Lighting systems 2014

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY SYSTEMS

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COURSE CONTENTS

Introduction to lighting engineeringBatteriesMagnetic CircuitsSingle Phase Transformer

Conventional Power PlantsRenewable Power Plants

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THE LIGHTING ENGINEERING

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CHAPTER OUTLINE

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What is light?

Light Quality

Light Quantity

Light Control

Comparison between different Types of Lamps

Ballasts/ Luminaires

Lighting Design

Electromagnetic Waves

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Light at wavelengths which we seeas colors are part of awider familyof electro-magneticwaves

A GLASS PRISM SEPARATING WHITE LIGHT

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COLOR MIXING

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• Color mixing is the process of combining various wavelengths of light to produce white or other colors

• The primary colors of LIGHT are: Red, Green, and Blue

• Color mixing of light is an additive process.

• Example: light sources

COLOR MIXING

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• Color mixing with pigment is a subtractive process each color of pigment subtracts wavelengths until you get to black.

• Examples: object surfaces and filters.

COLOR MIXING

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COLOR MIXING

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COLOR MIXING

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CHAPTER OUTLINE

13

What is light?

Light Quality

Light Quantity

Light Control



Lighting Design

SPECTRAL COLOR DISTRIBUTION (SPD)

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SPECTRAL COLOR DISTRIBUTION (SPD)

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Continuous Spectrum light Sources

Non-Continuous Spectrum light Sources

CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM LIGHT SOURCES

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The Sun

Incandescent Lamps/ Halogen

LED

THE SUN

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This SPD means that most objects appear with their true colors

INCANDESCENT LAMPS/ HALOGEN

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It emits large power from yellow to red but less power in blue and green.

This SPD means that it is difficult to distinguish between blue from black under this light

LED

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It emits large power in blue, green and yellow but less power in red.

This SPD means that red objects will not appear with their true color under led lighting

NON-CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM LIGHT SOURCES

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Fluorescent

Mercury vapor

Metal Halide

High pressure sodium

Low pressure sodium

FLUORESCENT

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It emits SPIKES through several wavelengths.

It is suitable for most applications where not true colors are required.

MERCURY VAPOR

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It emits spikes of power in some blue and green wavelengths and little else.

This light source is unsuitable for interior use.

METAL HALIDE

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These sources emit numerous spikes of power in wavelengths across the spectrum.

It is suitable for most applications including some retail.

Ceramic metal halide has even more spikes.

HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM

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It emits spikes of power in some yellow and green wavelengths and little else.

This light source is unsuitable for interior use it is used for street lighting.

LOW PRESSURE SODIUM

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It emits spikes of power in only yellow This light source is unsuitable for interior

use it is used for street lighting.

SOURCE COLOR CHARACTERISTICS

Color is defined with a variety of metrics but the 2 most common are:Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Color Rendering Index (CRI)

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SOURCE COLOR CHARACTERISTICS

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CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE (CCT)

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Represents the relative whiteness of a light source,

whether the source appears warm, cool or neutral.

Acceptable range of CCTs for indoor environments is between 2500°K and 5000°K, with the higher value representing a cooler source

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COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)

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COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)

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CRI of Selected Light SourcesSource CRI

Low Pressure Sodium <5

High Pressure Sodium 20

RGB LED (typical) 31

Mercury Vapor 43

Cool White Fluorescent 63

Metal halide 64

Cool White LED 70

Daylight Fluorescent 76

Warm White LED (YAG) 81

Tri-phosphor Fluorescent 82

F32T8 Tri-phosphor 85

BSY + R LED 93

Halogen MR16 99

Incandescent 100

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CHAPTER OUTLINE

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What is light?

Light Quality

Light Quantity

Light Control



Lighting Design

LIGHTING METRICS

Luminous Flux Efficacy

Luminous Intensity Luminance Illuminance

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LUMINOUS FLUX

Luminous Flux is the light output of a source measured in all directions

Defined as the flow of light, Φ

Measured in lumens A lamp receives watts

and emits lumens. The measure of success of doing this is called efficacy and is measured in lumens per watt (lm/W)

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LUMINOUS INTENSITY

Generally speaking, a light source emits its luminous flux (Φ) in different directions and at different intensities.

The visible radiant intensity in a particular direction is called luminous intensity (I).

The unit of measurement is the candela (cd).

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ILLUMINANCE (LUMINOUS LEVEL)

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As luminous flux travels outward from a source, it ultimately impinges on surfaces, where it is reflected, transmitted, and/or absorbed

Illuminance on a surface, E is the density of luminous flux incident on that surface Measured in lumens per square meter Lumen/m2 is called a lux

while lumen/ft2 is called

footcandle

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

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LUMINANCE

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It is the quantity of incidental light falling on a unit of surface, taking into consideration that it is uniformly illuminated.

Unit of measurement is candelas per square meter (cd/m2).

LUMINANCE

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It is the quantity of incidental light falling on a unit of surface, taking into consideration that it is uniformly illuminated.

Unit of measurement is candelas per square meter (cd/m2).

LUMINANCE

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LUMINANCE

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COSINE LAW OF INCIDENCE

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If the surface is turned so that the rays hit it at an angle, the illuminated area will increase in size and the illuminance will drop accordingly.

The ratio of the original illuminated area to the new area is equal to the cosine of the angle through which the surface has been moved. Therefore the illuminance will fall by the factor of the cosine of angle. This is where Lamberts Second Law comes in, the COSINE LAW of illuminance.


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If a surface is illuminated to 100 lux and is twisted through an angle of 60 degrees then the illuminance will fall to half or 50 lux, because the cosine of 60 degrees is ½.


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CHAPTER OUTLINE

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What is light?

Light Quality

Light Quantity

Light Control



Lighting Design

Schneider Electric 51 -Division - Name – Date

Basics of Lighting Control Applications

●1 switch for one light● Can be produced with

● a "one-way – 2 poles" switch ● a two-way switch

One-way circuit> Essential Applications

L

N

Light

Switch

Breaker



Alternatives for light control:Infra red solution●Good for controlling a light from at least 2 different

locations in the same room.● Can be produced with

● An emitter (remote) + a receiver (wall-mounted), including a switch mechanism.

● With Infra-red technology, the receiver must see the emitter in order to capture the I-R beam correctly

●Application: Residential & small office●Main advantage:

● control the light(s) without moving(from the sofa, seniors, disabled people….)

> Advanced Applications

N

L

R

E



Alternatives for light control:RF system●Principle:

● One RF emitter and one (or more) RF receivers are associated

● ON/OFF, Dim Up/Down●Application:

● Residential & small offices●Main advantage:

● Control of light through walls● Control of several light circuits● Control of scenes or scenarios.● Wide range of receivers (mobile

socket outlet, receiver for ceiling,in walls)


E

N

L

R



TimerWhat is it? What for?●Keep the light ON for a predefined

time after switch-on

●Applications: staircases, halls,corridors

●Main advantage: ● Save energy


PB1

L

N

MIN

Breaker



Time switchWhat is it? What for?●Switch ON every day at the same time●Switch OFF every day at the same time●Weekly/yearly program●Several time slots/day●Applications: Car park lighting, shop front windows

lighting, ●Main advantages:

● Save energy by setting the required time to switch on.

● Improve comfort and security of people (no searching for push-buttons in the dark, avoid aggression)


L

N

IHP

Breaker



Twilight switchWhat is it? What for? ●Switch ON when the outdoor light is not

sufficient ●Switch OFF when the outdoor light increases●Applications: External lightings / Professional

buildings, parking●Main advantage:

● Save energy by adjusting the necessary time to switch on.

● Improve comfort and security of people (not to search push button in the darkness)


Breaker

L

N

IC

Switch)Optional(



What is a dimmer?

●It's an adjustable transformer used to vary the level of lighting from 0 to 100% of lighting power

●Fields of application

> Dimmers

0 100%



Customer benefits

●Provide comfort & energy savings in day-to-day life● Step-less adjustment of lighting level● Consumption proportional to lighting level

(Dim your light by 25% and save 20% of your energy)

●Extended lifetime of filament lamps● Soft start eliminates inrush current● Decreasing line voltage by 10% doubles lifetime

●Optimise working comfort & efficiency

> Dimmers



Movement and presence detection

●Movement detector ●Presence detector●Field of application

> What is it?



Movement detector

●2 technologies in one product● Movement detection part: based on Passive Infra-Red (PIR) technology, the

sensor detects movement in a sensing zone.● Brightness detection part: comparison of the ambient light to a predefined

minimum level● Combination of Movement detection + Insufficient Brightness = Light

automatically switched on for a set time period

+ =

> What is it?



Presence detector

●2 technologies in one product + more accuracy + more intelligence● Movement detection (PIR) + precision lens detection of very small

movements (a few cm)

Lens defines a greater number of sensing segments = Very small movements detected

Or+ =

> What is it?



Applications> Shutters / Blind

●For Residential

Roof windows

And also sun breakers and awnings

Slat shuttersRoller blinds

Garage doorsGates

Pool covers Home video

screens

CHAPTER OUTLINE

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What is light?

Light Quality

Light Quantity

Light Control



Lighting Design

PURPOSE OF THIS PART

To understand the theory of operation of the different light sources.

To recognize the advantages and disadvantages of each light source.

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LIGHT SOURCES

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Incandescent LampsFluorescent LampsHigh Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps Light Emitting Diodes

CHARACTERISTICS

Efficacy efficiency in lumens per watt Color color temperature and color rendering Lamp Life average hours of life Temperature Sensitivity applicability issues Starting and Warm Up ranges from instant to

several seconds Restarting ranges from immediate to ten minutes Dimming some do, some don’t, some have issues Cost ranges from 10¢ to $5.00 per million lumen

hours

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COMPONENTS (INCANDESCENT LAMPS)

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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION(INCANDESCENT LAMPS)

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ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES (INCANDESCENT LAMPS)

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Efficacy: Low 70 to 90% of energy converted into heat

Quality of light rendition: High Similar to sunlight (CRI=97%) Warm color appearance

Average rated life: Short Incandescent lamp loses filament material by

evaporation Typical 1000 hours

Purchase cost: Low inexpensive lamp Operating cost: High

Lowest efficacy (10 to 35 lm/W) Light control

dimmable

TUNGESTEN

Efficacy poor, most less than 30 lumens per watt Color excellent color rendering at 2700‐3100K Lamp Life short (500 hours) to medium (6000

hours) Temperature Sensitivity none Starting and Warm Up instant Restarting instant Dimming dims well with color temperature shift Cost 50¢ to $1.00 per million lumen hours

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(TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS)

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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION(TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS)

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The tungsten halogen lamp is another type of incandescent lamp.

The halogen gas combines with the evaporated tungsten, re-depositing it on the filament. This process extends the life of the filament and keeps the bulb wall from blackening and reducing light output

ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES (TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS)

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Efficacy: Low 70 to 90% of energy converted into heat

Quality of light rendition: High Similar to sunlight (CRI=97%) Warm color appearance

Average rated life: Short Incandescent lamp loses filament material by

evaporation Typical 3000 hours

Purchase cost: Low inexpensive lamp Operating cost: High

Lowest efficacy (10 to 35 lm/W) Light control

dimmable

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION(LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)

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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION(LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)

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HOW IT WORKS(LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)

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When a suitable lighting voltage is applied across the electrodes, an electric arc discharge is initiated and the resulting current ionizes the vaporized mercury in the tube

The ionized mercury emits ultra-violet (UV) radiation that strikes and excites the phosphor coating on the inside surface of the tube, causing it to glow or fluoresce and produce visible light

HOW IT WORKS (LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)

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The exact makeup of the phosphors coating the tube determines the color temperature of the light produced by the lamp

A ballast is required to regulate the electric current through the lamp

START UP CIRCUIT

http://home.howstuffworks.com/81


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Preheat (“Switch Start)A switch or starter establishes a complete

circuit through the ballast to preheat the filaments

When the filaments heat up, the starter opens and the ballast provides a suitable voltage to light the lamp and limits the current flow to the proper value

Several seconds may be required to complete the starting operation

STARTER SWITCH

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Rapid Starttransformers are introduced to pre-heat the

cathodesthey are connected across the lamp pins so the

cathode voltage and resultant watts loss remain part of the circuit while the lamp is operating


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Trigger Starta term used for ballasts, which operate pre-

heat start lamps in a rapid start mannerThey supply higher filament voltages to heat

the electrodes to start pre-heat lamps and simulate the rapid start system

Modified Rapid StartBallasts start the lamps in a rapid start mode,

but then, turn off or reduce the filament heat after the lamps have started


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Instant StartBallasts deliver an initial high voltage to light

specifically designed Instant Start LampsThe arc current heats the filament by

bombardment to provide easy electron emission

No preheating of the filament is required to light the lamp

FLUORESCENT

Efficacy good to superior, up to over 100 lumens per watt

Color good to excellent; choose color temp and CRI 80‐90

Lamp Life very long with some versions now 42,000 hours

Temperature Sensitivity significant, varies with product

Starting and Warm Up instant or rapid, some warm up

Restarting instant Dimming expensive, but dims well with color

quality shift Cost 10¢ (non dimming) to $1.00 (dimming) per

million lumen hours

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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION(COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS)

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Consists of a lamp (often with a starter integrated into the base), a lamp holder, and a ballast

Based on the principle of the fluorescent tube in which a phosphor coating transforms some of the UV energy generated by the discharge into light

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Lamp TypesT4 diameter twin-tube two-pin lamps that have

a starter built into the lamp plug base; operate on an inexpensive reactor magnetic ballasts (~ 5-13 W) and are available for both modular and dedicated systems

T4 and T5 diameter quad-tube two-pin lamps with plug bases and built-in starters (up to 27 W)

Both T4 and T5 diameter twin-tube and quad lamps now available in four-pin versions that do not contain a starter in the base and designed for use with electronic ballasts

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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION (HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS)

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High intensity discharge (HID) lamps Metal halide (MH) High pressure sodium (HPS) lamps high-pressure mercury vapor lamps

Like fluorescent lamps, HID lamps require ballasts to: provide proper starting and operating voltages, and they

produce light through the discharge of an electric arc through a mixture of gases

HID lamps utilize a compact “arc tube” in which very high temperature and pressure exist; this small arc tube closely resembles a point source of light, making HID lamps and their luminaires both compact and powerful

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION HIGH PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOR

LAMP(HPL)

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LAMP(HPL)

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LAMP(HPL)

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A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp that uses an electric arc through vaporized mercury to produce light.

The arc discharge is generally confined to a small fused quartz arc tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass bulb.

The outer bulb may be clear or coated with a phosphor; in either case, the outer bulb provides thermal insulation, protection from the ultraviolet radiation the light produces, and a convenient mounting for the fused quartz arc tube.


LAMP(HPL)

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Mercury vapor lamps are coated on the inside of the outer bulb with a phosphor that converts some portion of the ultraviolet emissions into red light.

This helps to fill in the otherwise very-deficient red end of the electromagnetic spectrum.

These lamps are generally called "color corrected" lamps.

Most modern mercury vapor lamps have this coating.

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION METAL HALIDE LAMPS

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Light-producing element is the same as high-pressure mercury lamp.

Halide salts are added as additional additives inside arc tube to improve color rendition.

The CRI is improved to 90%.


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Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide Lamps (CDM) : Master ColorThe use of a ceramic burner instead of quartz

has several advantages:High efficacy (90 lm/W)Very good color rendering (80 to 95%)Stable color temperature over lifeAvailable in low wattages: 20, 35 and 50W

CERAMIC METAL HALIDE Efficacy good to superior, up to over 80 lumens per

watt Color good to excellent; choose color temp and CRI

80‐90+ Lamp Life Long, 12,000‐25,000 hours Temperature Sensitivity None significant Starting and Warm Up Slow start and warm up Restarting must wait 3‐5 minutes to restrike Dimming not recommended, can be used for

energy management purposes Cost 50¢ to $1.00 per million lumen hours

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TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION SODIUM PRESSURE LAMPS

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Arc tube compared with MH lamps has small diameter to maintain high temperature.

Light is produced by arc discharge through sodium vapor (yellow mono color appearance).

ADVANTAGESLED

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LEDs don't have filaments that will burn out, so they last much longer.

Additionally, their small plastic bulb makes them a lot more durable. They also fit more easily into modern electronic circuits.

But the main advantage is efficiency. In conventional incandescent bulbs, the light-

production process involves generating a lot of heat (the filament must be warmed).

This is completely wasted energy, unless you're using the lamp as a heater, because a huge portion of the available electricity isn't going toward producing visible light.

ADVANTAGESLED

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LEDs produce more light per watt than incandescent bulbs; this is useful in battery powered or energy-saving devices.

LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the use of color filters that traditional lighting methods require. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.

The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable manner.

ADVANTAGESLED

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When used in applications where dimming is required, LEDs do not change their color tint as the current passing through them is lowered, unlike incandescent lamps, which turn yellow.

LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to frequent on-off operation, unlike fluorescent lamps that burn out more quickly when cycled frequently, or HID lamps that require a long time before restarting.

ADVANTAGESLED

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LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage with external shock. Fluorescent and incandescent bulbs are easily broken if dropped on the ground.

LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator

LED will achieve full brightness in microseconds LEDs can be very small and are easily populated

onto printed circuit boards. LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike compact

fluorescent lamps.

DISADVANTAGESLED

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LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen, on an initial capital cost basis, than more conventional lighting technologies. The additional expense partially stems from the relatively low lumen output and the drive circuitry and power supplies needed. However, when considering the total cost of ownership (including energy and maintenance costs), LEDs far surpass incandescent or halogen sources and begin to threaten compact fluorescent lamps.

LED performance largely depends on the ambient temperature of the operating environment. Over-driving the LED in high ambient temperatures may result in overheating of the LED package, eventually leading to device failure.

DISADVANTAGESLED

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LEDs must be supplied with the correct current. This can involve series resistors or current-regulated power supplies.

The spectrum of some white LEDs differs significantly from a black body radiator, such as the sun or an incandescent light. The spike at 460 nm and dip at 500 nm can cause the color of objects to be perceived differently under LED illumination than sunlight or

incandescent sources.

CHAPTER OUTLINE

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What is light?

Light Quality

Light Quantity

Light Control



Lighting Design

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTIONBALLASTS

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Lamp Ballasts:A lamp ballast is part of the control gear in a

fluorescent fixture which is inserted between the supply and one or more discharge lamps which, by means of inductance, capacitance, or a combination of both to:

provide correct starting voltage match the line voltage to the operating voltage of the lamp limit the lamp current to prevent immediate destruction

(because once the arc is struck the lamp impedance decreases

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTIONBALLASTS

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Types of FL Lamp BallastsElectromagnetic BallastHigh Frequency Electronic Ballasts

HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC BALLASTS

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High Frequency Electronic BallastsAlso called “solid-state ballasts” which operate

at 20 kHz using electronic switching power supply circuits Increase lamp-ballast efficacy, leading to increased energy efficiency of the fixture and lower operating costs

They operate lamps using electronic switching power supply circuits; take incoming 60 Hz power (230 V) and convert it to high frequency AC (usually 20 to 40 kHz)

HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC BALLASTS

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High Frequency Electronic BallastsEnd losses are reduced resulting to overall

lamp-ballast system efficacy increase of 15% to 20%

More expensive than other ballasts

ELECTRONIC BALLASTS VS MAGNETIC BALLASTS

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Electronic Ballasts vs Magnetic BallastsElectronic ballasts are readily available that

operate 3 or 4 lamps, allowing the use of a single ballast, reducing both installation and field wiring labor costs

Reduced weight Quieter operationReduced lamp flicker

COLOR MIXING

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COLOR MIXING

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COLOR MIXING

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COLOR MIXING

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LUMINAIRES

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LUMINAIRES

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Lighting systems 2014

Engineering

Transcript of Lighting systems 2014