Lighting TechnologiesApplications

Energy ConsumptionMAE 406 / 589

John Rees, PE, CEMEric Soderberg, PE, CEM

September 26, 2011

LIGHTING FUNDAMENTALS

World’s Oldest Light Bulb – Burning (almost continuously) Since 1901

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The 3 Pillars of The 3 Pillars of Energy Efficient LightingEnergy Efficient Lighting

Meet target lightMeet target lightlevelslevels

Meet target lightMeet target lightlevelslevels

Efficiently produceEfficiently produceand deliver lightand deliver light

Efficiently produceEfficiently produceand deliver lightand deliver light

AutomaticallyAutomaticallycontrol lightingcontrol lighting

operationoperation

AutomaticallyAutomaticallycontrol lightingcontrol lighting

operationoperation

Visual Task

F O O T C A N D L E SF O O T C A N D L E S

WATTSWATTS

LUMENSLUMENS

Visual Task

Most Important Slide in Today’s Seminar!Most Important Slide in Today’s Seminar!

Lighting Fundamentals - Illumination

• Light Output – Measured at the lamp surface.– Measured in lumens.

• Illuminance or Light Level.– Measured at the working surface.– Measured in foot-candles.

• Luminance or Brightness.– Measured at an angle to the working surface.– Measured in footlamberts.

Targeted Illumination Levels

• Targeted illumination level is determined by:– Tasks being performed (detail, contrast, size).– Ages of the occupants.– Importance of speed and accuracy.

• Example of (Potential) Over Illumination: Textile Mills.– Fluorescent Fixtures using

• High Output (2x output of standard).• Very High Output (3x output of standard).

Recommended Illumination Levels

Activity

Illumination Foot-

candles

Offices: Average Reading and Writing 50-75

Offices: Hallways 10-20

Offices: Rooms with Computers 20-50

Auditoriums / Assembly Places 15-30

Hospitals: General Areas 10-15

Labs / Treatment areas 50-100

Libraries 30-100

Schools 30-150

Quality of Illumination

• Quality of illumination may affect worker productivity.

• Quality is affected by:– Glare. Too bright.– Uniformity of illumination.– Color rendition. Ability to see colors properly.

• Scale is 0 to 100 (100 is best = daylight).– Color Temperature. Warm to Cool.

• Measured in degrees kelvin. 3000 is warm (yellowish); 5000 is cool or “daylight”.

Color Rendering Index(CRI)

A relative scale indicating how perceived colors illuminated by the light source match actual colors. The higher the number the less color distortion from the reference source.

85 -100 CRI = Excellent color rendition

75 - 85 CRI = Very Good color rendition

65 - 75 CRI = Good color rendition

55 - 65 CRI = Fair color rendition

0 – 55 CRI = Poor color rendition

Color Rendition

warm light source is used, enhancing reds and oranges

neutral light source is used

cool source is used enhancing blues and greens

Color rendering, expressed as a rating on the Color Rendering Index (CRI), from 0-100, describes how a light source makes the color of an object appear to human eyes and how well subtle variations in color shades are revealed. The higher the CRI rating, the better its color rendering ability.

Color Temperature (K˚)• A measure of the “warmth”

or “coolness” of a light source.

– ≤ 3200K = “warm” or red side of spectrum

– ≥ 4000K = “cool” or blue side of spectrum

– 3500K = “neutral”

– 5000K = “Daylight”

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Color Color Temperature Temperature

ScaleScale

Cool White - 4100K Cool White - 4100K

Daylight Fluo - 6500K Daylight Fluo - 6500K

North Sky - 8500K North Sky - 8500K

Warm White - 3000K Warm White - 3000K

HPS - 2100K HPS - 2100K

Halogen – 3100KHalogen – 3100K

Incandescent – 2700KIncandescent – 2700K

Efficiency

• Lighting efficiency (efficacy) is expressed as lumens output/wattage input.– Ranges from 4 to 200 lumens/watt.

• Measures how efficiently a lamp converts electrical energy into light.

• Similar to mpg.

Lamp Efficiencies  Lamp

  Efficiency

Lamp Type (lumens/watt)

Incandescent 10 - 20

Halogen 15 - 25

Halogen HIR™ 20 - 33

Mercury Vapor 40 - 60

Compact Fluorescent 55 - 80

Linear Fluorescent 60 - 105

LED 60 - 105

Metal Halide 80 - 105

Ceramic Metal Halide 90 - 105

High Pressure Sodium 65 - 140

Low Pressure Sodium 150 - 200

Lamp Lumen Depreciation - LLD• As lamps age, they lose a certain amount of

output.• Old T12 fluoresecents can lose up to 30% of

output over their life.• New T8 fluorescents maintain up to 95% of

original lumens.• This depreciation must be accounted for when

installing new lighting system.• Depreciation is also a result of dirt accumulation

Lamp Lumen Depreciation

Typical Lamp LifeIncandescent 1-2,000 hrs

Halogen 2-3,000 hrs

CFL 12,000 hrs

Sodium 24,000+ hrs

Metal Halide 24,000+ hrs

Mercury 20-24,000+ hrs

Fluorescent 20 - 40,000 hrs

Induction 100,000 hrs

LED 100,000 hrs

LIGHTINGTYPES

Luminaires

• Luminaire = Lighting fixture– Lamps– Lamp sockets– Ballasts– Reflective material– Lenses, refractors, louvers– Housing

• Directs the light using reflecting and shielding surfaces.

Luminaires (cont’d)

• Luminaire Efficiency – Percentage of lamp lumens produced that actually

exits the fixture – Types of luminaires

• Direct (general illumination).• Indirect (light reflected off the ceiling/walls; “wall

washers”).• Spot/Accent lighting.• Task Lighting.• Outdoor/Flood Lights.

Typical Linear Fluorescent Fixture – DirectNote “cave effect”

Typical Linear Fluorescent Fixture – IndirectMore uniform distribution

Types of Lighting

• Incandescents/Halogens.• Fluorescents.• High Intensity Discharge (HID).• Inductive.• Light Emitting Diode.

Incandescent Lamps

• One of the oldest electric lighting technologies.

• Light is produced by passing a current through a tungsten filament.

• Least efficient – (4 to 24 lumens/watt).

• Lamp life ~ 1,000 hours.

Incandescent Lamps (cont’d)• High CRI (100) – Warm Color (2700K)• Halogen 2900K to 3200K)

• Inexpensive

• Excellent beam control

• Easily dimmed – no ballast needed

• Immediate off and on

• No temperature concerns – can be used outdoors

• 100, 75, 60 and 40 watt lamps will be going away in 2012 per 2007 law

Tugnsten-Halogen Lamps• A type of incandescent

lamp.• Encloses the tungsten

filament in a quartz capsule filled with halogen gas.

• Halogen gas combines with the vaporized tungsten and redeposits it on the filament.

• More efficient.• Lasts longer (up to 6,000

hrs.)

Fluorescent Lamps• Most common commercial lighting technology.• High Efficacy: up to 100 lumens/watt.• Most common fluorescent lamps.

– T12: 1.5 inch in diameter. 112 million, or 63% of fluorescents in the U.S. are still T12

– T8: 1 inch in diameter.• ~30% more efficient than T12.

– T5: 5/8 inch in diameter.• ~40% more efficient than T12.

• Improvements have been made in the last 15 years.

Fluorescent Lamps (cont’d)

• Configurations– Linear (8 ft., 4 ft., 2 ft., 1 ft.)– Ubend (fit in a 2 ft. x 2 ft.

fixture).– Circular (rare, obsolete).– Fixtures can be 4, 3, 2, or 1

lamp per fixture.

• Output Categories– Standard Output (430 mA).– High Output (800 mA).– Very High Output (1,500 mA).

Schematic of Fluorescent Lamp

Phosphor crystals Mercury atom Electron Electrode

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)

• Fluorescent lamp that is small in size (~2 in. diameter, 3 to 5 in. in length).

• Developed as replacement for incandescent lamps.

• Two Main Types– Ballast-integrated.– Ballast non-integrated (allows

only lamp to be replaced).

Compact Fluorescent

•Excellent color available – comparable to incandescent

•Many choices (sizes, shapes, wattages, output, etc.)

•Wide Range of CRI and Color Temperatures

•Energy Efficient (3.5 to 4 times incandescent)

•Long Life (generally 10,000 hours – lasts 12 times longer than standard 750 hour incandescent lamps)

•Less expensive dimming now available (0-10v dimming to 5%)

•Available for outdoor use with amalgam technology

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (cont’d)

• Use ¼ the power of an incandescent for an equivalent amount of light. (an 18-watt CFL is equivalent to a 75-watt incandescent.)

• 10,000 hour life. (10x an incandescent).

• Saves about $30 over the life of the CFL.

Ballasts

• Auxiliary component that performs 3 functions:– Provides higher starting

voltage.– Provides operating voltage.– Limits operating current.

• Old type ballasts were electromagnetic.

• New ballasts are electronic.– Lighter, less noisy, no lamp

flicker, dimming capability).

Ballast Factor•DEFINITION: The fraction of rated lamp lumens produced by a specific lamp-ballast combination

•APPLICATIONS: High Ballast Factor Increases output (1.00-1.30) AND energy consumption

Typical Ballast Factor Comparable light output in(0.85-0.95) one-to-one replacement

Low Ballast Factor Decreases light output(0.47-0.83) AND energy consumption

•For optimal efficiency lamps and ballasts must be properly matched.

•Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast factor that provides target illuminance.

Ballast Circuit Types

• Instant Start Ballast – starts lamp instantly with higher starting voltage. Efficient but may shorten lamp life.

• Rapid Start – delay of about 0.5 seconds to start; supplies starting current to heat the filament prior to starting and continues during operation. Uses 2 to 4 watts more than an instant start ballast.

• Programmed Rapid Start - delay of about 0.5 seconds to start; starting current heats the filament prior to starting, then cuts off during operation.

High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

High Intensity Discharge Fixtures

High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

• produces light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina (ceramic) arc tube filled with special gases.

High Intensity Discharge Lamps (cont’d)

• Arc tube can be filled by various types of gases and metal salts.

• HID lamps are used in industrial high bay applications, gymnasiums, outdoor lighting, parking decks, street lights.

• Efficient (up to 150 lumens/watt).• Long Life (up to 25,000 hours).• Drawback – take up to 15 minutes to come up

to full light after power outage.

High Intensity Discharge Lamps (cont’d)

• Types of HIDs– Mercury Vapor

(obsolete)– Sodium Vapor

• High pressure• Low pressure

– Metal Halide• Arc tube contains argon,

mercury, and metal halides.

• Gives better color temperature and CRI.

Metal Halide Lamps• Most common HID in use today.• Recent Improvements.

– Allow higher pressure & temperature.– Better efficiency, better CRI and better lumen

maintenance.– Pulse Start vs. older Probe Start – Ceramic vs. older Quartz arc tube.

Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

• Latest Lighting Technology.• Invented in 1962.• In the past, used as indicator lights,

automotive lights, and traffic lights; now being introduced for indoor and outdoor lighting.

• LED is a semiconductor technology.• Electroluminescence. Electrons recombine

with holes in the semiconductor, releasing photons.

Light Emitting Diodes (cont’d)

• Lower energy consumption.

• Longer lifetime (50,000 to 100,000 hrs).

• Smaller size.• Faster switching.• Greater durability and

reliability.• Cycling.• Dimming.

LED Replacement Lamps for a 4-ft. Fluorescent Fxture

Comparison of LED with a Fluorescent Lamp

  EverLED-TRPopular T8 Brand

Fluorescent

Watt Rating, typical B.F. = 0.8 22W 34W

Lumens, initial Equivalent 2850

CRI 85 85

Color Temperature 5000K 5000K

Life Expectancy 12 hrs per start / 3 hrs per start

  10 years/ 10 years

  20000 hours/16000 hours

Light output at 0° C 20% increase 50% decrease

LED ApplicationsSuccessfully used today for many markets

• Signs & Traffic signals (most common)• Displays (change colors for attention)• Exit Signs (most common)• Vehicle Indicators•Flashlights• Under Counter & Coves• Accent• Parking Garage & Outdoor• Downlights• Food Freezers

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LED vs. HPSLED vs. HPS

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Comparison: LED to Ceramic Metal HalideComparison: LED to Ceramic Metal Halide

Cree LED Lighting LRP38 – Total Wattage = 36W

Ceramic Metal Halide – Total Wattage ~ 158 to 237W

Induction Lights• Light source in which the power required to generate light is transferred

from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of electromagnetic fields.

• Type of fluorescent lamp – uses radio waves rather than arc to excite phosphor coating on lamp to glow

• Long lifespan due to the lack of electrodes - between 65,000 and 100,000 hours depending on the lamp model;

• High energy conversion efficiency of between 62 and 90 Lumens/Watt [higher wattage lamps are more energy efficient];

• High power factor due to the low loss of the high frequency electronic ballasts which are typically between 95% and 98% efficient;

• Minimal Lumen depreciation (declining light output with age) compared to other lamp types as filament evaporation and depletion is absent;

• “Instant-on” and hot re-strike, unlike most conventional lamps used in commercial/industrial lighting applications (such as Mercury-Vapor lamp, Sodium Vapor Lamp and Metal Halide Lamp);

• Environmentally friendly as induction lamps use less energy, and use less mercury per hour of operation than conventional lighting due to their long lifespan.

Induction Lighting

Type of fluorescent lamp – uses radio waves rather than arc to excite phosphor coating on lamp to glow

Advantages:• QL and Icetron: 60,000 to 100,000 hours – if used 12 hours each day will last 20 years!• Good for hard to maintain locations

Disadvantages:• Large light source – difficult to control beam of light making it inefficient for delivered and task lumens• Expensive - $200+ adder to HID• No industry standards for Induction

Induction Applications

• Applications where maintenance is expensive and/or difficult

• 24 hour a day, 7 day a week applications

• Bridges

• Low Bay Industrial

• Select Outdoor Lighting Applications

• Long burning hour applications

Exit Signs• Old incandescent exit signs used

(2) 20-watt incandescent lamps.– At $0.08/kWh, energy cost

for 1 sign = $28/yr.• CFL exit signs use 10 to 12 watts

– Energy cost for 1 sign = $7 to $8.50/yr.

• LED exit signs use 3 to 4 watts– energy cost for 1 sign = $3 to

$4/yr.• Photoluminescent sign uses 0

watts, but may have (slightly) radioactive material.– New technology claims

completely non-toxic and recyclable.

Outdoor Lighting

• Older technology for outdoor lighting– High pressure sodium– Metal Halide

• Newer technology– Compact fluorescents– LEDs

• NOTE: Solar street lights offer significant savings by eliminating costly electric conduit and cable runs

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Hazardous Waste DisposalHazardous Waste Lamps will now be regulated under the Federal Universal Waste Rule which was first developed to regulate the disposal of other widely generated wastes that contain toxic materials, such as batteries and pesticides

State Rule supersedes Federal Rule

Under current federal law, mercury-containing lamps (fluorescent, HID) may be hazardous waste

The rule applies only to lamps that fail the TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) test which is used to determine if a waste is hazardous.

Mercury Content of LampsTYPICAL MERCURY CONTENT OF VARIOUS LAMPS

250 watt Metal Halide lamp 38 mg250 watt High Pressure Sodium lamp 15 mgPre 1988 T12 Fluorescent 45 mgPost 1988 T12 Fluorescent 12 mgTypical T8 Fluorescent Tube 4-5 mgTypical Compact Fluorescent (CFL) 4-5 mg

4-5 mg is less mercury than a coal fired power plant will emit while producing the additional energy to power an equivalent incandescent lamp.

Lamps containing mercury that fail the TCLP test must be recycled!

EPA encourages responsible disposal practices to limit the release of mercury into the environment.

EPA encourages lamp recycling

• Simple Payback

• Return on Investment (ROI)

• Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

• Net Present Value (NPV)

LIGHTINGECONOMICS

Simple Payback

Simple Payback is the number of years it takes an energy saving measure to repay the initial investment for the new system. It does not account for the time value of money and it also does not consider the savings that occur after the payback point.

Most private companies require a simple payback of 2 years or less.For energy saving measures, they will sometimes accept a 3 to 5 year payback.

Government agencies can accept longer paybacks than private companies.

SIMPLE PAYBACK = TOTAL PROJECT COST / ANNUAL SAVINGS

Return on Investment - ROI

ROI is the inverse of Simple Payback and has all of the qualifiers of a simple payback. It does not account for the time value of money and also it does not consider the savings that occur after the payback point. It is sometimes called Rate of Return.

ROI is expressed as a percentage. It is often compared to other investment yields.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR %)

IRR is a hurdle rate. The IRR is the discount rate of return at which a project’s NPV=0. IRR accounts for life-cycle cash flows and time-value of money, but the percentages alone should not be compared for ranking (choosing one alternative over another) still use the NPV results as well.

IRR is the discount rate that delivers a net present value of zero for a series of future cash flows. IRR is expressed as an interest yield. Any interest yield equal to or less than the IRR for a project is a “yes” decision (i.e. the IRR is greater than the cost of capital).

Net Present Value ($)•NPV adjusts for the time value of money by discounting incremental future cash flows to the present time using a discount rate appropriate to those cash flows. NPV ($) is a profitability measure and can be used to rank one lighting alternative over another. The higher the $ profit NPV, the better the alternative. The NPV, to be appropriately used, should be calculated by applying the after tax cost of capital to the after tax cash flows.

Example: Simple Payback & ROIA lighting upgrade is estimated to save $5,000 a year and cost $25,000. What are the simple payback and return on investment (ROI)?

Simple payback = Cost / Annual Savings= $25,000 / $5,000= 5 years

ROI = 1 / Simple Payback= 1/5= 20%

Example: Energy & Cost SavingsExisting lighting in the Method Road Greenhouse consists of 10 fixtures containing ten 4’, 4 lamp T12 fixtures that consume 154 watts of electrical power. At $0.09/kWh, what is the annual cost of operating these fixtures 2,000 hours a year?

10 x 154 watts x 2,000 hours/1,000 = 3,080 kWh3,080 x $0.09 = $2,772 per year

These fixtures are replaced by fixtures containing 25 watt T8 lamps with low BF ballasts which only consume 89 watts per fixture. What is the annual cost of operation?

10 x 89 watts x 2,000 hours/1,000 = 1,780 kWh1,780 x $0.09 = $1,602 per year

Cost savings = $1,170 per year

Other Benefits from Energy Efficient Lighting Retrofit

• Improved Color Rendition/Visibility in Space

• Longer Lamp Life

•Less Maintenance (Normally a result of longer lamp life)

• Adjust to target light levels (IES)

• Improved Controls

• HVAC Savings – Typically 5% above lighting savings for cooled spaces

• Tax Incentives – Generally tax deductions

• Incentive from Utility Rebates – Both Progress & Duke have programs

HVAC Savings from a Lighting Retrofit

•1 watt saved = 3,412 BTUs of heat removed

•Heat removed with Efficient Lighting is:• A savings when cooling (A/C is on)• A cost when heating is on

•Rules of Thumb to count HVAC savings• Unitary Equipment: Lighting Savings x .1 to .2• Chiller Equipment: Lighting Savings x .05 to .1

•Example: Lighting Savings = $2,000.00

$2,000 x .1 = $200 savings from Unitary HVAC

Change from Old to New and Save Energy and $$

OLD TECHNOLOGY =>

• T12 Fluorescent – 4’ and 8’ Systems In U.S. today 63% are still T12

• Magnetic Ballasts

• Incandescent

• Halogen

• Probe Start Metal Halide and Mercury Vapor

• Neon

• Manual Controls

NEW TECHNOLOGY

• T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems

• Electronic Ballasts

• Halogen, CFL, & LED

• Metal Halide, CFL, and LED

• Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide, T8 or T5 Fluorescent

•LED

•Automatic Controls, Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems

Ballast Factor

•DEFINITION: The fraction of rated lamp lumens produced by a specific lamp-ballast combination

•APPLICATIONS: High Ballast Factor Increases output (1.00-1.30) AND energy consumption

Typical Ballast Factor Comparable light output in(0.85-0.95) one-to-one replacement

Low Ballast Factor Decreases light output(0.47-0.83) AND energy consumption

•Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast factor that provides target illuminance.

LIGHTINGCONTROLS

Types of Lighting Controls

– Occupancy Sensors

– Bi-level Switching

– Time Clock

– Photo Sensors

– Dimmers

– Lighting Control Systems

– Building Management

Systems

Occupancy Sensors

•Automatically turn lights off when spaces are unoccupied.

•Ceiling or Wall Mounted.

•Adjustments for sensitivity and time delay.

•Proper selection, location, and adjustment of sensors is key to reliable operation.

•Wireless technology is available.

•Ultrasonic, Infrared, Dual-Technology.

Ultrasonic Sensors

•Detect movement by sensing disturbance in reflected ultrasonic frequency pattern

•Line-of-sight is not required if hard surfaces exist in enclosed space

•Most sensitive to motion toward/away from sensor

•Sensitive to air movement vibration

Ultrasonic Wall Sensor• Automatic Control

• Use in areas where there are large periods of unoccupied time

• Excellent for bi-level control to maximize energy savings

• Does not require direct line of sight

• Adjust sensitivity and time delay for best results

Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR)

•Detect movement of heat-radiating sources between radial detection zones.

•Line-of-sight is required (30’ max).

•Larger motion is required to trigger sensor at greater distance.

•Most sensitive to motion lateral to sensor.

•Coverage pattern can be modified to minimize false triggers.

Dual-Technology Sensors

•Greater reliability from using both infrared (IR) and ultrasonic (US) sensing technologies

•Typical operation settings:

•IR and US signals for lights to turn on

•IR or US signals for lights to stay on

•Absence of IR and US signals for lights to turn off

Energy Savings Potential With Occupancy Sensors

Application Energy Savings

Offices (Private) 25-50%

Offices (Open Spaces) 20-25%

Rest Rooms 30-75%

Corridors 30-40%

Storage Areas 45-65%

Meeting Rooms 45-65%

Conference Rooms 45-65%

Warehouses 50-75%

Source: CEC/DOE/EPRI

Savings can be determined with datalogger installed in room or area for 1 to 2 weeks

Warehouse Lighting with Occupancy Sensors

• Each fixture is controlled by its own occupancy sensor.

Bi- and Multi-Level Switching

Top shows switching for 50% of lamps on.

Bottom shows switching for 1, 2, or 3-lamp operation.

Photo Sensors

• Turn lights off when daylight is adequate.

• Outdoor lighting.– Dusk to dawn.

• Indoor lighting– Dims lights as

daylight increases.• Can work with

occupancy sensors.

Lighting energy savings are possible while improving lighting comfort.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND COST SAVINGS

Benefits from Energy Efficient Lighting Retrofit

• Improved Color Rendition/Visibility in Space

• Less Maintenance

• Adjust to target light levels (IES)

• Longer Lamp Life

• Improved Controls

• HVAC Savings

• Tax Incentives

• Incentive from Utility Rebate Programs

HID Upgrade to Fluorescent Lamps

• 400-Watt Metal Halide = 455 watts input

• 6-Lamp T8 Fixture = 234 watts

Older Lighting Technology Subject to be Changed Out

•T-12 Fluorescent-4’ and 8’ Systems

•Fluorescent Magnetic Ballasts

•Incandescent

•Standard Metal Halide

•Mercury Vapor

•Neon

•Manual Controls

New Energy Efficient Lighting Replacements

•T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems

•Electronic Ballasts

•Halogen

•Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide

•LED

•Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems

•New Fixtures

Change from Old to New and Save Energy and $$

OLD TECHNOLOGY =>

• T12 Fluorescent – 4’ and 8’ Systems

• Magnetic Ballasts

• Incandescent

• Halogen

• Probe Start Metal Halide and Mercury Vapor

• Neon

• Manual Controls

NEW TECHNOLOGY

• T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems

• Electronic Ballasts

• Halogen IR, MH & LED

• Metal Halide and LED

• Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide

•LED

•Automatic Controls, Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems

Fluorescent Change-out

•Existing: 4-lamp 2’x4’ Fixture with F34T12CWES lamps and EE magnetic ballasts – lowest efficiency allowed by code today.

•Replacement: 4-lamp 2’x4’ Fixture with F32T8/835 lamps and electronic ballasts BF=0.88 (standard BF)

•What is wrong with this energy efficient change-out?

We did not use correct new technology to Maximize Energy Savings and meet target light levels!

•Best options for replacing 34-watt T12 fluorescent systems:•Low Power electronic ballasts (BF=0.78)•Energy saving 4’ lamps (30,28, or 25w)•Fewer lamps per fixture (3 instead of 4)

•Minimal additional cost and can Lock-in maximum energy savings with low power ballasts and fewer lamps per fixture

•Use with Extra Performance or Energy Savings lamps ad correct ballast factor to meet target light levels and maximize energy savings!

“Super T8” Fluorescent System

•Older T8s called “700 series”•Newer Super T8s called “800 series”•3000K, 3500K, or 4100K versions•30,000 to 40,000 hour lamp life.•3100-3150 initial lumens•Universal Voltage (120-277V)•4-foot lamp: 30, 28 or 25 watts; Low input wattage (4-lamp: 93/89 watts)•95% lumen maintenance @ 8000 hours•Low Temperature Starting (0˚F)•Lamp/Ballast System Warranty 5 Years•85 CRI•Program Start Ballasts•TCLP-compliant

Instant Start Super T8 vs. Standard T8

• 800-series Super T8s have 96% of system lumens of 700-series lamps with standard ballasts

•19% reduction in power

•Double lamp life (3 hrs. per start)

•Maximum life on occupancy sensors

25 Watt T8 Advantage Long Life Lamp from Philips Lighting

•Also available from General Electric, Sylvania, Westinghouse, others.

•Long lamp life (40,000 hours of rated average life at 12 hours per start on Optanium™ Instant Start ballasts and 46,000 hours of rated average life at 12 hours per start on Optanium™ Programmed Start Ballasts)

•2400 lumens with 95 percent lumen maintenance

•Superior color rendering (a CRI of 85)

•Low mercury (Philips ALTO® lamps average 70% less mercury than the 2001 industry average for fluorescent lamps up to 60 inches, which are not TCLP compliant) 1.7 mg Mercury per 4’ lamp

Fluorescent Lamp/Ballast Change-out vs. New Fixture “Rules of Thumb”

•Install new fixtures when:•Existing fixtures are over 20 years old•Lamp holders are worn out•Multiple components are failing•Design requires change in fixture type

•Retrofit existing fixtures with lamps & ballasts when:•Existing fixtures are less than 20 years old•Lamp holders and other components are still good•Budget is very tight•Expensive/Difficult/Environmental Conditions Present (i.e. asbestos or excessive piping and ducts in ceiling, etc.)

T5 and T5HO Systems•T5s are used for high bay (>25 ft. applications).

•One T5HO lamp provides similar maintained lumen output to two T8 lamps (4750 vs. 4669 maintained lumens)

•Maintained lumens are higher – fixtures are smaller

•Peak light output at 95˚F ambient air temperature instead of 77˚F with T8 and T12

•Amalgam technology has been added to provide a more constant lumen output across a broad range of ambient temperatures!

T5 and T5HO Systems

•Disadvantages

• T5 and T5HO lamp life is less than T8s• The bulb wall surface of the T5 is very bright. Care must be exercised in

using T5 lamp in direct lighting applications.• Costs higher than T8 – cost can be balanced by a reduction in the

number of luminaries used.• Lead times may be longer – T5s require compete fixture replacement.• In cooler temperatures or high CFM air distribution the T5 or T5HO may

not perform well (peak light output at 95 °F).• May not work well with occupancy sensors due to slow lumen run-up

with cold start.

T5HO vs. T8 Application Rules of Thumb

•≤ 20’ – use T8

•≥ 20’ – use T5 or T5HO

•18’ to 25’ – either T8 or T5s can be used successfully

•Over 50 types of 4’ T8 lamps available

•Two T5 lamps: 28w T5 and 54w T5HO

•To get T5HO performance out of T8 lamps, use high-lumen/high performance T8 lamps

•Typical T8 electronic ballast factors range from 0.72 to 1.2.

T5HO vs. T8 for Warehouse Aisles Rule of Thumb

•In general for warehouse aisles, T5HO will perform better in non-air-conditioned spaces and T8 performs better in air-conditioned spaces.

•Reason: Ambient temperature of T5HO rating for peak performance is 35 degrees C (95F) and T8 is rated at 25C (77F).

Source: Warehouse aisle lighting – p. 16 – LD&A Feb 2009- article by Siva K. Haran, PE, LEED, AP, IES

HVAC Savings from Lighting Retrofit

•1 watt saved = 3,412 BTUs of heat removed

•Heat removed with Efficient Lighting is:•A savings when cooling (A/C is on)•A cost when heating is on

•Rules of Thumb to count HVAC savings•Unitary Equipment: Lighting Savings x .1 to .2•Chiller Equipment: Lighting Savings x .05 to .1

•Example: Lighting Savings = $2,000.00

$2,000 x .1 = $200 savings from Unitary HVAC

An Increase in Quality Can Improve Worker Productivity

• 1% increase in productivity is about equal to one sick day

• Improve employee satisfaction and reduce turnover/replacement expenses for new employees.

• Improves Company bottom line

• Indirect Lighting is preferred by many today!

What’s the Most Efficient Light Source?

Daylighting Advantages

Excellent light source for almost all interior spaces – offices, homes, retail, schools and more; People prefer it!

Field research indicates that with daylighting:

• Learning is enhanced• Retail sales increase (Wal-Mart study)• Employee satisfaction increases

Energy Savings is realized when controls are used (photo sensors).

Conducting a Lighting Survey

Why Conduct a Lighting Survey? – to identify improvement opportunities. It is a systematic exam and appraisal of building lighting systems.

Step 1 – Establish a base line of performanceStep 2 – Identify opportunities for improvementStep 3 – Calculate savings and potential payback

The quality of the information collected in the survey has a direct impact on steps 2 and 3

Instruments

• Top: Light Meter– Measures lumens (ft.-

candles).

• Bottom: Ballast Discriminator– Indicates whether a

fixture has a electronic or electromagmetic ballast.

Suggestions for a Lighting Survey•Ask the right questions to meet the client’s goals

•Gather ALL the right information

•Don’t assume – check the existing equipment to obtain accurate information

•Determine Economic Calculations Required

•Is a test installation needed?•Lighting Fixtures•Controls

•Consider all drivers to reduce the payback

•Use a pre-printed form or spreadsheet template

Information and Data to Collect in a Lighting Survey

• Floor plan of the building/space with dimensions if available

• Electric bills for 1 year to determine average cost per kWh over the year

• Tasks being performed in each area – Talk to occupants in the area • Type (fixture input wattage and lamps/ballasts type), quantity, mounting height, and control of fixtures in each space

• Lighting operating hours per year and footcandle levels for each space

•Circuit Voltage

• Exit signs (light source)

• Talk with building occupants about operating practices and satisfaction with the level and quality of lighting

• Talk with maintenance staff about equipment condition and any recurring problems.

Lighting Survey Results

• Baseline: current lighting energy use (typical lighting energy = 0.5 to 1.5 watts per sq. ft.)

• Recommendations for Lighting Upgrades.• Estimated Costs with Incentives/Rebates.• Energy and Cost Savings. Bottom Line:

Payback Period.

LEGISLATIONAFFECTING THE USE OF

LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES

Energy Legislation and Incentive Programs for Renewable Energyand Energy Efficiency

• Energy Policy Act of 2005 – EPAct 2005• North Carolina Tax Credits• North Carolina Senate Bill 3 – Renewable Energy

Portfolio Standard (REPS) of 2007• Utility Incentives – Progress Energy, Duke Energy• American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009,

ARRA or Stimulus Package• NC Greenpower

Highlights of the FederalEnergy Policy Act of 2005

30% tax credit for residential solar thermal or photovoltaic energy systems up to a credit of $2,000

Does not apply to pool heating systems 30% tax credit up to $500 for energy efficient

windows, doors, heating & cooling equipment, and insulation.

Tax deductions up to $1.80 per square foot for total energy efficiency improvements in commercial buildings.Tax deductions up to $0.60 per sq. ft. for lighting efficiency improvements.

EPAct 2005 Tax Deductions

The Energy Policy Act of 2005, section 1331, provides a

tax deduction of up to $1.80/ft2 for energy efficiency in

commercial buildings. Systems covered include:

Interior lighting systems Max.

$0.60/ft2

Heating, cooling, ventilation, and hot water systems Max. $0.60/ft2

Building envelope Max. $0.60/ft2

EPAct 2005 Tax Deductions

To qualify for an EPAct 2005 tax deduction for lighting, the following must be met:

• Surpass the ASHRAE 90.1-2001 LPD Standard

• Bi-level switching must be installed for most buildings (exceptions identified) and all controls provisions (new buildings) in the Standard must be met.

• Must meet the minimum requirements for calculated light levels as set forth in the 9th Edition of the IESNA Lighting Handbook.

• Consult a tax expert to see if you qualify

EPAct 2005 Critical Dates and Proposed Increase in Tax Deduction

For commercial (for profit) enterprise

Any new system that exceeds ASHRAE standards by the required amount must be placed into service between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2013 for tax deduction.

Proposed 2009 Senate Bill 1637 would increase tax credit for $1.80 to $3.00 per square foot for whole building or from $0.60 to $1.00 per square foot for partial allowance (such as lighting measures only).

NC Tax Credit SummaryRenewable Technology Residential Non-residential

Biomass 35%$10,500 Per Installation

35%$250,000 Per Installation

Hydroelectric 35%$10,500 Per Installation

35%$250,000 Per Installation

Solar Energy Equipmentfor Domestic WaterHeating

35%$1,400 Per Dwelling Unit

35%$250,000 Per Installation

Solar Energy Equipmentfor Active Space Heating

35%$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit

35%$250,000 Per Installation

Solar Energy Equipmentfor Combined ActiveSpace and Domestic HotWater Systems

35%$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit

35%$250,000 Per Installation

Solar Energy Equipmentfor Passive Space Heating

35%$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit

Solar Energy Equipmentfor Daylighting

35%$250,000 Per Installation

Solar Energy Equipmentfor Solar Electric or OtherSolar Thermal Applications

35%$10,500 Per Installation

35%$250,000 Per Installation

Wind 35%$10,500 Per Installation

35%$250,000 Per Installation

The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA)

President Bush signed into law on 12/19/07

Lighting Sections include:

Sec. 321 – Efficient Light Bulbs

Sec. 322 – Incandescent Reflector LampEfficiency Standards

Sec. 324 – Metal Halide Lamp Fixtures

Sec. 65 – Bright Tomorrow Light Prizes

Maximum Wattages and Efficiency Requirements

There are new efficacies for general service incandescent lamps expressed as a new maximum wattage.

Generally, the lamps must be 30% more efficient by 2012-2014, with larger lamps covered first.

Compliance: Today’s typical incandescent and halogen general service screw-base lamps do not comply with the new efficiency requirements.

Dates and Lamps to be Phased Out

Examples of General Service Lamps that will become obsolete:

January 1, 2012 – 100W A19 incandescent lampsJanuary 1, 2013 – 75W A19 incandescent lampsJanuary 1, 2014 – 40W A19 and 60W A19 incandescent lampsJanuary 1, 2020 – All general purpose lamps must be a minimum of 45 lumens/watt (similar to current CFLs). Some exceptions allowed (specialty bulbs).

Better Use of Light Bulbs Act - 2011

• Legislation introduced to repeal the EISA lamp efficiency requirements.– Jobs lost to China.– Mercury in CFLs.

• Did not pass in July 2011.• Issue has become politically-charged.

Super Incandescents?• GE just announced "advancements to the light bulb that

potentially will elevate the energy efficiency of this 125-year-old technology to levels comparable to compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), delivering significant environmental benefits. Over the next several years, these advancements will lead to the introduction of high-efficiency incandescent lamps that provide the same high light quality, brightness and color as current incandescent lamps while saving energy and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions." The bulbs will come out at 30 lumens per watt (twice a conventional incandescent) and top out at 60 lumens per watt.

• From 2-24-2007; www.treehugger.com

DOE 2009 RulingEffective 7/14/2012 - less than 1 year away

These lamps will be obsolete:

Majority of F40T12 and F34T12 ES 4-ft. lamps

Majority of FB40T12 and FB34T12 ES 2-ft. U-lamps

All 75W F96T12 Slimline 8-ft. lamps

Majority of 60W F96T12 Slimline 8-ft. ES lamps

All 110W F96T12HO 8-ft. lamps

Majority of 95W F96T12HO 8-ft. ES lamps

All T8 basic 700 series 4-ft. lamps with 2800 lumens (requires 2850 to pass)

Majority of T8 basic 700 series 2-ft. U-lamps

Older Lighting Technology Subject to be Changed Out

T-12 Fluorescent - 4’ and 8’ Systems

Fluorescent Magnetic Ballasts

Incandescent

Standard Metal Halide

Mercury Vapor

Neon

Manual Controls

New Energy Efficient Lighting Replacements

T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems

Electronic Ballasts

Halogen IR

Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide

LED

Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems

New Fixtures

North Carolina Senate Bill 3 (SB3)Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (REPS) of 2007

SB3 requires a Percentage of Electrical Generation from Renewable Sources.

Of these amounts, 25% can be achieved by Energy Efficiency.

• Solar PV

• Solar Thermal

• Wind

• Hydroelectric

• Wave Energy

• Biomass

• Landfill Gas (LFG)

• Waste Heat from

Renewables

• Hydrogen from

Renewables

YearPercent of

Total

2012 3%

2015 6%

2016 10%

2021 & thereafter 12.5%

Renewable Portfolio Standards

State renewable portfolio standard

State renewable portfolio goal

www.dsireusa.org / November 2009

Solar water heating eligible *† Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables

Includes non-renewable alternative resources

WA: 15% by 2020*

CA: 33% by 2020

☼ NV: 25% by 2025*

☼ AZ: 15% by 2025

☼ NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)

10% by 2020 (co-ops)

HI: 40% by 2030

☼ Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement

TX: 5,880 MW by 2015

UT: 20% by 2025*

☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)

10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*

MT: 15% by 2015

ND: 10% by 2015

SD: 10% by 2015

IA: 105 MW

MN: 25% by 2025(Xcel: 30% by 2020)

☼ MO: 15% by 2021

WI: Varies by utility;

10% by 2015 goal

MI: 10% + 1,100 MW by 2015*

☼ OH: 25% by 2025†

ME: 30% by 2000New RE: 10% by 2017

☼ NH: 23.8% by 2025☼ MA: 15% by

2020+ 1% annual increase(Class I Renewables)RI: 16% by 2020

CT: 23% by 2020

☼ NY: 24% by 2013

☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021

☼ PA: 18% by 2020†

☼ MD: 20% by 2022

☼ DE: 20% by 2019*

☼ DC: 20% by 2020

VA: 15% by 2025*

☼ NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)

10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis)

VT: (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales by

2012; (2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017

29 states &

DC have an RPS

6 states have goals

KS: 20% by 2020

☼ OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities)*

5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities)

☼ IL: 25% by 2025

WV: 25% by 2025*†