Lighting Technologies for 2018 IECC - National Center for ...

Review of Lighting Technologies for 2018 IECC

Commercial Codes Training

August 11 2020

Montana

Jaya Mukhopadhyay | Sina Seyedian | Riley Wanzek

Integrated Design Laboratory

Montana State University, Bozeman Montana

Overview

REQUIREMENTS FOR LIGHTING IN THE 2018 IECC

LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES & CONTROLS TO MEET THE

REQUIREMENTS OF THE 2018 IECC

INCENTIVES & BARRIERS TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES

CASE-STUDIES

9/8/2020 Integrated Design Lab, Bozeman, MT 2/49

LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS IN THE 2018 ENERGY CODE▪ Interior Power Lighting Density

▪ Exterior Lighting Power Density

▪ Interior Lighting Controls

▪ Integration with Daylighting

▪ Exterior Lighting Controls

▪ Commissioning of Lighting Systems


Lighting Requirements in the 2018 IECC

INTERIOR LIGHTING POWER DENSITY

▪ Reduction in interior lighting power

allowance (LPD W/ft2). (C405.3.2)

▪ Equation for calculating the Total

Connected Interior Lighting Power (TCLP)

is more specific. (C405.3.1)

▪ Calculation for interior lighting power

allowance for retail & sales areas has

changed. (C405.3.2.2.1)▪ Allows additional lighting power for smaller

areas.

▪ Reduces power allowance for larger areas.

▪ Additional lighting for decorative or

highlighting purposes is more stringent

(C405.3.2.2.1)▪ Additional lighting power in lobbies must

not exceed 0.9 W/ft²

▪ Cant exceed 0.75 W/ft2 for other spaces.

Table C405.3.2: Interior Lighting

Power Allowances for Spaces9/8/2020 Integrated Design Lab, Bozeman, MT 4/49

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EXTERIOR LIGHTING POWER DENSITY (C405.4.2)

▪ Reduction in lighting power allowance for building exteriors

▪ Reduction in base site allowance

▪ Inclusion of categories such as loading docks, exterior dining areas,

landscaping

▪ Exceptions to lighting power allowance no longer include historic

buildings


Table C405.4.2 (Partial): Lighting Power Allowances for Building Exteriors9/8/2020 Integrated Design Lab, Bozeman, MT 5/49

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INTERIOR LIGHTING CONTROLS

▪ LLLC’s (C405.2)▪ Monitor activity and ambient space light and brighten/dim light

accordingly

▪ Dimming setpoints, timeouts, fade rates, sensor sensitivity, & wireless

zoning controls

▪ Occupancy / vacancy sensors (C405.2.1.1-3)▪ Manual on or automatic <50% on

▪ More stringent requirements for open-plan offices▪ For offices < 300ft2 need to meet requirements for general occupant sensor

control functions ▪ For offices > 300ft2 , separate zones with a maximum floor area 600 sf, multiple

light levels & daylight responsiveness required

▪ Lights turn off within 20 minutes of occupants leaving space

▪ Time-switch (C405.2.2)▪ Required in areas without occupancy sensors or light reducing manual

controls



INTEGRATING WITH DAYLIGHTING

▪ Daylight harvesting (C405.2.3)▪ Required is spaces w/ >150W of lighting in top/sidelit zones.

▪ No required in side-lit zones on the first floor above grade in Group A-2

and Group M occupancies

▪ Not required in new buildings if the total connected lighting power is

less than or equal to than the adjusted interior lighting power

allowance (LPAADJ)▪ LPAADJ = [LPANORM x (1.0 – 0.4(UDZFA X TBFA))] ▪ LPANORM = Normal building lighting power allowance (watts).▪ UDZFA = Sum of all sidelit and toplit zones without daylight responsive

controls▪ TBFA = Total building floor area.


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Figure C405.2.3.3: Daylight Zone Under a Sloped Rooftop Monitor

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fup.codes%2Fs%2Fdaylight-responsive-controls&psig=AOvVaw1DvMJe7N8qR4tJfnhii8Sg&ust=1581634520564000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCPDIrPGNzecCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

EXTERIOR LIGHTING CONTROLS (C405.2.6)▪ Where lighting the building façade or landscape, the lighting shall

have controls that automatically shutoff the lighting between

midnight or business / facility closing, whichever is later or business

facility opening, whichever is earlier

▪ Shutoff methods include:▪ Daylight shutoff

▪ Exterior occupancy control

▪ Exterior dimming

▪ Time-switch controls

▪ Exceptions now include lighting controlled within dwelling units





COMMISSIONING OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS

▪ Specifications for commissioning of lighting controls provided in

Section C408.3 of the 2018 IECC

▪ Specifications are currently mandatory

▪ Also required as part of the additional energy efficiency package

of Enhanced digital lighting controls

▪ Requirements to test the functionality of the following types of

automated controls:▪ Occupant sensor controls

▪ Time switch controls

▪ Daylight responsive controls

▪ Requirements for documentation:▪ Drawings

▪ Manuals

▪ Report

LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES▪ Legacy Lighting Technologies

▪ Current Lighting Technologies

▪ LED Technologies

▪ LED Replacement Lamps

▪ LED Applications


LEGACY LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES

▪ Resistive

▪ Incandescent▪ Resistance through a tungsten filament produces

light, easiest to dim.▪ Residential units, Best used where uses in infrequent,

short duration, low cost dimming.

▪ Halogen▪ Regenerative tungsten filament from halogen gas

within lamp = longer life▪ Commonly used for reflector lights & flood lights

Lighting Technologies

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Incandescent bulb

Halogen bulb


LEGACY LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES

▪ Discharge

▪ Fluorescent▪ Ballasts emit electricity which excites mercury to

produce UV light within the lamp. UV light interacts with phosphorus coating to produce glow

▪ Most common commercial lighting solution

▪ Metal Halide▪ Electric arch interacts with metal halides and

mercury vapors to produce glow.▪ Industrial areas, arenas, streetlights, gyms▪ Campus’s still using as maintenance

▪ High / low Pressure sodium▪ Electric arch interacts with xenon gas, sodium, &

mercury vapors to produce glow

▪ Mercury vapor▪ Electric arch interacts with mercury vapor to

produce glow

▪ Not used any more


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CURRENT LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES

▪ Solid state technologies – utilizes

semiconductors to convert electricity

to light.

▪ LED▪ Utilize small diodes.▪ 30-150 lm/W▪ 25,000-100,000 hours rated life▪ Commercial applications

▪ OLED▪ Thin, flexible panels▪ 30-50 lm/W – 150 lm/W potential▪ 14,000-100,000 hours rated life▪ Emerging commercial applications▪ Display applications▪ High cost

▪ Electroluminescent▪ Passive light source▪ Thin, flexible panels/strips/wires▪ Decorative applications, exit signs-

liability issue


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LED technology

OLED technology

Electroluminescent technology



LED TECHNOLOGIES

▪ Static White vs. Dynamic White

▪ SeleCCTable products

▪ Color changing products▪ RGB, RGBA, RGBW

▪ Potentially fully dimmable

▪ Products for nearly all application types



ADVANTAGES OF LED TECHNOLOGY

▪ Efficacy (lumens/watt): comparable to

daylight.

▪ Directional source: efficient optics

possible

▪ CCT & CRI/TM-30 improvements,

comparable to halide lamps

▪ Very Long “useful” life

▪ Low mercury / lead

▪ No infrared or ultraviolet

▪ UV options for hospitals

▪ Better performance in cold environments

▪ Resistant to impact & vibration

▪ Instant on, digital control possible

▪ Trend toward modularity

▪ Flexible form factor



USEFUL LIFE OF LED LAMPS

▪ Conventional lamps rated life:▪ Rated life at 50% lamp failure point

▪ LED lamps useful life:▪ Based on lumen maintenance &

depreciation

▪ Standard: IES LM-80

▪ Uses LP maintenance measurement

where:▪ L is initial output

▪ P is percentage maintained over a

number of hours

▪ Example: L90 / 60,000 where 90% of

initial output (10% loss) reached in

60,000 hours

▪ Target: general service incandescent lamps

▪ Various Shapes

▪ Recent improvements in light output & efficacy: some now surpassing CFL performance

▪ Distribution: spot, flood, wide flood

▪ Doe “caliper” testing: LED PAR30 & PAR38 exceed halogen in light output & efficacy with improved CBCP

LED INCANDESCENT REPLACEMENTS

Courtesy of GE



▪ Linear fluorescent replacement lamps:

▪ Target: T5, T8, & T12 in existing troffers▪ Type A, Type B TLEDs

▪ Advantages:▪ Energy savings: 2-18w about 40% (check light output)▪ Maintenance savings: few spot replacements over

life▪ Low mercury or lead▪ Cold starting (which may improve life)▪ Shock & vibration resistant

▪ Disadvantages:▪ Poor light output: may need to add lamps to

maintain levels▪ Strong directionality: poor uniformity▪ Cost of bypassing ballast (or reduced efficacy if using

the ballast)▪ Some fluorescent lamps rated at 55,000 hours so

maintenance benefit may not exist

LED FLUORESCENT REPLACEMENTS



LED APPLICATIONS



Courtesy of Phillips LEDALIGHT

LED APPLICATIONS



Courtesy of Phillips LUMIBLADE

LED APPLICATIONS


Trends in Lighting Technologies

Courtesy of Intense Lighting

LED APPLICATIONS



Courtesy of Yarnell Associates

Courtesy of GE

LED APPLICATIONS



LIGHTING CONTROLS▪ Control Technologies

▪ Lighting Control Applications

▪ Potential Savings


WHY USE LIGHTING CONTROLS?

▪ Flexibility▪ Change luminance & patterns in space

▪ Savings▪ Reduction in energy & monetary resources

▪ A properly design lighting system can:▪ Reduce energy usage by 60% over on-off system

▪ Reduced air-conditioning load (less heat gain)

▪ Longer lamp & ballast life

▪ Productivity & user satisfaction▪ Provision of adequate lighting levels for different tasks

▪ Provision of appropriate lighting conditions

▪ Aesthetics▪ Capable of changing the mood & function of spaces

▪ Maintenance▪ Increase lamp life & reduce stocking of replacement lamps

▪ Compliance with energy code & rating programs▪ Compliance with IECC, ASHRAE 90.1 Standards

▪ Compliance with LEED / WELL / LBC

Trends in Lighting TechnologiesLighting Controls


Lighting Controls

LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES

▪ Typical lighting control strategies▪ Manual switching

▪ Dimming

▪ Scene controls

▪ Timer controls

▪ Daylight integrated controls

▪ Occupancy / vacancy sensors

▪ Latest lighting control strategies▪ Color temperature tuning

▪ Task tuning / High-end Trim

▪ Luminaire level lighting control (LLLC)


Schematic diagram of switching arrangements to achieve multiple

discreet lighting levels with three‐lamp fluorescent lighting fixtures.

TYPICAL LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES

▪ Manual Switching - Provides lighting levels

to accommodate occupants visual needs.

▪ On-off function▪ Relatively inexpensive▪ Provides occupants with total control▪ Switching not a reliable conservation tactic▪ Limited flexibility▪ Multi-level switching required by some codes▪ Switching entire fixtures or lamps within fixture▪ Step switching of individual lamp output▪ Not code compliant for most general spaces

unless to override with automatic controls

Lighting Controls

Control Mechanism Illumination

Level

All ballasts on 100%

Two-lamped ballast on 66%

Half of two-lamp ballast

on

33%

All ballasts off 0%



▪ Manual Dimming - The ability to fine-tune

illuminance levels through manual control.

▪ More expensive than simple switching

▪ Increased flexibility in controlling the output

▪ Smooth & slow transitions are desired – fade rate

▪ For LEDs, associated with increased efficacies &

life

▪ Cost of dimming hardware▪ High for fluorescent, additional costs for dimming

ballasts▪ Low for LEDs, most have 0-10V dimming drivers

native

▪ Dimming rates are different for different lamps▪ Fluorescent: maintains efficacy down to 40%

output▪ 10% - 100% dimming most practical with

combination of dimming & switching controls▪ Wide variation in LED source and dimmer

characteristics leads to wide variation in dimming performance and compatibility

Lighting Controls

Typical dimming curves for generic light source types.



▪ Preset Scene Controls - Preset lighting scenes adapted to space

function and ambiance.

▪ Common control solution in spaces that are best served by pre-

established settings of lighting control zones

▪ Involve dimming and/or switching of groups of lighting control zones to

alter room luminance or illuminance distribution

▪ User selects a preset lighting configuration by pressing a single button

▪ Fade rates have to be considered

▪ Add to the costs of lighting systems but greatly simplify user interaction

with controls to get established lighting levels

Lighting Controls



▪ Timer Controls- Scheduling adjusts the output of the lighting system

based on a time event implemented using a time-clock.

▪ Time schedule control useful in spaces that have well known &

consistent operating schedule

▪ Can be mechanical, electronic or computer controlled

▪ Override capability is necessary when a space is to be occupied

outside normally scheduled hours

▪ For exterior or interior applications where controls configured to sunrise

/ sunset times – astronomical clock can be used

▪ Astronomical clocks require input of site location, time of day and time

of year

Lighting Controls

Example of an auto-off timer Tork A530.The switch contacts are made when the knob is rotated, which then break the circuit at the end of a timed cycle, thereby turning off the load.



▪ Daylight Integrated Controls - Uses a light

sensor (also called a photosensor or

photocell) with a power controller to switch or

dim lighting in response to available daylight.

▪ Need to respond to rapidly changing conditions▪ Can respond with either switching or dimming

▪ Switching is undesirable, annoying

▪ Use of automatic dimming is preferred

▪ Fade Rate and Dead Band must be considered

▪ Photosensors & computer based algorithms control electric lighting & shading devices on daylighting apertures to provide adequate task illuminance

▪ Establish daylight zones is crucial:▪ Latitude has to be accounted for

▪ South most likely candidates for dimming & may have

two perimeter zones based on latitude

▪ Northern daylight zone is very narrow

▪ Savings potential up to 60% energy use in some spaces

▪ Payback period is short: makes daylight harvesting strategies very attractive

Lighting Controls

Typical graph of energy

savings with daylight control

Photocells



▪ Occupancy/Vacancy Sensors ▪ Occupancy sensors automatically turns lights

both on and off

▪ Vacancy sensors require manual on input

▪ Common occupancy control technique

involves switching lighting off after a set period

of time has elapsed during which no

occupancy is detected

▪ Common control strategy “return to dim level”

▪ Can also turn off other devices: fan-coils, AC,

fans

▪ Types of occupancy sensors:▪ PIR – Passive Infrared - Detect major movement▪ Ultrasonic - Detects fine movement▪ Dual-Technology - Utilizes both technologies

Lighting Controls

Passive infrared detector

Ultrasonic detector


ADVANCED LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES

▪ Task Tuning - allows for adjustable illuminance levels at the working

plane for a variety of tasks

Lighting Controls

▪ High-end trim sets maximum light level

for each space

▪ Compatible with dimmable lighting

▪ Dimmable lighting can still be controlled

to implement other strategies

▪ With High-end trim the upper light level is

capped

▪ Can be integrated with centralized

controls or at fixture in some cases

▪ Requires commissioning

▪ These tuning features provide energy

efficiency without a decreasing lighting

performance

▪ Lighting electricity usage can be

reduced by > 20%

▪ Can be utilized for lumen maintainence


LATEST LIGHTING CONTROL STRATEGIES

▪ Dynamic White - LED luminaires with the ability to deliver varying

white light color temperature.

▪ Applicable to LED fixtures:▪ By separately dimming arrays of diodes with different phosphor coatings▪ White LED luminaire’s CCT can be adjusted across a range

▪ Examples of tunable-white general lighting includes:▪ Adjust CCT to accommodate for changing space use, displays, interior finishes

and user preference▪ Automatically adjust the CCT to produce idealized daylight cycle or optimally

blend with daylight ▪ Play a potential role in circadian lighting, as light rich in blue wavelengths acts

as a circadian stimulus

Lighting Controls



▪ Wireless controls- utilize wireless technologies

to install, setup & monitor lighting system.

▪ Can be used for all lighting control scenarios

▪ Advantages:▪ Flexibility▪ Integration with central Building Management

System▪ Access from any PC or mobile device▪ Simplifies installation, setup, and commissioning▪ Convenient maintenance

▪ Disadvantages▪ Battery replacement

▪ Usually in ten years

▪ Can be avoided with kinetic system

▪ Software required▪ For centralized systems

Lighting Controls

An example of a wireless system

RESOURCE: http://www.lutron.com/en-US/Products/Pages/WholeBuildingSystems/Vive/Maintain.aspx



▪ Luminaire Level Lighting Control -

incorporates a complete set of sensors

(occupancy, daylight, user tuning, and

even air temperature) into each

luminaire.

▪ Each fixture becomes a semi-

autonomous zone, capable of

responding to small changes in the area

under each luminaire

▪ Some of these systems use innovative

methods of communicating and self-

commissioning such as wireless radio or

even infrared signals to create

connectivity within the system

▪ This level of granularity can yield

significant savings!!!

▪ Part of building based IoT & data

gathering

Lighting Controls


LIGHTING CONTROL APPLICATIONS

▪ Private Office

Lighting Controls

RESOURCES: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/11/f27/fupwg_fall2015_matour.pdf


https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/11/f27/fupwg_fall2015_matour.pdf

LIGHTING CONTROL APPLICATIONS

▪ Classroom

Lighting Controls

RESOURCES: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/11/f27/fupwg_fall2015_matour.pdf


https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/11/f27/fupwg_fall2015_matour.pdf

INCENTIVES▪ Overview of Incentives for Commercial Construction in

Montana

▪ Incentives from NorthWestern Energy


OVERVIEW OF INCENTIVES FOR LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES IN

MONTANA

▪ Energy-Efficient Commercial Buildings Tax Deductionhttp://www.efficientbuildings.org

▪ Deduction For Energy-Conserving Investmenthttps://revenue.mt.gov/home/individuals/taxrelief_energy#Other-Energy-Related-Tax-Relief-777

▪ Flathead Electric Cooperative - Commercial Lighting Rebate

Programhttps://www.flatheadelectric.com/commercial/business-energy-savings/

▪ Montana-Dakota Utilities - Commercial Energy Efficiency Incentive

Programhttp://www.montana-dakota.com/conservation/savings-for-your-business

▪ NorthWestern Energy (Electric) - Commercial Energy Efficiency

Rebate Programhttp://www.northwesternenergy.com/Eplus

Incentives

SOURCE: https://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?fromSir=0&state=MT


http://www.efficientbuildings.org/

https://revenue.mt.gov/home/individuals/taxrelief_energy#Other-Energy-Related-Tax-Relief-777

https://www.flatheadelectric.com/commercial/business-energy-savings/

http://www.montana-dakota.com/conservation/savings-for-your-business

http://www.northwesternenergy.com/Eplus

https://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?fromSir=0&state=MT

CASE-STUDIES▪ Walgreens, Evanston, IL

▪ Pacific Tower, Seattle, WA

▪ Puget Sound Energy, Bothell, WA

▪ South Lander Business Park, Seattle, WA.

▪ NorthBay VacaValley Hospital, Vacaville, CA.


Case-studies

WALGREENS,Evanston, IL

Location: Evanston, IL

Building Type: Grocery

Total Area: 15,270 ft2

Lighting Design: Walgreen Co.

Certification: LEED Platinum

▪ Lighting power density is set based on

providing brand-required foot-candle

levels on shelving units.

▪ By using customized optics &

directionalized lighting patterns

overhead linear LED fixtures were able

to achieve these levels eliminating the

need for 4 kW of undershelf lighting

▪ LPD – 0.89 W/ft2 as compared to

ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 values for

retail occupancies of 1.4 W/ft2

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PACIFIC TOWERSeattle, WA

Location: Seattle, WA

Building Type: Renovation

Total Area: 274,010 ft2

Lighting Design: McKinstry

Certification: LEED Gold

▪ 2,000 LED fixtures w/ LLLC

▪ LLLC integrated light levels &

HVAC system

▪ Each fixture individually tunable

▪ One system – Various tenants

▪ 80% energy savings that originally

expected

▪ 27% better energy savings than

required by Seattle’s code

▪ Real-time feedback

Case-studies

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SOURCE: https://betterbricks.com/uploads/resources/LLLC-Case_Study-Pacific_Tower.pdf

https://betterbricks.com/uploads/resources/LLLC-Case_Study-Pacific_Tower.pdf

PUGET SOUND ENERGYBothell, WA

Location: Bothell, WA

Building Type: Renovation

Total Area: 11, 000 ft2

Lighting Design: PSE

▪ Original system: T8 & inconsistent

lighting levels

▪ 100 LED fixtures w/ LLLC

▪ 72% energy savings ▪ 34% savings just from LED retrofit

▪ 2 week installation – Wireless controls

▪ Increased occupant comfort

Case-studies

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SOURCE: https://betterbricks.com/uploads/resources/LLLC-PSE-Case-Study.pdf

https://betterbricks.com/uploads/resources/LLLC-PSE-Case-Study.pdf

THANK YOU!QUESTIONS?


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