Linde Gas

Hydrogen ProductionConventional and Renewable

EU-Sustainable Energy WeekBrussels, 30.01.2008, A. Stubinitzky

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2

— Ammoniac (NH3) production (~ 50% of worldwide demand)

— Oil Industry (~ 45% of worldwide demand)

— Semi-conductor production

— Glass Industry (Shielding gas)

— „Hydrogenation“ of fats and oils

— Methanol production

— Production of HCL

— Plastics Recycling

— Rocket fuel

— Welding, cutting

New application:Fuel Cells and H2 internal combustion engines

Hydrogen Market

Linde Gas

3

Fossil Energy (Natural

Gas)

Compression/Liquefaction

Distribution Filling Station

H2 - ICE

Fuel Cell

RenewableEnergy

Linde Competence

New Market

The Entire Hydrogen Value ChainAutomotive

H2

Production

Linde Gas

4Source: ECOFYS 2004 & DWV

Hydrogen Production Today: Hydrogen as Industrial Gas - from Fossil Feedstocks

99% from fossil feedstocks

thereof ~ 70% from natural gas

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CH4 + 2 H2O 4 H2 +

CO2

Conventional Hydrogen Production Steam Methane Reforming

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Renewable Hydrogen Production OptionsH2 as Energy Storage for Renewable Energy Systems

99% aus fossilen Quellen

Very high potential - still high electricity acquisition costs (PV) or high distances from “H2 demand centres” (SOT)

Very high potential – due to a fluctuating availability, combined energy storage & H2 production seems promising

Potential has been made available – geographically limited – able to provide base load

High potential - in particular the use of biogenous residues seems very promising

Technology is not yet commercially available -very high potential - able to provide base load

The use of bio feedstocks – in particular bio-residues – offers an economical viable option for renewable H2 production in the short- to mid-term

REN

EW

AB

LE E

NE

RG

Y

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BioHydrogen

Lignocellulosic Biomass(Straw, wood, …)

Steam Methane Reforming

Anaerobic exposure

Biomethane from Biogas

Biogenous residues (e.g. organic industrial waste)

Pyrolysis, Gasification/Reforming, …

E.g. Organic Residues, Energy Crops, …

Gasification(Synthesis Gas &

CO-Shift)

BioHydrogenPossible Pathways

Feedstock

Technology

Intermediate

Product

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Process Scheme Steam Methane Reforming

FeedPretreat-

ment

SteamReforming

CO-ShiftConversion

PressureSwing

Adsorption

WasteHeat

RecoveryDemin Water

Feed

Fuel

Hydrogen

Export Steam

H2-Recycle

Purgegas

Pro

cess

Ste

am

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6 CO2 + 6 H2O

C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Photosynthesis

Solar Energy

BiomassBiomass == Stored Solar EnergyStored Solar Energy

Biomass FormationPhotosynthesis

Linde Gas

10Source: World Energy Outlook, International Energy Agency, 2005

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL): „…Potential of Biomass: 15% of the world‘s

energy by 2050…“

2000

2010

2020

2020

1Mtoe =11.630GWh = 4,1868·104TJ (Mtoe = metric tons equivalent of oil)

Coal

Biomass

Commercial

Biomass

2008

Worldwide Biomass Potential(IEA Scenario)

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260.

000

200.

000

380.

000

410.

000

765.

000

750.

000

475.

000

480.

000

0

20.000

40.000

60.000

80.000

100.000

120.000

140.000

160.000

Energy

Maiz

e - LH

2 - FC

Energy

Maiz

e - CG

H2 - F

C

Energy

Maiz

e - Bi

oMetha

ne

Popla

r - LH

2 - FC

Popla

r - CG

H2 - F

C

Popla

r - Bt

L

Entir

e Whe

at Pl

ant

Rape

Seed

- RME

Wind

Ons

hore - L

H2 - F

C

Wind

Ons

hore - C

GH2 -

FC

PV - L

H2 - F

C

PV - C

GH2 -

FC

[km

/ m

io. h

a*a]

400.000

600.000

800.0002010 H2

2020 H2

2010 Alt. Biofuels

2020 Alt. Biofuels

Sustainable Hydrogen ProductionClassification of Potential – Net Cruising Range

Source: Own Calculations; Concawe/EUCAR Well to WheelStudy 2007;

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Climate Neutral HydrogenA First Step

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Mobile Filling Station “TraiLH2TM“

Linde Gas

Stationary/Public Filling StationCEP Berlin

Linde Gas

Thank you for your attention

EU-Sustainable Energy WeekBrussels, 30.01.2008, A. Stubinitzky