panel is the main component in a photovoltaic solar electric system. They generate electricity from the su

The more powerful is the available sun energy, they generate more power. They continue to generate sma

amount of electricity in the shade also. Solar panels are made up of individual solar cell, connected together.

typical solar cell will only produce half a volt, so by connecting them in series inside the panel, a more usef

voltage is achieved. Solar panels are usually rated as 12- volt panels. Higher voltage panels such as 24- volt, 48

volt are also available. A 12- volt solar panel produces around 14-18 volts when put under load. This allows

single panel to charge up a 12-volt battery. The open circuit voltage of 12- volt panel is up to 26 volts.

Solar panels can be linked together to create a solar array.

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Connecting the panels in series allows a solar array to run at a higher voltage. If solar array is made of four sola

panel (each individual panel is rated as a 12-vo

12-watt panel) connected the solar array will b

rated as 48-volt, 48- watt array with 1 am

current.

Connecting the panels in parallel allows a sol

array to produce more power while maintaininthe same voltage as individual panels. . If solar array is made of four solar panel (each individual panel is rated

a 12-volt, 12-watt panel) connected in parallel, the solar array will be rated as 12-volt, 48- watt array with 4 am

current.

When you connect multiple panels together, the power of the overall system increases, irrespective of wheth

they are connected in series

in parallel.

There are two ma

technologies of solar panels othe market: amorphous an

crystalline solar panels.

Amorphous solar panels a

the cheapest one available in the market also quite reliable also. For the purpose of working out how much spa

youre going to need to fit the solar panels, you need to know that a 1m amorphous solar panel generates in th

of 60 watts, whilst a 1m crystalline solar panel generate in the region of 160 watts. If we select amorphou

panels more area is required for the generation of same power. However, amorphous panels are good a

generating power even on overcast and extremely dull days. They are also far better in extreme temperatu

conditions, with significantly less power loss at higher temperature than other solar technologies. Amorpho

panels have a bad reputation in the past, with poor product reliability and questionable life span. This technolo

has matured significantly over the past five years. Big name manufacturers such as Mitsubishi, Sharp etc no

manufacture high- quality amorphous solar panels, and life span is also increased to 10 to15 years. Over the pa

three years, amorphous solar panels cost have dropped by around 30% each year. They are expected to drop t

around half their current (2012) cost by 2015.

Polycrystalline solar panels far more efficient than amorphous panels and they are often around one third size o

an equivalent amorphous panel, which can make them easier to fit many installations. These panels have a lif

expectancy of about 25 years but more expensive, costing 20- 30 % more than amorphous solar panels. For th

past five years crystalline solar panels prices also have been dropped by 25% per year. Of course, these trends a

the lime light of solar power to be the next generation power.

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Batteries:

Solar panels are not directly connected to electrical equipment because the amount of power the solar pan

generates varies with the strength of sunlight. This makes the power source too variable for most electric

equipment to cope with. However, in a grid- tie system solar array connected directly to inverter and the invert

handles this variability. For stand-alone or grid fall back system, batteries store the energy and provide a consta

power source for your electrical equipment.

Typically, this energy is stored in deep cycle lead acid batteries. These look similar to car batteries but have

different internal design. This design allows them to be heavily discharged and recharged several times witho

damaging the batteries .Most batteries are 6-volt or 12-volt batteries and, like solar panels, these can b

connected together to form a larger battery bank. Like solar panels, multiple batteries used in series increase th

capacity and the voltage of a battery bank. Multiple batteries connected in parallel increase the capacity whil

keeping the voltage the same.

Controller

Controller is required to manage the flow of electricity (the current) into and out of the battery. If your syste

overcharges the batteries, this will damage and eventually destroy them. Likewise, if your system complete

discharges the batteries, this will quite rapidly destroy them. A solar controller prevents this from happening.

Inverter

The electricity generated by a solar electric system is direct current (DC). Electricity from the suppliers grid

high-voltage alternating current (AC). If you are planning to run equipment that runs from grid by voltage from

solar electric system, you need an inverter to convert the current from DC to AC and convert the voltage to th

same as you get from the grid. There is usually one central inverter in a solar system. A more recent invention h

been the micro inverter. Micro- inverters are connected to individual solar panels so that each individual pan

provides a high voltage AC. Micro inverters only used with grid -tie system and are not suitable for systems wit

battery backup.

Electrical devices

The final element of your solar system is the devices that you are going to use with solar system. Theoretically,

the equipments power with electricity can be powered with solar electricity also. However, many electric

devices are power hungry, which makes running them on solar energy is very expensive. Of course, this may no

be an issue if you are installing a grid-tie system. If you have to run high- power appliances on an off-grid system

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means, you have to have a more powerful off grid solar system to cope with the peak demand even though it

used for a short period.

Low voltage devices.

Most off- grid solar system run at low voltages hence for greater efficiency it is better to run some of you

equipment directly from your low voltage DC supply rather than running everything through an inverter. O

course, this may require separate wiring circuits. Lots of equipment is available to run from a 12/24 volt suppl

light bulbs, refrigerators, ovens, vacuum cleaners, televisions, air conditioning units washing machines are a

available to run on 12 volt power. In addition, some specialist manufacturers are started manufacturing ultra lo

energy appliances, such as refrigerators, washing machines etc specifically for people installing solar and win

turbines. There can be disadvantages of low voltage configurations. If running everything at 12-24 volt requires

significant amount of additional rewiring, the cost of carrying out the rewiring can be much higher than the co

of an inverter and a slightly larger solar array. If you already have wiring in place to work at grid level voltage,

is more appropriate to run a system at grid voltage using an inverter, rather than running the whole system

low voltage. If you are going to construct a new house and fresh wiring running the system at 12 volts is ofte

more suitable. Another important point to be taken care is that if the cable running between your batteries an

device is too long, you will get a greater power loss through the cable at lower voltages than you will at highe

voltages.

High voltage devices

If running everything at low voltage is not an option, or if you are using a grid tie system, you use an inverter t

run your electrical devices

Shortly in stand- alone system you have to design a wiring system which provides both low- voltage DC pow

for running smaller electrical devices and appliances such as laptop computers and lighting, plus a higher voltag

AC supply for running larger devic

such as televisions and kitche

appliances.

The block diagram shown above is stan

alone system with batteries

described above. The solar controll

charges the batteries and supply pow

to the low voltage devices using either from solar power or batteries as the source of power, the arrow

indicates the power flow in the diagram. Generally, it is more efficient to use the electricity as DC supply than A

supply in solar electric system

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Solar Energy Calculations

Solar energy is a combination of the hours of sun light you get at your site and the strength of that sunlight. Th

varies depending on the time of year and where you live. This combination of hours and strength of sunlight

called solar insolation or solar irradiance, and the results can be expressed as watts per square metre (W/m) o

in kilowatt-hours per square metre spread over the period of day (kWh/m/day).

Photovoltaic solar panels quote the expected number of watts of power they can generate, based on a sola

irradiance of 1,000 watts per square metre. This figure is often shown as a watts-peak (Wp) figure and shows ho

much power the solar panel can produce in ideal conditions. A solar irradiance of 1,000 watts per square metre

what you could expect to receive at solar noon in the middle of summer at the equator. It is not an averag

reading that you could expect to achieve on a daily basis. Once you know the solar irradiance for your are

quoted as a daily average (i.e. the number of kilowatt-hours per square metre per day) you can multiply th

figure by the wattage of the panel to give you an idea of the daily amount of energy you can expect your sola

panels to provide.

Solar irradiance varies significantly from one place to another and changes throughout the year. In order to com

up with some reasonable estimates, you need irradiance figures for each month of the year for your specif

location. NASAs network of weather satellites has been monitoring the solar irradiance across the surface of th

earth for many decades and it is available in website.

Capturing more of the suns energy

The tilt of a solar panel has an impact on how much sunlight you capture. If you mount your solar panel at a

angle, tilted towards the sun you can capture more sun light then you mount the solar panel flat against

wall or flat on the ground .Capture more sunlight means more power generation.

Because of the 23 tilt of the earth relative to sun, the optimum tilt of your solar panels will va

throughout the year, depending upon the season. To calculate the optimum tilt of your solar panels, you ca

use the following formula.

90- your latitude= optimum fixed year round setting

This angle is the optimum tilt for fixed solar panels for all year round power generation. This does not mea

that you will get the maximum power output every single month; this tilt will give you the best compromis

generating electricity all the year round. If you want to get your optimum output from your solar pane

detailed calculations according to the site conditions are required.

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Solar irradiance Figures in Calicut. Unit in Kwh/m2/day.

MONTH IRRADIANCE ON SOLAR PANELS SET

ON FLAT SURFACE FACING DIRECTLY

TO WEST OR EAST

IRRADIANCE ON SOLAR PANELS SET

AT 790

ANGLE FACING DIRECTLY TO

WEST OR EAST

IRRADIANCE ON SOLAR PANELS.

SET AT 790

ANGLE-FACING

DIRECTLY TO SOUTH

JAN 5.78 5.52 6.90

FEB 6.43 5.70 7.12

MARCH 6.84 5.51 6.89

APRIL 6.63 4.85 6.06

MAY 5.74 4.52 5.65

JUNE 4.10 3.25 4.06

JULY 4.17 3.29 4.11

AUG 4.82 3.69 4.61

SEP 5.48 4.24 5.30

OC 5.02 4.22 5.27

NOV 5.07 4.63 5.79

DEC 5.39 5.23 6.54

The above data were taken from web site .www.Solar Electricity Hand book.com

The data revels a fact; irradiance is more when panel set at 790 angle and directly to south. The amount energy you capture from the sun differs on the tilt of solar panels. If you mount your solar panel horizontally o

vertically, you will capture less energy than if you face them due south and tilt them towards the sun. The ang

shown is the angle of adjustment from an upright (Vertical) position i.e. angles are degrees from vertical.

Solar panels and shade

The biggest negative impact on solar energy production is shade .Even if only a very small amount of your sol

array is in shade; the impact on the performance of your whole system is very high. If only 5% of a photovolta

solar panel is in shade, it is possible to lose 15-20 % of power production from your entire solar array. Fo

crystalline solar panels loss will be more, the reason for this is in the construction of the solar panel itself. It

highly important that your solar panels should be fixed out of shade throughout the day. Shades can be brak

down into two categories: soft shade and hard shade. A soft shade is a distant obstruction where the shadow

dispersed or diffused, which significantly reduces the amount of light reaching the solar cells. A shadow from

tree would be classed as soft shade.

Hard shade is an obstruction that blocks out light from reaching the solar cell completely. Bird droppings, falle

leaves or a tree branch sitting on the glass would be classed as a hard shade. Where cells are soft shaded

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significant drop off in energy production is noticed. Where cells are hard shaded, the production of the enti

array will drop down to the same level as the affected cells. If the cells are covered completely, you may see

complete power shutdown. Hence it is better to avoid such areas where the bird droppings are more for th

installation of solar panels.

The effects of temperature on solar Panels

Solar panels will generate less power when exposed to high temperature compared to when they are in a cooleclimate. When solar panels are given a wattage rating, they are tested at 25C against a 1000 W/m light source

At a cooler temperature, the solar panel will generate more electricity, whilst at a warmer temperature the sam

solar panel will generate less. Solar panel manufacturers provide information to show the effects of temperatur

on their panels. Called a temperature coefficient of power rating, it is shown as a percentage of total pow

reduction per 1C increase in temperature. In India the temperatures are significantly above 25C for much of th

year, the temperature of the solar panels may be an important factor when planning your system. You can he

reduce the temperature of your solar panels by ensuring a free flow of air both the above and below the panel

While you are mounting panels on a roof top, make sure there is a gap of around 7-10 cm below the panels t

allow a flow of air around them.

The site Survey

The site survey is one of the important aspects of designing a successful solar system. It will identify th

suitability of your site and the ideal position to install your system and ensuring that you will get the best valu

for money and the best possible performance.

For better performance of a solar system we need the site survey to answer two questions

1. Is there anywhere on the site that is suitable for positioning your solar array

2. Do nearby obstacles such as trees and building shade out too much sun light?

By answering the second question, you can identify how much of the available sunlight you will be able

capture. Since Kerala stands on the equator, the sun passes overhead so we need to consider the obstruction

the east and west only.

When considering a position for your solar array, you need to consider how easy it is going to be clean them. Di

and grime will reduce the efficiency of your solar system overtime and requires cleaning.

Some time the space available is not sufficient to install all required panels then you can split the solar array in t

several smaller arrays. If you split in to two, virtually you are creating two separate solar energy systems, whic

you then have to link together. For a grid tie system you would require either a micro inverter system or a

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inverter that can accept inputs from more than one solar array. For stand- alone system you would require

battery controller for each separate solar array.

Another important thing is that you have to identify a suitable location for batteries, controller and inverter. Pla

the cable runs and measure the length of required cables. Cable should as short as possible in order to reduce th

voltage losses through the system.

Safety

Electricity is a good servant if it is properly controlled otherwise it will become a bad master. Even solar electrici

will also turned out to be a bad master if we neglect the fundamental of electric safety. More detailed discussio

is required in this area alone

Maintenance of Solar Systems

There is very little maintenance to be carried out on a solar electric system.

Clean the solar array. In Kerala the rain itself will do a very good job.

If your solar controller or inverter includes a display that shows power input and power output, check th

performance of your solar array.

If there is an unexplained drop in performance clean the solar array, visually check the conditions of the cable

and balance the battery bank if you have a multi-battery bank.

Maintain your battery in every three months.

Conclusion.

Solar electric power is an excellent and practical resource. It can be harnessed relatively easily and effectively. T

get the best out of a solar electric system, we have a long way to go in research and development. It is importa

to do youre planning first and to be meticulous with detail, then only you will have a system that will perform

properly.

Our ancestors worshipped Sun as God and God gives them light, water, fire, wind and rain with their hard wo

they produced food and prosperity on earth. The present generation completely exploited the wealth on ear

and the coming generation is going again to worship the Sun. This time Sun will bless his sons that is in the for

ofElectricity.

Compilation : Ravindran Terampath.

References:

1. Solar Electricity hand book- 2012 Edition Micheal Boxwell.

2. A case study of 3MW scale - grid connected Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant at Kolar, Karnataka, by Indian Institu

of Science.

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Smt Sugathakumari won

the Saraswathi Samman for

2012 recently. This poem

appears in MANALEZHUTH-

the collection which earnedher the Rs Ten lakhs award.

-Editor

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TIPS ON INVESTMENTS IN SHARES-CXVIII

The month of March witnessed the same declining trend for Indian markets as iFebruary. The budget, which everyone hoped will provide much awaited boost to thbourses failed to do so. On budget day, the sensex crashed by 290 points and Nifty b104 points which clearly showed its impact on budget. Thereafter, there were no positivcues so far to strengthen the markets. But negatives cues were there in plenty. The maicues were:-

1. The inflation went up two basis points. 2. Economic crisis in Cypress. 3. The fear oinstability of the Central govt., due to withdrawal of support by DMK. 4. The loweindex of industrial production.

As a result the markets began their declining trend. The sensex declined from 19683 to four month low of 18681 and Nifty from 5946 to 5634. From 15th, to 25th March sensedeclined by 890 points and Nifty by 274 points. However on the last day of the FinanciaYear the sensex rose by 131 points and Nifty by 41 points giving hope for better dayahead.

The immediate support for sensex are 18814, 18500 and then at 18263. The mediumterm view for the index is positive as long as the sensex remains above 18500.

The next levels of resistances are at 1910,19265.The index needs to move abov19750 to make the short term view positive.

The supports for nifty are at 5550 and then at 5475. The resistance levels are at 576and 5841.The short term trend will stay downward as long as the index trades belo

5930.

The declining trend for markets may continue for a few months more. The only positivfeature in this otherwise depressive trend is the continued investments in our markets bFIIs. For retail investors this is the time to pick good shares as most of them are availabat low price. The shares of Navaratna Companies of central Govt. which give higdividends are good bets for purchase. One may track the prices of these companies aninvest in them at prices suitable to ones risk level. From the middle of April the results othe companies, for the past one year will begin to be announced and the trend of thbourses will be dependent on them.

WISHING ALL READERS A VERY HAPPY VISHU,

KN

Lineage April 2013

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Transcript of Lineage April 2013