Lighting Control Solutions for Daylit Spaces

Watt Stopper/Legrand 11/27/2007

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11-28-2007 1© Watt Stopper/Legrand 2007

Welcome to Watt Stopper/Legrand’s

Lighting Control Solutions for Daylit Spaces Webinar!

Today’s presenter is Dorene Maniccia, LC, LEED AP

www.wattstopper.com


Lighting Control Solutions for

Daylit Spaces

1.5 LU AIA CES/HSW

1.5 LEU’s (NCQLP)


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This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. Thank you!

Watt Stopper/Legrand is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.


Learning Objectives

How architectural daylighting design decisions can help or inhibit daylight penetration and occupant comfort in buildingsHow to circuit electric lighting systems that work with daylit buildingsHow to design daylight-responsive lighting control systems that save energy and can be commissioned without disturbing occupantsHow to integrate these three components to optimize occupant comfort and energy benefits


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Part I.Daylight Benefits


Daylight Benefits

VisionHealthProductivityEnergy


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Daylight Benefits Vision

UV (100-400 nm) Light (400-760 nm) IR (>760 nm)

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Graphic: GE Lighting

80% of our neural fibers transmit signals to the visual cortex for vision


Daylight Benefits Health

Cyclical light/dark exposure• Circadian rhythms• Improves sleep quality• Can mitigate Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)• Improves night time alertness• Stimulates immune system function• Hormone production/Thyroid regulation

UVB Exposure• Vitamin D production• Regulates amt of calcium and phosphorus in the blood

Daylight: The free homeopathic med

20% of the neural fibers send their signals to the brain and other areas of the body


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Daylight Benefits Productivity

Classrooms with maximum daylight compared to norm produced 26% increase in reading scores, 20% increase in mathWell-designed skylights produced highest improvementPoorly-designed skylights actually reduced reading test performance!

Photo: SunOpticsSalida Middle School, CA

Heschong Mahone Group (www.h-m-g.com)


Daylight Benefits Energy

Control electric lighting in response to daylightAvailability coincides with peak electric demand

OSI Two F32 T8Lighting Energy Use ReductionsNeptune School - 10% reductionNRG Systems - 40% reduction


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Part II. Linking architectural daylighting design with electric lighting systems


Daylight-responsive Control SystemsWhat Do I Need to Consider?

Daylight Illuminance – How much and when?Electric Lighting Design and Circuiting to Enable Effective ControlControl StrategyPhotosensor Performance CharacteristicsOccupant Control NeedsCode ComplianceInstallation, Set-up, and Commissioning


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Architectural design strategies

SidelightingView windowClerestoriesLight Shelves

ToplightingCentralizedPatternedWall washing


Side lighting Big Influencers on Daylight Illuminance

Window areaOrientationGlass TransmittanceGlass ColorOverhangs/louvers


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Window Geometry Effect

2 Punch windows

Continuous windows

VS.


2 Punch Windows – Facing North

• June 20• Overcast• Noon• Τvis ~0.70

50 fcN


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What a difference a window makes

June 20OvercastNoonΤvis ~0.70

50 fcN


On a Clear Day…..

June 20ClearNoonΤvis ~0.70

50 fcN


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Electric lighting design principles

Independent ambient lightingLighting on the teaching wall(s)Enable simple, effective controlEnable circuiting that’s not labor intensive


Control StrategiesDo I switch or dim?


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Control Strategy Overview

•Offices•Classrooms•Other task critical spaces

•Cost•Additional control wiring (0-10 VDC)

•Smooth light level transition•Flicker-free dimming•100% - 10% -fluorescent•Added energy savings

Dimming

•Lobbies•Corridors•Cafeteria•Gymnasiums•Outdoor lighting

•Abrupt light level changes•Color shift in metal halide

•Low cost•Simple wiring•Added energy savings

Step Switching

•Outdoor lighting

•Abrupt light level changes

•Low cost•Simple wiring

On/Off

ApplicationsLimitationsBenefitsStrategy


Photosensors What do I need to know?


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Photosensor Anatomy 101Low-voltage control signal wiring to ballast or controller

PhotocellHousing

Lens


What dictates system performance?

InfluencersThe Lens - spatial acceptance The Photodiode• Photocell type• Spectral sensitivity

The circuitry• Control signal match with ballast

P

Photosensors detect illuminance at the photosensor, not at the desk!


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The Lens - Spatial Acceptance“Field of view” - Closed Loop

Sensitive to reflectance changesReflectance changes less impactMore sensitive to light at higher angles

0°

90°

Courtesy of NLPIP, RPI Lighting Research CenterSource: Specifier Reports: Photosensors, October 2007


Spatial Sensitivity Examples



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The PhotodiodePhotocell Type

Is the photocell photodiode or photoconductive?

FairGood – Typically filtered

Spectral response

Response not linear with light level

Linear response over wide range of light

levels

Light level response

Not stable over time/exposure

Stable over time and temperature variations

Performance consistency

Photoconductive(Cadmium Sulfide)

Photodiode (Silicon)

Adapted from: Specifier Reports: Photosensors, October 2007RPI Lighting Research Center


The Photodiode Spectral Response



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CdS Sensivity Over Time



Ballast A

Ballast B

Ballast C

Dimming Ballast Performance


Photosensor input to ballast


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Pulling it all together


How do I design the system?Main principles

Determine daylight illuminanceElectric lighting design laid out to supplement daylightDim or switch?Determine zoning

DaylightManual control

Circuit accordinglyManual overridesComply with code

Daylit Zone 1 Daylit Zone 2

aa S bS c

b

c

SDa


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Sidelighting – View Window“Get what I can”

Vertical glazing at eye level that provides view to exteriorTypically single zone dimming control

d1.5 d

1212’’ to 15to 15’’ for 8for 8’’ and and 1010’’ heightsheights


Classroom – Single Zone Control

Dim row adjacent to windowBi-level switching for manual overrideOccupancy sensor for automatic-off

a,bc,d

a,b

a,b

a,b

a,b

a,b

a,b

a,b

c,d

c,d

c,d

S b,d

S a,c

Teacher’s Desk

JPP

Photosensor

Daylit Zone


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Continuous DimmingInterior Closed Loop

CircuitBreaker

Photosensor looks into Space

Luminaires with 0-10V Dimming Ballasts

Luminaires not dimmed

Photocell Looks IntoSpace

Changes Light Level in Space

Since Light Level has changed, Photocell sends new command

31 2


Wiring DiagramContinuous Dimming


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Sidelighting – Light Shelves

Improve daylight penetration and distributionBlock direct sun

Typically enable multi-zone dimming control


Open Office – Lightshelf

Winter

Summer


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Continuous DimmingInterior Open Loop

CircuitBreaker

Photosensor looks out

windowor skylight

Luminaires with 0-10V dimming ballast

Luminaires not dimmed

Photocell Looks Out Window

Changes Light Level in Space

1 2


Open OfficeLightshelf


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NRG Systems – LEED-NC Gold

Project InfoLocation: Hinesburg, VT Building type(s): Commercial office/Indust/NC46,500 sq. feet , 3-story building, Rural setting Completed August 2004 Rating: U.S. Green Building Council LEED-NC, v.2/v.2.1--Level: Gold (44 points)

Project GoalsMinimize energy useMaximize use of renewables


NRG Systems – Lighting Control Strategies

StrategiesDaylight-responsive controls in office areas and warehousesMulti-zone dimmingOccupancy sensors for auto-off (interior and exterior)Manual-on control


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NRG – Warehouse Photos


NRG – Estim Annual Energy CostsResults

0.77 W/sq. ft - lighting~44% less than 90.1-2001

40% reduction in daytime lighting energy use72% of energy used from renewables

Solar, wind, wood pellets

Costs$7.83 Million project8.21% premium ($643,000)

72% - renewables28% - LEED cost premium ($3.93/sq. ft)

Estim $4-8 Million saving over the 30-40 yr life span of bldg


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Top lighting – Patterned

Zones can be large as long as there is consistent:

Ceiling heightType of skylightSpacing of skylightInterior finishesInterior useBuildings Shadowing Roof


Top Lighting ExampleWarehouse Bulk Storage Area


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Daylight Illuminance at Floor

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM

Time of the day

Ave

rage

illu

min

ance

(fc)

Graph 1 - Average daylight and target illuminance over time

Grey area indicates times when the design illuminance level is met or exceeded

June 21 - Clear

Dec. 22 - Clear

June 21 - Overcast

Dec. 22 - Overcast

30 fc target electric lighting level

Transmittance = 65%3.8% roof area


Daylight + 1 lamp ON

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM

Time of the day

Ave

rage

illu

min

ance

(fc)

Graph 4 - Average daylight illuminance plus 1 lamp ON (2 lamps off)

Grey area indicates times when the design illuminance level is met or exceeded June 21 - Clear

Dec. 22 - Clear

June 21 - Overcast

Dec. 22 - Overcast

30 fc target electric lighting level

Transmittance = 65%3.8% roof area


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Daylighting Controller

Wiring DiagramSwitching individual ballasts On/Off

N


2 level step – Individual Ballasts

*based upon 1- and 2-lamp T8, 277v

Ballast

Ballast

PP

Photosensor

time

% L

ight

Out

put

100%

66%

33%

50 fc

15 fc

89 W

30 W

Ballast


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Top lighting example - GymnasiumRoof Monitors provide ample daylight illuminanceHi-bay lighting

Step-switch if CFL or T5HOHi/lo if HID

Can control large lighting zonesBe sure to sub zone if partitioned space

Durant Middle School, NCInnovative Design - Architects

Light monitors provide diffuse light


Hi/Lo Control of Metal Halide2 level step (step-switching)

time

% L

ight

Out

p ut 100%

40%

50 fc

20 fc

100%

~60%

Pow

er

Hi/Lo Module

May go as low as 30%

May go as low as 15%


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Top lighting example – GymnasiumSingle Zone – Metal Halide Hi/Lo

Control Zone

Low voltage control wiring from photosensor to Hi/Lo control modules

Branch circuit wiring

Skylight


Top lighting example – GymnasiumTwo Zones – Metal Halide Hi/Lo

Control Zone 1

Low voltage control wiring from photosensor to Hi/Lo control modules

Branch circuit wiring

Skylight Control Module

Control Zone 2


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Top lighting – Centralized

High light levelsBlock direct sun

Balanced daylight penetrationUniform distribution

BafflesBaffles

Light monitorLight monitor


Top lighting – Centralized exampleSmith Middle School

Architect – Corley Redfoot Zack, Inc.Daylighting Design – Innovative DesignConsulting Engineer – Reece, Noland & McElrathCase Study – Lighting Research Center, Daylight Dividends Program

Photo: Lighting Research Center, Smith School Case Study


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Smith School ClassroomArchitectural Daylighting Features

Light Shelf

http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/index.asp


Smith School ClassroomInterior View



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Smith School ClassroomElectric Lighting Control System

Monitor Lighting

Front Parabolics

Perimeter Parabolics



Smith School – Results

ROI = 4 years

~20%Heating load increase (DOE-2)

$1.23/ft2Additional cost (Incl structure, glazing, light shelves, finishes and ltg controls)

~26%Total electricity reduction(DOE-2)(lighting and HVAC)

~19%Peak cooling load reduction (DOE-2)

~60%Cloudy & partly cloudy days

~85%Sunny days

Measured ltg energy reduction confirmation

~ 64% Lighting energy reduction (DOE-2)



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Smith School Daylight Benefits

Teacher Satisfaction

“When I came to work at this school, I thought I had died and gone to heaven.”

“a natural upper” for the students

Administrative benefitsHappy teachersImproved building energy performanceRecruitment


Getting it to work…


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Design and Specify with Commissioning in Mind

Well-documented construction and as-built documents

Device locationsLocations for measuring target illuminanceCalibration settings for each room/systemInclude time-of-day and dates

Calibration and set up should be from a convenient location (not the ceiling), or using a hand-held remote


Include a Pre-Startup MeetingIdentify Commissioning Process, site access needs and playersConfirm photosensor locationsReview system design intent and intended operationReview manufacturers instructionsConfirm daylight illuminance levelsFirst pass at identifying the “sweet spot”Gauge the size of the daylighting system…

A single photocell system in a gym? orMultiple daylight dimming sensors in classrooms around the perimeter of a school building?…Confirm sensor calibration steps (day and night?)

Confirm that all furnishings are installed and lighting system is installed and operating


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Remember: The “sweet spot” is not typically beneath the photosensor

Successful operation depends upon commissioning to set up a relationship between “what the photosensor sees” and illuminance at a “target” location

Plan View

Target

Target


Slam dunk control solutionsSide lighting

Classroom/OfficeDim row adjacent to window if view windowConsider 2 or 3 zone dimming for spaces designed to optimize daylight penetration

Hallway/CorridorOn/Off or Hi/Lo control


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Slam dunk control solutionsTop lighting

Gymnasium/Multipurpose/Warehouses

Hi/Lo for HID lightingOn/Off or step-dim for clustered fluorescent lamps

ClassroomMultizone dimming

• Provide separate zone for teaching walls

• Individually zone ambient lighting


Key Questions for Success1. Is the building designed for maximizing daylight

penetration, or are we “getting what we can?”2. Do I have adequate daylight illuminance to warrant

lighting control?3. Are the light fixtures circuited to facilitate control?4. Have I provided separate control zones for

teaching areas and/or display walls?5. Have I provided the necessary manual override

controls? (lighting and windows)6. Am I controlling the system in a manner that will

not disturb occupants?7. Have I complied with energy codes?8. Have I considered start up and commissioning?


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ResourcesCalifornia Energy Commission PIER Program

http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/index.htmlCollaborative for High Performance Schools

www.chps.netDaylighting Collaborative

http://www.daylighting.org/National Lighting Product Information Program (NLPIP)

http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/index.aspLighting Research Center

www.lrc.rpi.eduIlluminating Engineering Society of North America

www.iesna.orgLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

http://www.lbl.gov/ and http://windows.lbl.gov/Lighting calculation software

AGI – www.lightinganalysts.comLumen Designer - www.lighting-technologies.com

Naomi Miller Lighting Designwww.nmlightingdesign.com


This concludes the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Program

Questions?

Thank you for your time!

Dorene Maniccia, LC, LEED [email protected]

For additional information: www.wattstopper.com

1-800-879-8585

Lighting Control Solutions for Daylit Spaces

Engineering

Transcript of Lighting Control Solutions for Daylit Spaces