Andrea Calonaci - Sviluppo sostenibile e comportamenti ecologici
l’importanza dei corridoi ecologici a scala Europea · l’importanza dei corridoi ecologici a...
Transcript of l’importanza dei corridoi ecologici a scala Europea · l’importanza dei corridoi ecologici a...
04/04/2012
1
l’importanza dei corridoi ecologici a scala
Europea
Corridoi ecologici tra Parco del Ticino e Parco del Campo dei fiori
Theo van der Sluis
Italia, Varese, Marzo 2012
Content of presentation
Introduction: Changes in Europe
Why ecological networks?
European policy on ecological networks
Ecology of corridors, infrastructure
Examples corridors
Conclusions
04/04/2012
2
In the past:
Large scale
(semi-)natural
ecosystems
Limited human
impact
Introduction: the picture of Europe
Introduction: the picture of Europe
Europe at
present:
Strongly
Urbanised
Fragmented,
physically and
organisational
04/04/2012
3
Introduction: the picture of Europe
95% of the population is living in urban centres; an urbanising trend in west and central Europe;
Growing urban mentality, disconnected from the rural;
Landscape homogenisation and fragmentation;
Infrastructure results in fragmented natural areas.
Unter Modern life causes fragmentation of all kind Introduction: the picture of Europe
04/04/2012
4
We have to deal with fragmentation:
Terrestrial wetlands in the Netherlands
• Of importance for 127 bird species
• International responsibility: 91 species
• 55 species: >10% world population
• 50.000 ha, 1500 sites
>80% is smaller than 10 ha
• Much of the areas that could
be used are not used
Model calculations:
Even the “large” marshes are too small for most species, but:
All marshes together are big enough
Problem: Marsh complexes are so far apart that even mobile species cannot bridge the gap
04/04/2012
5
Solution?
Connecting Nature!
Reinforce the spatial coherence of nature in rural and urban Europe
Improve the effectiveness of investments in nature
Fast changing ecosystems
Intensification versus...
Extensification grazing land (Italy, Croatia, Portugal, Spain)
Loss of traditional land use systems like Dehesas
Changes in Southern Europe
04/04/2012
6
Transhumance in the Mediterranean
Changes in Southern Europe
Driveways are disappearing
Changes in Southern Europe
04/04/2012
7
What remains: Isolated areas of nature
Changes in Southern Europe
Towards sustainability
Land use intensity: loss of biodiversity
Land use changes
04/04/2012
8
In the past At present
X
X X
From fragmented...
Not connected Connected /
‘Defragmented’
Ecological
Networks,
Corridors!
.... To defragmentated
04/04/2012
9
Development of ecological networks...
An ecological network might consist of core areas, buffer zones, corridors, and in some cases restoration areas. The core areas might form the backbone of the ecological network, the corridors the veins, whereas
the buffer zones form a protective layer and restoration areas the areas for recovery or expansion.
Is this network large enough for long
term persistence of species ‘x’?
Development of ecological networks...
04/04/2012
10
Experiences gained in
LIFE-Econet projects
Emilia-Romagna
Persiceto
Abruzzo
● Study brown bear
Umbria
Development of ecological networks...
Development of ecological networks...
04/04/2012
11
1995: 55 countries decide to develop a European Ecological network (PEEN). Aim: stop further fragmentation, and improve landscape connectivity
1997: Expert Committee appointed Secretariat: Council of Europe and European Centre for Nature Conservation (ECNC)
European Ecological networks
1992: EU: Natura 2000, Birds and Habitats Directive. Aim: international approach for protecting core areas biodiversity
Natura 2000 – Birds and Habitats Directive
habitat:
The Habitat Directive of the European Union (1992)
acknowledges in Article 10 the importance of landscape
elements that enhance connectivity ('corridors'). The Directive
encourages member states to include those landscape elements
in their land-use planning and development policies which they
consider appropriate. Furthermore, other global and European
policies such as the Bonn and Bern Convention oblige
contracting parties to take effective measures in conservation
and management of the listed species and habitats.
European Ecological networks
04/04/2012
12
Translate metapopulation knowledge into
spatial parameters for long-term persistence
Carrying capacity Connectivity
Viability
Quality network as
habitat
Network area
Habitat density
Landscape matrix
(resistance)
Opdam, Verboom & Pouwels 2003
National
policies
Water
directive
Habitat
Directive,
Natura 2000
Habitat
Directive,
article 10/
CAP
Patch
quality
Network
area
Network
density
Matrix
permeability
Opdam, Steingröver, Van Rooij 2006
Current policy supports different strategies
04/04/2012
13
12
34
56
78
0
0.15
0.3
0.45
1250
500750
10001250
1500
coverage water vegetation
colonisation
chance
distance to nearest occupied pond
Van der Sluis et al. 1999
Translate metapopulation knowledge into
spatial parameters for long-term persistence
Minimum area viable population network (ha)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Great
crested
newt
Viper Stonechat Bittern
key patch
nw+kp
nw-kp
04/04/2012
14
De-fragmentation measures
Analysis Alterra
LARCH model
Comprehensive national
study Ministry of Roads &
Infrastructure
Eliminating Barriers: Noord Brabant Province
De-fragmentation measures
04/04/2012
15
De-fragmentation measures
Bild: RWS
De-fragmentation measures
04/04/2012
16
Which species require corridors most?
Dispersal poor Dispersal good
Small network
area is enough
Habitat specialists,
poor dispersers
Large network
area required
Large area
requirements
Which species require corridors
most?
Van Swaay in: van der Sluis et al, 2004
Network analysis with LARCH model
Red copper in Middle Europe
04/04/2012
17
Which species require corridors
most?
Groot-Bruinderink in: Van der Sluis et al, 2004
Network analysis with GRIDWALK model Lynx in Europe
http://www2.alterra.wur.nl/webdocs/internet/corporate/prodpubl/boekjesbrochures/ecnc_compleet.pdf
Van der Sluis et al, 2004
Thinking about corridors...
04/04/2012
18
Example - robust corridor marshes
(from Handbook)
Example: robust corridors, design with
ecological traits
Shrubs with some
aquatic habitat
(Handbook Robust Corridors, 2001)
04/04/2012
19
Example: corridors Abruzzo
(van der Grift, & van der Sluis,
2003. Disegno di una rete
ecologica nella Piana di Navelli
(Abruzzo). Networks for LIFE.
Example: corridors Abruzzo
(van der Grift, & van der Sluis, 2003.
Disegno di una rete ecologica nella Piana di Navelli (Abruzzo). Networks for LIFE.
04/04/2012
20
Example: corridors Abruzzo
(van der Grift, & van der Sluis, 2003.
Disegno di una rete ecologica nella Piana di Navelli (Abruzzo). Networks for LIFE
Prediction of
shifting climate
zones
04/04/2012
21
(van Eupen et al, 2009)
International challenges: climate change
International challenges: climate change
04/04/2012
22
Conclusions
Ecological networks should be species based
Spatial models can assist in development of ecological networks and corridors
Target your corridors for specific species (groups)
The dimensions and characteristics will follow...
Species approach is important in communication with stakeholders (umbrella species, flagship species)
Thank you!