Lighting , Types & its Fixtures

GROUP MEMBERS

BARIRA NASHAL

WARDA SHADAB

LIGHTINGLight is a form of energy without which there can be no vision. When light strikes an object, It may be reflected, absorbed or allowed to pass through.

TYPES OF LIGHTSOURCE BASED CLASSIFICATION

LIGHT

NATURAL ARTIFICIAL

INCANDESCENT / FILAMENT

FLUORESCENT / DISCHARGE

LED

NATURAL LIGHT The bright radiant

energy of the sun, daylight, is a major determining factor in the design of hotel guestrooms and homes, especially where large wall areas have been decorated with glass.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTGenerally speaking,

artificial lighting is lighting which is man made, such as fluorescent, tungsten, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, halogen, compact fluorescent, et cetera. It can be turned on and off at a flick of a switch.

INCANDESCENT / FILAMENT

Light is produced by heating any material, usually metal to a temperature at which it glows. Typical incandescent bulbs have tungsten filament in a sealed glass container. Many gas filled and halogen lamps with halogen mixed gas filling are also available.

INCANDESCENT / FILAMENTGAS FILLED (GENERAL LIGHTING) HALOGEN LAMPS

INCANDESCENT LAMPS1. Glass Bulb with Metallic Filament 2. – High Melting Point, Strength &

Resistance3. – Low Evaporation4. Filament heated to incandescence5. Greater than 40 W- Inert Gas 6. Life – 750-1000 Hours7. Heating causes stains8. Warm Light9. Less Distortion of colour10. Poor Efficiency compared to fluorescent lamps

FLUORESCENT / DISCHARGE A glass tube with inside

coating of fluorescent powder is filled with vaporized mercury and argon. The ends are then sealed with cathodes. When electric current activates the gases in it, invisible UV rays cause the fluorescent coating to produce visible light.

Glass Tubes with electrodesInert gas ionises Collision of electrons and

mercury Ultraviolet light Re-radiated by fluorescent coating

Life- 5000 hoursDiffused, flat lightEfficiency – three times of incandescent

lampsSuitable for general lighting Operating Temp- 1/5 of incandescentEconomical

Fluorescent Lamps

LED LAMP

LIGHT EMITTING DIODES

LEDs are very small in size, consume very little power, and are able to produce extremely high light intensity outputs.

Types of lightingDirectIndirectDiffusedSemi-Indirect

DIRECT LIGHTING

• This kind of light comes from the sources such as ceiling fixtures or luminous ceiling that shed light downward, or from lamps with translucent shades spreading light in all directions

INDIRECT LIGHTING• Lighting in which

the light emitted by a source is diffusely reflected.

• It may also come from a lamp with an opaque shade open only at the top.

• Light is then thrown against the ceiling or washes against the wall and is reflected back into the room.

• It is softer than direct lighting, but often more costly in both installation and operation.

DIFFUSED LIGHTING• When light fittings

are completely enclosed or concealed, as with some globes and ceiling panels, the light is diffused since it passes through the glass or plastic. Diffused lighting is also glare- free and produces a flat appearance.

SEMI-INDIRECT LIGHTING

• It is possible to have some light passing through a diffusing bowl and some reflecting off the ceiling where the fixture is open on top.

Summary Of Types Of Lighting• Direct Lighting ( 90 to 100 percent of the light is directed

downward for maximum use.• Indirect Lighting( 90 to 100 percent of the light is directed

to the ceilings and upper walls and is reflected to all parts of a room.

• Semi-Direct Lighting( 60 to 90 percent of the light is directed downward with the remainder directed upward.

• Semi-indirect Lighting ( 60 to 90 percent of the light is directed upward with the remainder directed downward.

METHODS OF LIGHTING

ARCHITECTURAL AND BUILT-IN LIGHTING

• Valance Lighting• Cornice Lighting• Cove Lighting• Track Lighting• Soffit Lighting

NON-ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING

• Ceiling Fixtures• Wall Fixtures• Portable Lamps

ARCHITECTURAL AND BUILT-IN LIGHTING

VALANCE LIGHTING

• A method of indirect lighting, by concealing the fixture behind a suspended valance, whereby the light can be directed upward or downward. The panel parallel to the wall at the top of the window.

CORNICE LIGHTING A cornice is

installed under the ceiling, with a fixture hidden beneath so as to direct light downwards only. This can give a dramatic effect on drapery, pictures and wall coverings.

COVE LIGHTING This consists of

placing continuous series of fluorescent tubes in a groove along one or more walls of a room, about 12 inches from the ceiling. The light reflects off the ceiling and bathes the room in indirect light.

TRACK LIGHTING Track lighting consists of

lamps fixed to the ceiling or wall in an array to offer great variety. One strip often holds spot light, floodlights, and even hanging fixtures that may be turned around to follow furniture placement. The tracks can themselves be movable as well for even more flexible arrangements.

SOFFIT LIGHTING This refers to built

in light source under a panel. It may be fixed to a ceiling or under a cabinet. Soffit lighting is often used over a sink or other work areas.

NON- ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING

CEILING FIXTURESThe definition of a troffer is a

long recessed light fixture, especially on in the ceiling or for a fluorescent light.

EXAMPLEA troffer is a fluorescent

light fixture recessed in the ceiling.

LIGHT FITTINGS

A pendant light is a lone light fixture that hangs from the ceiling usually suspended by a cord, chain, or metal rod.

PENDANT FITTINGS

ndant light fixtures

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ndant light fixtures

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WALL FIXTURE These remain out of the

way and free table and desk surfaces for other things. At the same time, they give direct light where it is needed.

EXAMPLEFancy lights.

PORTABLE LAMPS

Floor and table lamps can be moved when and where needed. They also act as decorative accessories.

EXAMPLETable lamp, torch

STANDARD LAMP

A lamp supported by a vertical pole in order that light comes from above those seated in the vicinity.

SAFETY LIGHTING

As the name suggests this type of bright lighting is used for safety reasons in areas such as stairways, along corridors swimming pools and by way of emergency lighting

Light Fittings should be:-

Well positionedEmit light in direction & quantity requiredPleasant- lit & unlitWell made, durableMechanically sound & electrically safeNot prone to overheatingEasily cleaned

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