Lightning Protection & Grounding System (Prof. Dr. Reynlado Zoro)
Transcript of Lightning Protection & Grounding System (Prof. Dr. Reynlado Zoro)
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SELAMAT DATANG …….Engineer’s Gahtering;
• LIGHTN INGPROTECTION &GROUNDING SYSTEM
• ( Lightning Research CenterSchool for ElectricalEngineering & Informatics ofITB)
• Jakarta, 06 Desember 2014
• LIGHTN INGPROTECTION &GROUNDING SYSTEM
• ( Lightning Research CenterSchool for ElectricalEngineering & Informatics ofITB)
• Jakarta, 06 Desember 2014
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Pembicara :
Prof.Dr.Dipl.Ing.Ir. Reynaldo Zoro
LIGHTNING RESEARCH CENTER (LRC)Sekolah Teknik Elektro & Informatika (STEI)- ITB
Riwayat Pendidikan :
1975 - S1 Teknik Tenaga Listrik ITB1982 - S2 High Voltage Engineering – Technical
University (TU) Munich – Germany1990 – S2 Teknik Tegangan Tinggi –
Fakultas Pasca Sarjana (FPS) ITB1999 – S3 TU Munich & FPS ITB
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Pembicara :
Prof.Dr.Dipl.Ing.Ir. Reynaldo Zoro
LIGHTNING RESEARCH CENTER (LRC)Sekolah Teknik Elektro & Informatika (STEI)- ITB
Riwayat Pendidikan :
1975 - S1 Teknik Tenaga Listrik ITB1982 - S2 High Voltage Engineering – Technical
University (TU) Munich – Germany1990 – S2 Teknik Tegangan Tinggi –
Fakultas Pasca Sarjana (FPS) ITB1999 – S3 TU Munich & FPS ITB
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Karir Pendidikan & Penelitian :1978 – Staff Dosen pada Kelompok Keilmuan Teknik
Ketenagalistrikan - STEI – ITB
1992 – Kepala Stasiun Penelitian Petir ITB Gn.Tangkuban Perahu
1995 – 2002 ; Direktur Perusahaan PT.Lapi Elpatsindo milik ITB
2002 – Ketua Himpunan Ahli Listrik Tegangan Tinggi Indonesia(HALTI)
2003 – 2008 Ketua Laboratoriun Teknik Tegangan Tinggi ITB
2011 – Kepala Pusat Penelitian Petir (Lightning Research Center) –STEI ITB
2013 – Guru Besar (Profesor) dalam bidang “Sistem Deteksi &Proteksi Petir” 3
Karir Pendidikan & Penelitian :1978 – Staff Dosen pada Kelompok Keilmuan Teknik
Ketenagalistrikan - STEI – ITB
1992 – Kepala Stasiun Penelitian Petir ITB Gn.Tangkuban Perahu
1995 – 2002 ; Direktur Perusahaan PT.Lapi Elpatsindo milik ITB
2002 – Ketua Himpunan Ahli Listrik Tegangan Tinggi Indonesia(HALTI)
2003 – 2008 Ketua Laboratoriun Teknik Tegangan Tinggi ITB
2011 – Kepala Pusat Penelitian Petir (Lightning Research Center) –STEI ITB
2013 – Guru Besar (Profesor) dalam bidang “Sistem Deteksi &Proteksi Petir”
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Jabatan Profesional :
1996 – Anggota Tim Standarisasi Ditjen Listrik &Pengembangan Enersi (DLPE) -ESDM
1996 – Anggota CIGRE (Himpunan Ahli Teknik TeganganTinggi International) – France
1996 – Angg. Tim Standarisasi IEC (InternationalElectrotechnical Commission) TC (TechnicalCommittee) -81: Lightning, Geneva, Swiss
2007 – Anggota Komite Nasional (KomNas) IEC – BSN(Badan Standarisasi Nasional)
2008 – Chairman of Scentific Committee for IndonesianLightning Society (ILS)
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Jabatan Profesional :
1996 – Anggota Tim Standarisasi Ditjen Listrik &Pengembangan Enersi (DLPE) -ESDM
1996 – Anggota CIGRE (Himpunan Ahli Teknik TeganganTinggi International) – France
1996 – Angg. Tim Standarisasi IEC (InternationalElectrotechnical Commission) TC (TechnicalCommittee) -81: Lightning, Geneva, Swiss
2007 – Anggota Komite Nasional (KomNas) IEC – BSN(Badan Standarisasi Nasional)
2008 – Chairman of Scentific Committee for IndonesianLightning Society (ILS)
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Lightning Flashes
Dr. P. Hasse: IEC Standards on Externaland Internal Lightning Protection: IEC62305-1 ... 5, Singapore, 14 February,
2003
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Latar belakang1. Indonesia terletak pada khatulistiwa yang
mempunyai hari-guruh sangat tinggi denganaktivitas 100 sampai 200 hari-guruh per tahun.
2. Industri di Indonesia menggunakan semakinbanyak peralatan dan sistem yang canggihmenggunakan komponen elektronik danmikroprosesor dan sangat sensitif terhadapPEdP (Pulsa Elektromagnetik dari Petir) atauLEMP (Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse)
3. Karakteristik petir di Indonesia yang berbedadengan karakteristik petir di luar negeri yangdijadikan standar oleh Badan Standarisasi duniapada umumnya.
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1. Indonesia terletak pada khatulistiwa yangmempunyai hari-guruh sangat tinggi denganaktivitas 100 sampai 200 hari-guruh per tahun.
2. Industri di Indonesia menggunakan semakinbanyak peralatan dan sistem yang canggihmenggunakan komponen elektronik danmikroprosesor dan sangat sensitif terhadapPEdP (Pulsa Elektromagnetik dari Petir) atauLEMP (Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse)
3. Karakteristik petir di Indonesia yang berbedadengan karakteristik petir di luar negeri yangdijadikan standar oleh Badan Standarisasi duniapada umumnya.
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Latar belakang (Cont’d)4. Sangat sedikitnya informasi tentang Sistem
Proteksi Petir dan Sistem Penentu Lokasi danPelacak Petir khususnya di negara tropis sepertiIndonesia disamping sangat kurangnya“Awareness” atau kesiagaan terhadapkemungkinan bahaya petir.
5. Banyaknya instalasi-instalasi penting danberbahaya yang menjadi target mudah (easytarget) bagi sambaran petir karena strukturnyayang tinggi dan pada lokasi yang terbuka.
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4. Sangat sedikitnya informasi tentang SistemProteksi Petir dan Sistem Penentu Lokasi danPelacak Petir khususnya di negara tropis sepertiIndonesia disamping sangat kurangnya“Awareness” atau kesiagaan terhadapkemungkinan bahaya petir.
5. Banyaknya instalasi-instalasi penting danberbahaya yang menjadi target mudah (easytarget) bagi sambaran petir karena strukturnyayang tinggi dan pada lokasi yang terbuka.
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Lightning on modern society?
Production Function :Man Power and Equipment,Safety, Security andreliability
Infrastructure
Facilities, Electric Power,Telecommunication, DataProcessing , Instrumentation,Control
CB Cloud
Modern Society
SingleSimultaneous
DamageDestructions
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SingleSimultaneous
PanicCatastrophic
DamageDestructions
LightningCharacteristics
Lightning Protection System1. External Protection2. Internal Protection
Lightning Detection System1. Real Time : Detection Process, Emergency Planning, Safety, Prediction2. Historical : LPS Design, Fault Analysis, Reliability, Preventive Maintenance
PREVENTION
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Ciri masyarakat modern
• Masyarakat modern membutuhkan :– Sistem tenaga listrik arus bolak-balik dan atau
searah– Sistem telekomunikasi– Sistem proses data (komputer) beserta
jaringannya yang luas– Sistem instrumentasi dan kontrol
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• Masyarakat modern membutuhkan :– Sistem tenaga listrik arus bolak-balik dan atau
searah– Sistem telekomunikasi– Sistem proses data (komputer) beserta
jaringannya yang luas– Sistem instrumentasi dan kontrol
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Fungsi sosial masyarakat modern• bandar udara dan pelabuhan
laut• jalan tol• rumah sakit• sistem telekomunikasi• pembangkitan, pengaturan,
penyaluran danpendistribusian tenaga listrik
• intelligent building (berbasismikroprosesor) pada gedung-gedung tinggi,
• pusat pengolahan data besertajaringannya
• sistem kontrol pada mesin-mesin industri
• stasiun relay radio, televisidengan tower dan stasiunbumi,
• sistem pertahanan militer• instalasi lain dengan peralatan
yang menggunakan komponenelektronik dan mikroprosesor
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• bandar udara dan pelabuhanlaut
• jalan tol• rumah sakit• sistem telekomunikasi• pembangkitan, pengaturan,
penyaluran danpendistribusian tenaga listrik
• intelligent building (berbasismikroprosesor) pada gedung-gedung tinggi,
• pusat pengolahan data besertajaringannya
• sistem kontrol pada mesin-mesin industri
• stasiun relay radio, televisidengan tower dan stasiunbumi,
• sistem pertahanan militer• instalasi lain dengan peralatan
yang menggunakan komponenelektronik dan mikroprosesor
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IEC StandardsonExternal and InternalLightning Protection System :IEC 62305 - 2006Parts 1 ... 5
IEC StandardsonExternal and InternalLightning Protection System :IEC 62305 - 2006Parts 1 ... 5
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Field of Application
The standards IEC 62305 Parts 1 to 4are applicable for design, installation,inspection, and maintenance oflightning protection systems forstructures (disregarded their height),their installations and contents as well asthe persons inside.
The standards IEC 62305 Parts 1 to 4are applicable for design, installation,inspection, and maintenance oflightning protection systems forstructures (disregarded their height),their installations and contents as well asthe persons inside.
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The actual protection standards (parts 3,4 and 5) arepreceded by two generally valid standards (parts 1
and 2) :IEC 62305-1 informs about the danger of lightning,
about the lightning characteristics (annexA), about the derived parameters forsimullating the effects of lightning (annexe Band C) and about the test parameters simulatingthe effects of lightning on LPC components (AnnexD). Furthermore it gives a survey of the wholestandard series for lightning protection, whereprocedures and principles of protection are explained,on which the following parts are based.
•IEC 62305-2 uses a risk analysis in order to determinethe necessity of lightning protection and thentechnically and economically optimal protectionmeasures can be chosen which are described in detailin the actual protection standard
The actual protection standards (parts 3,4 and 5) arepreceded by two generally valid standards (parts 1
and 2) :IEC 62305-1 informs about the danger of lightning,
about the lightning characteristics (annexA), about the derived parameters forsimullating the effects of lightning (annexe Band C) and about the test parameters simulatingthe effects of lightning on LPC components (AnnexD). Furthermore it gives a survey of the wholestandard series for lightning protection, whereprocedures and principles of protection are explained,on which the following parts are based.
•IEC 62305-2 uses a risk analysis in order to determinethe necessity of lightning protection and thentechnically and economically optimal protectionmeasures can be chosen which are described in detailin the actual protection standard
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The criteria for design, installation and maintenance oflightning protection measures are considered in threeseparate groups:
- a first group which refers to protection measures toreduce physical damages and life hazard due tolightning flashes to the structure is reported inIEC 62305-3,
- a second group which refers to protection measuresto reduce failure of electrical and electronic systemsin a structure is reported in IEC 62305-4,
- a third group which refers to protection measures toreduce damage and loss of services entering thestructure, namely electrical and telecommunicationlines is reported in IEC 62305-5.
The criteria for design, installation and maintenance oflightning protection measures are considered in threeseparate groups:
- a first group which refers to protection measures toreduce physical damages and life hazard due tolightning flashes to the structure is reported inIEC 62305-3,
- a second group which refers to protection measuresto reduce failure of electrical and electronic systemsin a structure is reported in IEC 62305-4,
- a third group which refers to protection measures toreduce damage and loss of services entering thestructure, namely electrical and telecommunicationlines is reported in IEC 62305-5.
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SAMBARANLANGSUNG
SAMBARAN TIDAKLANGSUNG
•Induksi•Konduksi•Elevasi Tegangan
Ancaman petir pada masyarakatmodern
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•Induksi•Konduksi•Elevasi Tegangan
•Vessel•Tower•Stack•Kabel•Bangunan•Rigs Minyak•Lapangan Golf•Manusia, dll….
• Listrik• Telekomunikasi• Komputer dan Jaringan• Instrumen dan Kontrol
seperti, DCS, CCTV, dll...• Sistem Grounding dan•Bonding
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Proses terbentuknya awan petir
1. Dibutuhkan udara naik (Up-draft) keatasakibat pemanasan permukaan tanah atausifat orografis permukaan tanah
2. Dibutuhkan partikel aerosol (mengambang)yang hygroskopis (menyerap air) dari garamlaut atau partikel industri yang naik bersamaup-draft
3. Dibutuhkan udara lembab yang naik keatasuntuk pembentukan partikel es (hailstone) diawan
1. Dibutuhkan udara naik (Up-draft) keatasakibat pemanasan permukaan tanah atausifat orografis permukaan tanah
2. Dibutuhkan partikel aerosol (mengambang)yang hygroskopis (menyerap air) dari garamlaut atau partikel industri yang naik bersamaup-draft
3. Dibutuhkan udara lembab yang naik keatasuntuk pembentukan partikel es (hailstone) diawan
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Pembentukan sel bermuatan listrikpada awan petir
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0
2,0
5,0
7,5
10,0
12,5
15,0
28
0
-300C
t
KMKM
0
2,0
5,0
7,5
10,0
12,5
15,0
28
0
-300C
t
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Pelepasan muatan listrik dari awan
• Begitu ujung lidahpetir bergerakmendekat ke tanah,kuat medan listrikpada ujung-ujungstruktur diatas tanahakan meningkat danterjadi ionisasi udarayang menuju ke awan
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• Begitu ujung lidahpetir bergerakmendekat ke tanah,kuat medan listrikpada ujung-ujungstruktur diatas tanahakan meningkat danterjadi ionisasi udarayang menuju ke awan
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Bagaimana petir terbentuk?
• Leader & streamer bertemupada lompatan akhir, sekitar10 meter
• Return stroke melalui jalur ygsudah terionisasi
• Total muatan yangdipindahkan pada sambaranbalik sekitar 5 -200 coulombdalam 0.05 -1.5 detik
• Petir ikutan melalui jalur yangsama
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• Leader & streamer bertemupada lompatan akhir, sekitar10 meter
• Return stroke melalui jalur ygsudah terionisasi
• Total muatan yangdipindahkan pada sambaranbalik sekitar 5 -200 coulombdalam 0.05 -1.5 detik
• Petir ikutan melalui jalur yangsama
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Formula Empiris ; JARAK SAMBAR
• Amstrong dan Whitehead;0.8
• Rs = 6.7 I (m) ; I (kA)
• Love ( Standard IEC 62305/2006):0.65
• Rs = 10.0 i (m) ; I (kA)
• Amstrong dan Whitehead;0.8
• Rs = 6.7 I (m) ; I (kA)
• Love ( Standard IEC 62305/2006):0.65
• Rs = 10.0 i (m) ; I (kA)
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MUATAN POSITIFYANG DIINDUKSIKAN
PETIRPENGHUBUNG
PUSAT MUATAN NEGATIF PADAAWAN BERMUATAN
r
LIDAH PETIR DENGANINTI PLASMA
Pertumbuhan muatan di ujunglidah petir dan di tanah
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MUATAN POSITIFYANG DIINDUKSIKAN
PETIRPENGHUBUNG
PUSAT MUATAN NEGATIF PADAAWAN BERMUATAN
r
LIDAH PETIR DENGANINTI PLASMA
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Jarak Sambar Rs (striking distance) antara titiktemu dan objek tertinggi pada
Stepped leader
Connecting leader
Striking distance= Rs
AirTerminalESE
Connecting leader
Central Plaza BldHong Kong
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INTI PLASMALIDAH PETIR
RETURN STROKE
PEMBUNGKUS MUATAN
WAKTU
Return stroke setelah lidah pelopormencapai tanah
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INTI PLASMALIDAH PETIR
RETURN STROKE
PEMBUNGKUS MUATAN
WAKTU
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DownwardDownwardLeaderLeader
Return StrokeReturn Stroke
Strike!SteppedSteppedLeaderLeader
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Return StrokeReturn Stroke
CompetingCompetingUpward LeaderUpward Leader
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Mekanisme sambaran padapermukaan tanah datar
BASE DU NUAGE
CLOUD BASIS70µs
dartleader
1 to
2 k
m
2ms4ms6ms8ms10ms12ms14ms16ms18ms20ms40ms
dartleader
2ms
30ms
1ms
…. CLOUD BASIS
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GROUND
Time
returnstroke
dartleader
1 to
2 k
m
returnstroke
dartleader
returnstroke
Static picture
GROUND
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CLOUD BASIS2
ms4
ms6
ms8
ms10ms12ms
14ms
16ms18ms
20ms
2ms
1ms
40ms
30ms
dartleader
70µs
dartleader
CLOUD BASIS
Mekanisme sambaran padastruktur tinggi
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GROUND
returnstroke
returnstroke
returnstroke
Static picture
GROUND
Time
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+ +++
+ +
++ +
+
++++
+
++ +++
+
++
++ +
++ +
++
+++
+ + + + + + +
downward negative leader
+ +++
+ +
++ +
+
++++ +
++ +++
+
++
++ +
++ +
++
+++
+ + + + + + +
+++
+ ++
upward positive leader
Four different cloud-to-groundflashes*
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+ +++
+ +
++ +
+
++++
+
++ +++
+
++
++ +
++ +
++
+++
+ + + + + + +
upward negative leader
+ +++
+ +
++ +
+
++++
+
++ +++
+
++
++ +
++ +
++
+++
+ + + + + + +
++
+
++
+
++
+
+
downward positive leader
+ + + + + + +
downward negative leader+ + + + + + +
upward positive leader
*)according to K. Berger (1978)
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Lightning photography
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Intra Cloud & Cloud to airdischarge
Cloud to Ground discharge
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Lightning photography (Cont’d)
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Upward discharge
Downward discharge
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Hari guruh -thunderstormdays• Isokeraunic level (IKL) dipetakan oleh badan
meteorologi dunia dan juga oleh Badan Meteorologidan Geofisika Indonesia
• Hari guruh maksimum di beberapa negara :– Eropa : 30 hari guruh– Amerika : 100 hari guruh– Jepang : 80 hari guruh– Korea : 80 hari guruh– Australia : 80 hari guruh– Indonesia : 200 hari guruh
• Isokeraunic level (IKL) dipetakan oleh badanmeteorologi dunia dan juga oleh Badan Meteorologidan Geofisika Indonesia
• Hari guruh maksimum di beberapa negara :– Eropa : 30 hari guruh– Amerika : 100 hari guruh– Jepang : 80 hari guruh– Korea : 80 hari guruh– Australia : 80 hari guruh– Indonesia : 200 hari guruh
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Kerapatan sambaran (Flash Density)
• Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi deteksipetir, besaran hari guruh (IKL) hampir tidakpernah digunakan dalam Sistem Proteksi Petir
• Kerapatan sambaran (Ground Flash Density –GFD atau Number of Flash to Ground – Ng)adalah jumlah sambaran petir ke tanah perkilometer persegi per tahun
• Data GFD ini lebih akurat dari hari guruh, yanghanya menggunakan pengamatan/ pendengaranlangsung saja.
• Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi deteksipetir, besaran hari guruh (IKL) hampir tidakpernah digunakan dalam Sistem Proteksi Petir
• Kerapatan sambaran (Ground Flash Density –GFD atau Number of Flash to Ground – Ng)adalah jumlah sambaran petir ke tanah perkilometer persegi per tahun
• Data GFD ini lebih akurat dari hari guruh, yanghanya menggunakan pengamatan/ pendengaranlangsung saja.
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Kerapatan sambaran petir diKota Depok, Jawa Barat
• Ng = 35-40sambaran/km2/thn (maksimum)
Pada daerahpengamatan20 x 20 km2
35
• Ng = 35-40sambaran/km2/thn (maksimum)
Pada daerahpengamatan20 x 20 km2
Gambar - 17
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Global lightning worldwide 1999
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LIGHTNING CHARACTERISTICSdiukur dengan cara sbb :
• Observation in situ : Natural Lightning• Triggered Lightning : Rocket Initiated
Lightning• Laboratory : Long Sparks• Electromagnetic Measurement : Lightning
Detection or Location System• Modeling : Numerical Simulation
• Observation in situ : Natural Lightning• Triggered Lightning : Rocket Initiated
Lightning• Laboratory : Long Sparks• Electromagnetic Measurement : Lightning
Detection or Location System• Modeling : Numerical Simulation
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Stasiun Penelitian Petir ITB – di daerah TropisGn.Tangkuban Perahu - Natural Lightning
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Pengujian Air Terminal ESE – 1 di SPPGunung Tangkuban Perahu ( 2 tower )
Di foto dari jarak 1000 meterUntuk pemodelan upward streamer
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Stasiun Pengukuran Petir – sub tropisProf. Karl Berger, di Mt San Salvatore, Switzerland
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Arus Puncak Petir
Prob
abilit
as
4
5
Statistik arus puncak (i) tropis dansub-tropis
85%
Gambar - 20
41
Arus Puncak Petir
Prob
abilit
as
4
5
Europe by Karl Berger, measured at Mt San Salvatore, Switzerland : (1) petir pertama total, (2) petir negatif, (3) petirpositif. Indonesia by Reynaldo Zoro, measured at Mt Tangkuban Perahu : (4) petir negatif, (5) petir positif
30 kA
40 kA18 kA
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4
5
Kecuraman Arus Petir
Probabilitas
2
1
Statistik kecuraman arus petir (di/dt)tropis dan sub-tropis
85%
Gambar - 21
42
4
5
Kecuraman Arus Petir
Probabilitas
2
1
(1) Europe by Karl Berger, measured at Mt San Salvatore, Switzerland. (2) Indonesia by Reynaldo Zoro, measured atMt Tangkuban Perahu
18kA/us
25kA/us
12 kA/us
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Ancaman, gangguan dan kerusakanakibat
PENGARUH petirpada infrastruktur
Ancaman, gangguan dan kerusakanakibat
PENGARUH petirpada infrastruktur
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Direkt lightning strikeEffect: Fire hazard
A direct strike on a building withoutan external lightning protectioninstallationBecause of-- the specific energy W/R and-- the charge Q
0
idtQ
0
2dtiRW
The energy of the lightning currentheated up the part of the buildingimmediately.
Also material could hurl out at thepoint of strike.
0
idtQ
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Direkt lightning strikeEffect: Destroying of a part of the roof
Danger for persons by fallen concrete
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Tank Explosion due to lightning
46Pertamina UP IV Cilacap, 25 October 1995
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Direct lightning strike ; Effect: Destroying of a wind turbin Lightninghits the turbine blade
Indirect effect: Because ofthe unbalance
of the rotor the wholeturbine fall down!
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WTC Twin Towerwith upward leader
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Damage to electronic equipment inGermany : causes in 1998 (indemnities), analysis of 7737 cases ofdamage
49
Source : Württembergische Feuerversicherung AG,Stuttgart
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Statistik kerugian perusahaan asuransiakibat klaim petir
SOURCE : TELA VERSICHERUNGS AG MUNCHENSOURCE : TELA VERSICHERUNGS AG MUNCHEN
8
10
12
14
50
0
2
4
6
8
%
1978' 1980' 1982' 1984' 1986' 1988' 1990' 1992'
TAHUN
Source : Tela Versicherungs AG, Munchen
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Lightning in USA : lost and cost
The National Weather Service reportslightning damage at an annual $35 million.This is incorrect. Lightning costs areunderreported and the hazard isunderrated.Losses in the USA reach $5-6 billion per year andinclude :
• RESIDENTIAL FIRES. Lightning causes 26,500 housefires amounting to $147.3 million in losses annually(Rp. 1.8 Trilliun)(Association of US Fire Chiefs, 1995 Report ).
The National Weather Service reportslightning damage at an annual $35 million.This is incorrect. Lightning costs areunderreported and the hazard isunderrated.Losses in the USA reach $5-6 billion per year andinclude :
• RESIDENTIAL FIRES. Lightning causes 26,500 housefires amounting to $147.3 million in losses annually(Rp. 1.8 Trilliun)(Association of US Fire Chiefs, 1995 Report ).
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Lightning in USA : lost and cost(Cont’d)
• INSURANCE CLAIMS IN THE HOMEOWNER SECTOR.Lightning losses are in excess of one billion dollarsannually and represent five percent of all residentialclaims (Insurance Information Institute, NY).(5% is 200.000 USD = Rp. 2,4 Trilliun)On average, lightning results in one insurance claimfor every fifty-seven lightning strikes(Holle, Lopez, Arnold & Endres, 1995 IAGCLSE Proc.).
• INSURANCE CLAIMS IN THE HOMEOWNER SECTOR.Lightning losses are in excess of one billion dollarsannually and represent five percent of all residentialclaims (Insurance Information Institute, NY).(5% is 200.000 USD = Rp. 2,4 Trilliun)On average, lightning results in one insurance claimfor every fifty-seven lightning strikes(Holle, Lopez, Arnold & Endres, 1995 IAGCLSE Proc.).
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Ancaman sambaran petirpada mahluk hidup
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1. Touch Voltage2. Indirect Strike3. Direct Strike4. Side Flash5. Step Voltage
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Ancaman pada mahluk hidup….Step Voltage
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ssdd V
Death
Transient paralysisTransient paralysis
)sd(d
s
2IV
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Lightning also strikes people, causing serious injury and burns andsometimes even death :On June 14, 1991, during one of the world’s most prestigious golfcompetitions, the US Open, a spectator was killed by a lightning bolt !
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More recently in October 2002, the footballer, Herman Gavaria died afterbeing struck while taking part in a training session with fellow players fromthe Cali club in Colombia.
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Lightning desperation position
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ANCAMAN DAN KERUSAKANPADA INSTALASI LISTRIK,COMPUTER & JARINGANNYA,CONTROL, TELEKOMUNIKASI
SAMBARAN PETIR TIDAKLANGSUNG(INDIRECT STRIKES)
ANCAMAN DAN KERUSAKANPADA INSTALASI LISTRIK,COMPUTER & JARINGANNYA,CONTROL, TELEKOMUNIKASI
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Mekanisme tegangan lebih padaperalatan
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Ancaman petir pada sistem daninstalasi tenaga listrik
MCRData
ABC Company
61
MCR
110 kV
Data
TV
Telephone
400/230 VMobilephone
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Damage to electronic equipment inGermany : causes in 1998 (indemnities), analysis of 7737
cases of damage
62
Source : Württembergische Feuerversicherung AG,Stuttgart
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Sambaran petir tidak langsung(konduksi) pada peralatan elektronik
Gambar - 25
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TERHADAP SAMBARAN PETIRLANGSUNG(DIRECT STRIKES)
SISTEM PROTEKSI PETIR &GROUNDING
TERHADAP SAMBARAN PETIRLANGSUNG(DIRECT STRIKES)
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Konsep sistem proteksi petir
Lightning Protection System
External LPS Internal LPS
68
Air terminal / FinialDown conductor
Grounding system
ArresterShieldingBonding
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SISTEM PROTEKSI PETIR EKSTERNAL
Perlindungan Objek terhadap bahayasambaran Petir Langsung dengan konsepElectromagnetic dan konsep Early StreamerSystem :
1. Finial atau Air Terminal2. Down Conductor atau Hantaran Turun3. Sistem Pentanahan atau Grounding System
Perlindungan Objek terhadap bahayasambaran Petir Langsung dengan konsepElectromagnetic dan konsep Early StreamerSystem :
1. Finial atau Air Terminal2. Down Conductor atau Hantaran Turun3. Sistem Pentanahan atau Grounding System
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1
2
FINIAL
DOWNCONDUCTOR
3GROUNDING
SYSTEM
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Komponen sistem proteksi eksternal padabangunan dan jaringan tenaga listrik
1
2
1
2
71
1
2
3
2
3
1. Terminal Udara2. Penghantar Turun3. Sistem Grounding
2
3
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Komponen sistem proteksi eksternal
11
2
3
72
1. Terminal Udara2. Penghantar Turun3. Sistem Grounding
2
3
3
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Design Methods for LightningProtection - 1
• Franklin Rod
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Design Methods for LightningProtection - 2
• Faraday Cage
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Design Methods for LightningProtection - 3
• Rolling Sphere
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rs
rs
The areas touched by thesphere are deemed to
require protection
Protected volume
Trajectory of the centerof the Rolling Sphere
rs
rs
The Rolling Sphere concept
Numerical models
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Entwurf der Fangeinrichtung mit derBlitzkugelmethode
R
1329.ppt / 22.01.98 / ESCDIN V ENV 61024-1 (VDE V 0185 Teil 100) 1996-08: Anhang B
FangeinrichtungS1329
R R
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Air termination – Protection methods
Mesh size M
Rh2
1 2
Air- termination rod
Three methods for the definition of the airtermination:
1. Rolling sphere method2. Mesh method3. Protective angle method
Quelle: DIN V VDE 0185 Teil 3-3 Seite 81
Rolling sphereProtective angle
Earthing system
Down conductorh1
h2
2
The method of protective angle isused for buildings with easily form,but it is limited for buildings withhights as you could see in the nexttable.
The mesh method is used for planningthe protection of flat roofs.
The rolling spheremethod could be used forall buildings.
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Metodarollingsphere
79
Metodarollingsphere
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AnwendungBlitzkugelverfahren
1337. ppt / 19.01.98 / CGS1337
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AnwendungBlitzkugelverfahren
S1338 1338c.ppt /21.01.98 / OB
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Fangeinrichtung für hoheGebäude Maschenverfahren
Bei seitlichen Außen-flächender baulichen Anlage inHöhen, die größer als derRadius der entsp. Blitzkugel(Tab. 3) sind, muß eineFangeinrichtung, z. B. unterBerücksichtigung desMaschenverfahrens errichtetwerden.
MaschenweiteundBlitzkugelradius rentsp. derBlitzschutz-klasse
Fangeinrichtung
1346.ppt / 23.13.98 / OBDIN V ENV 61024-1 (VDE V 0185 Teil 100) 1996-08 Anhang B.3
Bei seitlichen Außen-flächender baulichen Anlage inHöhen, die größer als derRadius der entsp. Blitzkugel(Tab. 3) sind, muß eineFangeinrichtung, z. B. unterBerücksichtigung desMaschenverfahrens errichtetwerden.
Höhe entsp.der Blitz-schutzklasse
MaschenweiteundBlitzkugelradius rentsp. derBlitzschutz-klasse
Schutzwinkel entsp.der Blitzschutzklasse
r
S1346
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Design Methods for LightningProtection - 4
• Collection Volume
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Application of CVMto practical structures
(c) Key to three-dimensionalisation of the CVM• Electric field modelling of 3D structures
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Electric field intensification
Intensification of the E-field is a function of thegeometry’s height and degree of sharpness
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ERITECH®
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Collection formed by Equal Probability Locus and SphericalSurface
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The Collection Volume Design Concept
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Example – Lightning Protection System IncorporatingNew Technology Air Terminal
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DYNASPHERE
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DYNASPHERE
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StaticThunderstormPhase
StaticThunderstormPhase
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DynamicThunderstormPhase
DynamicThunderstormPhase
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ControlledTriggeringPhase
ControlledTriggeringPhase
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ContohinstalasiCVTdiSPP-ITB
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ContohinstalasiCVTdiSPP-ITB
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PIPE GSP 1"
CABLE DOWN CUNDUCTORISOLATOR 20 KV
DYNASPHERE
Instalasi CollectiveVolume Terminal danPeralatan Ukur Arus
CURRENTTRANSFORMER
PIPE GSP 1/2"
CABLE RG-8/U FOAMCABLE DOWNCONDUCTOR
INSULATION XLPE
SCREEN METALINSULATION SCOTH NO. 33
INSULATION PVC
MAGNETIC TAPE
ISOLATOR 20 KV
BC
APM
Instalasi CollectiveVolume Terminal danPeralatan Ukur Arus
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2 STROKES
3 STROKES
LCC
2 STROKES(COUNTER 1)
EQUIPMENT
SUBSTATION
LCCELECTRICAL SUPPLY
300 m
COUNTER 2(5 STROKES)
LCC
Sambaran Petir ke sampingmenara (antena), menyebabkankerusakan pada peralatan didalamradio room, ke Finial ; Aman
Sambaran petir di catat APM &dideteksi juga oleh Jadpen
Counter 1Hit ke finial ; ONHit ke samping menara ; OFF
FINIALCVT
DownconductorDSDC
ESE - 2
Gambar - 30
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2 STROKES
3 STROKES
LCC
2 STROKES(COUNTER 1)
EQUIPMENT
SUBSTATION
LCCELECTRICAL SUPPLY
300 m
COUNTER 2(5 STROKES)
LCC
Counter 1Hit ke finial ; ONHit ke samping menara ; OFF
Counter 2 ; Hit disamping atau di finial ; ON
Counter 3 ; hit disamping &finial ; OFF
hit dari luar ; ON
Gambar - 30
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Radius attractive (RA)
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PENGHANTAR TURUN(DOWN CONDUCTOR)
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Down conductor• Adalah saluran konduktif yang menghantarkan
arus petir dari titik sambar di terminal udara ketanah (sistem grounding)
• Komponen down conductor dapat yang bersifatnatural (struktur metal pada bangunan yangterhubung secara elektrik) atau dipasang khusus.
• Dimensi minimum down conductor menurutbahan (IEC 62305) :– Cu : 16 mm2
– Fe : 50 mm2
– Al : 25 mm2
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• Adalah saluran konduktif yang menghantarkanarus petir dari titik sambar di terminal udara ketanah (sistem grounding)
• Komponen down conductor dapat yang bersifatnatural (struktur metal pada bangunan yangterhubung secara elektrik) atau dipasang khusus.
• Dimensi minimum down conductor menurutbahan (IEC 62305) :– Cu : 16 mm2
– Fe : 50 mm2
– Al : 25 mm2
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SPP untuk bangunan dgn atap bergerigi. Semua ukuranharus sesuai dengan tingkat proteksi yang dipilih.
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Susunan penghantar petir dengan finial berbentukjaringan
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Pemasangan dari SPPeksternal untukbangunan besar.Jarak antara masing-masing hantaran turundan ukuran jaring harussesuai dengan tingkatproteksi yang dipilih.
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Pemasangan dari SPPeksternal untukbangunan besar.Jarak antara masing-masing hantaran turundan ukuran jaring harussesuai dengan tingkatproteksi yang dipilih.
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Development of an external lightning protection system
Lightning protectionsystem (LPS)
Externallightning
protection
Externallightning
protection
• DownConductor
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2
Down conductors – natural componentsUsing of the reinforcement as a down conductor and screening againstLEMP
1
3
a
b
a 87
1 Connection between airtermination and
down conductor2 Air termination3 Reinforcement4 Down conductor and ringconductor5 Equipotential bonding barfor the internal
lightning protection6 Test joint7 Clamp tested with lightningcurrent8 Connection without clamp
typical dimensions:a 5 m, b = 1 m
5
5
6
4
b7
1 Connection between airtermination and
down conductor2 Air termination3 Reinforcement4 Down conductor and ringconductor5 Equipotential bonding barfor the internal
lightning protection6 Test joint7 Clamp tested with lightningcurrent8 Connection without clamp
typical dimensions:a 5 m, b = 1 m
Quelle:DIN V VDE V 0185 T3-4, Bild 64
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Down conductors – natural componentsExample for the usage of the concrete buttress as a down conductor.
The downconductors have tobe connected withthe reinforcementinside the concretebuttress.
The downconductors have tobe connected withthe reinforcementinside the concretebuttress.
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Down conductors – natural components
Example for the usage of the metal facade as a down conductor.
The vertical metal elements must beconnected at the connection points byscrews or rivets.
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Konvensional vs ESEKonvensional vs ESE
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DOUBLE SHIELDED WIREDOUBLE SHIELDED WIRE
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DETAILTOWER AND
FARADAY CAGE BOX
DETAILTOWER AND
FARADAY CAGE BOX
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Double shielded down conductor(penghantar turun perisai ganda)
• Karakteristik Rancangan :– Induktansi rendah per unit panjang
sehingga impedansi surja rendah– Tegangan jatuh pada down conductor
menjadi kecil– Mengontrol dengan baik distribusi kuat
medan listrik didalam kabel untukmemperkecil kuat medan listrik saat dialiriimpuls petir
– Tidak ada bahaya side flash
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• Karakteristik Rancangan :– Induktansi rendah per unit panjang
sehingga impedansi surja rendah– Tegangan jatuh pada down conductor
menjadi kecil– Mengontrol dengan baik distribusi kuat
medan listrik didalam kabel untukmemperkecil kuat medan listrik saat dialiriimpuls petir
– Tidak ada bahaya side flash
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Penampangdouble
shieldeddown
conductor
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Penampangdouble
shieldeddown
conductor
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Perbandingan karakteristik downconductor
Characteristic BareCopper
Coopertape
N2XSY(single)
E1* E2*
Impedance () 230 6.7 4.5
Inductance (H/m) 1 963n(0.963)
0.5 33n 22n
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Capacitance (F/m) 750 1100
Cross sectional area ofconductor (mm2)
50 25 x 3(75)
50 50 50
Resistance (m /m) 0.4 0.5
Upper termination withstand(kV)
200 200
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SISTEM GROUNDINGpadaBangunan & Struktur
SISTEM GROUNDINGpadaBangunan & Struktur
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GROUNDING SYSTEMKenapa harus ada Grounding?
• Diharuskan oleh STANDAR• Keamanan Personil
– Menghilangkan beda tegangan antara alat yang tidakdilalui arus (tutup & frame) dan antara peralatandengan tanah.
• Proteksi Peralatan– Menjalankan proteksi arus lebih jika ada gangguan ke
ground (50/60Hz event)• Mengalirkan arus Petir(5kHz - 500kHz)• ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)• Kontrol derau (Computer Grounding)
• Diharuskan oleh STANDAR• Keamanan Personil
– Menghilangkan beda tegangan antara alat yang tidakdilalui arus (tutup & frame) dan antara peralatandengan tanah.
• Proteksi Peralatan– Menjalankan proteksi arus lebih jika ada gangguan ke
ground (50/60Hz event)• Mengalirkan arus Petir(5kHz - 500kHz)• ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)• Kontrol derau (Computer Grounding)
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Energi dari Petir?
Gambar – 41
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Grounding untuk instalasi LPS
• Menurut IEC 62305 / 2006 :– Bentuk dan dimensi dari sistem grounding lebih penting dari
pada nilai resistans (tahanan pentanahan) dari elektrodapentanahan
– Bagaimanapun juga, secara umum, nilai pentanahan yangrendah direkomendasikan
– Dari sisi proteksi petir, single integrated dari komponenpentanahan beberapa sistem sangat bermanfaat dan cocokuntuk segala bentuk kegunaan (proteksi petir, proteksitegangan rendah sistem tenaga, sistem telekomunikasi)
– Sistem pentanahan yang tidak boleh disatukan denganalasan tertentu harus diinterkoneksi ke sistem melalui selapenyama tegangan (spark - gap)
• Menurut IEC 62305 / 2006 :– Bentuk dan dimensi dari sistem grounding lebih penting dari
pada nilai resistans (tahanan pentanahan) dari elektrodapentanahan
– Bagaimanapun juga, secara umum, nilai pentanahan yangrendah direkomendasikan
– Dari sisi proteksi petir, single integrated dari komponenpentanahan beberapa sistem sangat bermanfaat dan cocokuntuk segala bentuk kegunaan (proteksi petir, proteksitegangan rendah sistem tenaga, sistem telekomunikasi)
– Sistem pentanahan yang tidak boleh disatukan denganalasan tertentu harus diinterkoneksi ke sistem melalui selapenyama tegangan (spark - gap)
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Grounding untuk instalasi LPS
• Ukuran minimum material grounding menurutIEC 62305 :– Cu : 50 mm2
– Fe : 80 mm2
• Tipe grounding didalam standard adalah :– Konduktor yang ditanam horizontal dalam tanah
dengan kedalaman minimum 0.5 m (Ring)– Batang tembaga yang ditancapkan tegak lurus ke
tanah (Driven Rod) - Radial– Kombinasi dari Keduanya (ring – radial)– Grounding Fondasi
• Ukuran minimum material grounding menurutIEC 62305 :– Cu : 50 mm2
– Fe : 80 mm2
• Tipe grounding didalam standard adalah :– Konduktor yang ditanam horizontal dalam tanah
dengan kedalaman minimum 0.5 m (Ring)– Batang tembaga yang ditancapkan tegak lurus ke
tanah (Driven Rod) - Radial– Kombinasi dari Keduanya (ring – radial)– Grounding Fondasi
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Bentuk grounding
• Grounding batangtembaga dan baja
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Bentukgrounding(lanjutan)
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• Groundingdenganbeberapabatang
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RANCANGAN GROUNDING
• Grounding Radial,Radial 1 buah
• Grounding Radial,Radial 1 buah
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RANCANGAN GROUNDING
• Groundingdalam
• Groundingdalam
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RANCANGAN GROUNDING
• Grounding padadaerah sempit dandekat lalu-lintasmanusia
• Grounding padadaerah sempit dandekat lalu-lintasmanusia
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127External LPS
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External LPS
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Is this grounding system ?NO ! WHY ??
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Contoh SistemProteksi Petirpada“bangunanterintegrasi”
130www.dehn.de
Contoh SistemProteksi Petirpada“bangunanterintegrasi”
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Earthing systemStrap conductor for the connection between the reinforcement
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Earthing systemStrap conductor of the foundation earth at the lowest point of thereinforcement
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134
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135www.erico.com
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136Pamakaian Beton Fondasi dan kolom strukturuntuk sistem pentanahan.
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137
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SISTEM PTOTEKSI PETIR &BONDINGTERHADAPSAMBARAN PETIR TIDAKLANGSUNG(INDIRECT STRIKES)
SISTEM PTOTEKSI PETIR &BONDINGTERHADAPSAMBARAN PETIR TIDAKLANGSUNG(INDIRECT STRIKES)
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SISTEM PROTEKSI PETIRINTERNALpadaPeralatan dan Perangkatdidalam ruangan
SISTEM PROTEKSI PETIRINTERNALpadaPeralatan dan Perangkatdidalam ruangan
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INTERNAL LPSLightning protection zone conceptLPZ - concept
LPZ 2
e.g. computerroom
room representing shield 2
LPZ 1
structure representing shield 1
LPZ 0 A
LPZ 0 Bexternal LPS
bonding bar 1 atthe boundary ofLPZ 0 A , 0 B and LPZ 1
cables line
earth terminationsystem
lokal bonding bar 2 atthe boundary ofLPZ 1 and LPZ 2
bonding of shield 2
LPZ 2
e.g. computerroom
room representing shield 2
LPZ 1
structure representing shield 1
LPZ 0 A
LPZ 0 Bexternal LPS
bonding bar 1 atthe boundary ofLPZ 0 A , 0 B and LPZ 1
cables line
earth terminationsystem
lokal bonding bar 2 atthe boundary ofLPZ 1 and LPZ 2
bonding of shield 2
According to IEC 62305-3/2006
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Lightning protection zone conceptlightning protection zone 0A
lightning protection zone 0B
protection zone 1 protection zone 2protection zone 1 protection zone 2
protection zone 3protection zone 2
protection zone 3protection zone 1 protection zone 2
SPD B SPD C SPD D
SPD D
SPD C
mains
SPD: surge protective devicedecoupling element (conductor length)
protection zone 1
RA
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iLzone 0zone 0 zone3zone3
zone 0zone 0
Lightning protection zone concept(lanjutan)
iL
iL iLzone 0zone 0
zone 0zone 0 zone 0zone 0
zone 1zone 1zone 2zone 2zone 2zone 2 zone3zone3
zone3zone3
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Mekanisme tegangan lebih padaperalatan
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Coupling of voltage surges(lightning flash near an object)
Flash near a building
max
dt
di
Effects : Inductive couplingCaused by: Maximum steepness of
the lightning current
A magnetic field is formed aroundevery conductor through which acurrent flows.If conductor loops are located in thevicinity of a conductor in whichlightning current is flowing, the lawof induction states that a voltagewill be induced.
max
dt
di
Lightningarresters Lines running
parallel
Conductor loop Conductor loop
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Mekanisme kopling galvanik
iBimprovement !
146
iB1
UE = RE1 x iB1
iB2
iB2
iB2
iB2potential equalization&
surge voltage protection
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Process controller protectedwith transient barriers
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Coordination of Protection for power line
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Sistem bonding dan sistem pentanahan pada instalasi di dalambangunan dengan menggunakan komponen besi beton pada
dinding dan fondasi sebagai komponen SPP “ Natural”
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Lightning protection system according toIEC 62305-4/2006
Reinforcement of CeilingUsed as Building Shield
Air-Terminations for Roof Structures
Bonding of Air Terminationsto the Reinforcement
Wall Reinforcement Usedfor Shielding of theBuilding and as DownConductorSystem
230/400 VOvervoltage SPDfor Telecommunicationand Data
LPZ 0
Boundaries ofLPZ 0 to LPZ 1to LPZ 2
Source: P. Hasse: Overvoltage protection of low voltage systems. 2nd Edition, IEE London/UK
Dr. P. Hasse: IEC Standards on Externaland Internal Lightning Protection: IEC62305-1 ... 5, Singapore, 14 February,
2003S1041_c
230/400 V,50 HzLightningCurrentArrester
Serv
ice E
ntra
nce Reinforcement
for RoomShielding
EarthingSystem
Metal Frame as Building Shield
Bonding of Air Terminationsto the Reinforcement
LightningCurrentArresterforData Line
EquipotentialBonding forServices, e. g.Heating,Ventilation,SanitaryEquipmentEBB
LPZ 1
LPZ 2
230/400 VOvervoltage SPDfor Telecommunicationand Data
Foundation Earth Electrode
Ligh
tnin
g Cu
rrent
Arre
ster
for T
elec
om-
mun
icatio
n Li
ne
Reinforcement in Cellar Floor Usedfor Shielding of the Building and as Part ofthe Earthing System
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Pemakaian konsep LPZ
www.dehn.de
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Lightning Protection System at a Plan
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Contoh proteksi pada instrumentasi (Cont’d)
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Beyond Standard ?
Due to tropical lightningcharacteristics
Existing standardbeyond standard innovation
Due to tropical lightningcharacteristics
Existing standardbeyond standard innovation
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Convensional vs Isolated down conductor156
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APPLICATIONS TO THE PROTECTION OFAPPLICATIONS TO THE PROTECTION OFELEVATED STRUCTURESELEVATED STRUCTURES
Photo : Alex Hermant
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Electric fieldV/m
Electric field distribution on an elevated structure.
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Protection failure of the corners and edges of a structureProtection failure of the corners and edges of a structure
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Roof ofbuilding
Attractive radius of anedge
Attractive radius of acorner
Roof ofbuilding
Attractive area
Upper view of the attractive areaof rectangular structure.
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Electric field V/m
ResultsElectric field distribution on a complex structure during a thunderstorm.
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PAU BuildingBuilding name Inter University Center- ITB (PAU–ITB)
Owner ITB
Country Indonesia
City Bandung
Latitude 06˚ 53’ 17” S , 107˚ 36’ 36” ELatitude 06˚ 53’ 17” S , 107˚ 36’ 36” E
Flash density 8.06
Ground flash density 7.06
Keraunic level 120
Altitude 768 m
Height Width Length Roof area
40.8 m 43.2 m 72.6 m 2264.6 m2
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GROUND
PAU - ITB
PROTECTIVE AREA
RA
DIU
S O
F RO
LLI
NG
SPH
ERE
ROLLING SPHERE
SIDE VIEW
SCALE 1 : 1
Electrogeometri Analysis of PAU Building
GROUND
PAU - ITB
PROTECTIVE AREA
RA
DIU
S O
F RO
LLI
NG
SPH
ERE
ROLLING SPHERE
SIDE VIEW
SCALE 1 : 1
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Electrogeometri Analysis of PAU Building
TOP VIEW
SCALE 1 : 1
PROTECTIVE AREA
RADIU
S OF PR
OTE
CTIV
E ARE
A
PAU - ITB
TOP VIEW
SCALE 1 : 1
PROTECTIVE AREA
RADIU
S OF PR
OTE
CTIV
E ARE
A
PAU - ITB
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Installation Of Prevectron ESE
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Lightning research on PAU building
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PAU – ITB building from south side
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Panel berisi alat ukurLightning Evet Counter(LEC)Dan Arus Puncak Petir(APM) pada kaki towerDi Gd. PAU ITB
Gambar - 33
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RUMAH TINGGALSINGLE POLE 8 MTR, AIR TERMINAL TIPE ESE
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RUMAH TINGGALBOX LEC, LEC
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Gedung Kantor Utama PT. Dahana,Subang, Jabar
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Box berisi ;APM
(Alat Ukur ArusPuncak Petir) &
LEC(Lightning Event
Counter)
Box berisi ;APM
(Alat Ukur ArusPuncak Petir) &
LEC(Lightning Event
Counter)
174
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WTC Twin TowerUpward leader
175
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Lightning striking an aircaft
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Terimakasih….
Prof.Dr. Reynaldo ZoroLightning Research Center
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics,Institut Teknologi Bandung
Alamat :Gd. Kerjasama PLN-ITB
Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132Telp/Fax 022 2500995
E-mail : [email protected]@gmail.com
Prof.Dr. Reynaldo ZoroLightning Research Center
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics,Institut Teknologi Bandung
Alamat :Gd. Kerjasama PLN-ITB
Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132Telp/Fax 022 2500995
E-mail : [email protected]@gmail.com
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