Light Reflectors and Optical Resonators · Light Reflectors and Optical Resonators Outline Review...
Transcript of Light Reflectors and Optical Resonators · Light Reflectors and Optical Resonators Outline Review...
Light Reflectors and Optical Resonators
Outline Review of Wave Reflection Reflection and Interference
Fiber for Telecommunications Optical Resonators
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Standing wave
zkz = −3π/2 kz = −π/2
2 (Eo/ηo)
pattern of the H-field
Standing wave
ld
o �E
�E
�E
�H
�HReflectedwave ejkz
wave ejkzIncident
oe−jkz
Eo
η
)e−jkz
x
z
z
2Eo
| |
kz = −2π kz = −π0
| �H|
pattern of the E-fie
Reflection of a Normally Incident EM Wave from a Perfect Conductor
�Ei = xE
�Hi y= ˆ
(
Image by Theogeo http://www. flickr.com/photos/theogeo/1102 816166/ on flickr
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Reflection & Transmission of EM Waves at Boundaries
Medium 1 Medium 2
� �2 = Hr
� � �E1 = Ei + Er
� � �H1 = Hi +Hr
� �E2 = Et
H
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Reflection of EM Waves at Boundaries
� �E1(z = 0) = E2(z = 0)
Ei Ero = Et
o + o
� �H1(z = 0) = H2(z = 0)
Eio Er
η1− o Et
= o η =η1 η
√μ
2 ε
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT TRANSMISION COEFFICIENT (note that sign of r depends on the relative values of η2 and η1)
Er
r = o η2=
Ei
− η1
o η2 + η1
Et
t = o 2η2=
Eio η2 + η1
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Exz The im
inciden
MEDIUM 1 MEDIUM 2
x
c e
2.0 2.0
f b 1.33
0.67 0.95
g a 1.33
0.67
2.85
0.32
d 2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0
1.6
amples of Light Reflection |Ei + Er|age below indicates the standing wave patterns ( ) resulting when an
t wave in medium 1 with amplitude equal to 1 V/m is incident on an interface. Label the graphs (a)-(g) to match them with the description detailed below.
|Ey,total|a) Plot of with medium 1 being air, medium 2, n2 =2. Normal incidence.
|Ey,total|b) Plot of with medium 1 having n1 = 2, medium 2 being air. Normal incidence.
|Ey,total|c) Plot of with medium 1 being air, medium 2 being a perfect conductor
|Hy,total|d) Plot of with medium 1 being air, medium 2 being a perfect conductor
|Ey,total|e) Plot of with medium 1 having n1 =2, medium 2 being air. Angle of incidence greater than critical angle.
|Ey,total|f) Plot of with angle of incidence equal to the Brewster angle.
|Ey,total|g) Plot of with angle of incidence equal to the Brewster angle. Medium 2 is air.
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Remote Sensing of the Environment … using radar
EXAMPLE: MEASUREMENT OF THICKNESS OF POLAR ICE CAPS
1
2
T12
T21
E0
E1
E2 E3
E4
E5 ε = εo μ = μo
σ = 0
σ = 10−6 S/mε = 3.5εo μ = μod
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Reflectometry … measurement of distance to a target by identifying the nodes in the standing wave pattern
d1 d
transmitter receiver Conducting surface
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70-80% of sunlight reflected by snow
10% reflected by ocean water 20% reflected
by vegetation and dark soil
Today’s Culture Moment Ice is more reflective than water
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The Greenhouse Effect
Sunlight is reradiated as heat and trapped by
greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide. Too much carbon dioxide, however, causes the planet to heat
up more than usual.
1880 1920 1960 2000 2040 2080 13° 14°
15°
16°
17°
18° 19°
Future Temperatures?
56.79°F 57.97°F
Year
Cels
ius
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Earth surface area = 5100 million km2
We need to cover = 1.2 million km2
equivalent to ~100 years of today’s Aluminum production (assuming 50 μm thick Al foil)
Dead ocean zones = 0.24 million km2
Ice fields: North Pole = 9 to 12 million km² Greenland ice sheet = 1.7 million k South Pole = 14 million km²
m²
Deploy Aluminum Rafts over Dead Ocean Areas ? Net excess energy input into planet Earth 1.6 W/m2.
Illuminance on ground level is ~1000 W/m2
We need to reflect 1.6/1000 of energy back to Balance the Energy IN/OUT Oceans are 90% absorptive (10% reflective) Aluminum is 88% reflective on the shiny side and 80% reflective on the dull side. (Frosted silica might also be able to be used as a reflector) How much of ocean area do we need to cover with 80% reflective sheets of aluminum to balance the energy IN/OUT ? (1.6/1000) / (80% - 10%) = 0.23% (of the Earth’s surface area)
Image is in the public domain
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Three Ways to Make a Mirror
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
METAL REFLECTION
MULTILAYER REFLECTION
Image is in the public domain
Image is in the public domain: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dielectric_laser_mirror_from_a_dye_laser.JPG
© Kyle Hounsell. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse
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Dielectric Mirrors … can be >99% reflective
Simple dielectric mirrors consist of stacked of layers of high and low
refractive index. The layers are chosen such the path-length differences of
reflections from low to high index layers are integer multiples of wavelengths.
Similarly, reflections from low-index layers have path length difference of half a wavelength, but add constructively
because of 180 degree phase shift from the reflection. For normal incidence,
these optimized thicknesses are a quarter of a wavelength
⎛1 b 2 d1 = λ/(4n− hi)
N ⎡n⎞= LO ⎤R ⎜ ⎟ b = Πi=0 ⎢ ⎥n λ/(4n⎝1+ b d = lo)⎠ ⎣ 2
HI ⎦
Thin layers with a high refractive index nHI are interleaved with thicker layers with a
lower refractive index nLO. The path lengths lA and lB differ by
exactly one wavelength, which leads to constructive interference.
Source: wikipedia.com
nhi nlo
d1 d2
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Opals … are an example of dielectric mirrors
λ = 2dsin(α)Colors with have constructive interference
Image is in the public domain Precious opal consists of spheres of silica of fairly regular size, packed into close-packed planes that are
stacked together with characteristic dimensions of several hundred nm.
Silica spheres
α d
λ
© Unique Opals. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
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Small Businesses
New Buried Development
Splitter
OLT
ONT
Splitter
ONT
ONT ONT
Splitter
ONT
ONT
Splitter
ONT
.4 Gbps out 1.2 Gbps in
10-100 Mbps service rates
20 km reach 1
2 3
4
1 4
2 3
Time Division Multiplexing Image by Dan Tentler http://www.flickr.com/ photos/vissago/4634464205/ on flickr
2.4 Gbps shared by up to 128 users
2
Fiber to the Home
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Small Businesses
Splitter
OLT (located in Verizon's
central switching office)
ONT
Splitter
ONT ONT
Splitter
ONT
ONT
Splitter
2.4 Gbps shared by up to 128 users
2.4 Gbps out 1.2 Gbps in
10-100 Mbps service rates
20 km reach 1 2
3 4
1 4
2 3
Time Division Multiplexing
ONT ONT
ONT
Fiber to the Home
An ONT (Optical Network Terminal) is a media converter that is installed by Verizon either outside or inside your premises, during FiOS installation. The ONT converts fiber-optic light signals to copper/electric signals. Three wavelengths of light are used between the ONT and the OLT (Optical Line Terminal):
• λ = 1310 nm voice/data transmit • λ = 1490 nm voice/data receive • λ = 1550 nm video receive
Each ONT is capable of delivering: Multiple POTS (plain old telephone service) lines, Internet data, Video
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Power & Battery
ONT
Video
Data
POTS
ONT
1310 nm 1490 nm
Downstream Upstream
Voice and Data
1550 nm
Video
Bandwidths & Services
Voice and Data
Channels downstream to each home λ = 1490 and λ = 1550 nm
Channel upstream from each home λ = 1310 nm
Fiber to the Home
Image of ONT by Josh Bancroft http://www.flickr.com/photos/joshb/87167324/ on flickr
Image by uuzinger http://www.flickr.com/photos/uuzinger/411425452/ on flickr
Image by uuzinger http://www.flickr.com/photos/uuzinger/411425461/ on flickr
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Tran
smis
sion
Wavelength (nm) 1310 1490 1550
Upstream Downstream
Passive Optical Network (PON)
Channels downstream to each home λ = 1490 and λ = 1550 nm
λChannel upstream from each home λ = 1310 nm
Optical Assembly
Single mode fiber
Ball lens
Thin film filters
TO Can PINS
TO Can Laser
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Separating Wavelengths
Dispersion Diffraction
Image by Ian Mackenzie http://www.flickr.com/photos/madmack/136237003/ on flickr
Image by wonker http://www.flickr.com/photos/wonker/2505350820/ on flickr
Image is in the public domain
Sunlight diffracted through a 20 μm slit
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Resonators
STANDING WAVE
�E
�H
�E
�H
z
RESONATORS
z
|Eo|
kz = −πkz = 2π
Terminate the standing wave with
a second wall to form a resonator
−
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Thin Film Interference
i
Ei
t12Ei
r12Ei
t jβ12r21r21t21Eie
− 22L3
t12 (r21) t21Eie−jβ22L
t12r21t21Eie−jβ22L
t12t21Eie−jβ22L
Image by Yoko Nekonomania http://www. flickr.com/photos/nekonomania/4827035737/ on flickr
E
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Optical Resonator
Et =[t12t
− + t12e−jβ2Lr jβ2L
21e−jβ2L
21ejβ2L r21e
− t21...
[t12t21
−jβL(
2
]Ei
= e 1 + r12r21e−2jβL +
(r r e−2jβL12 21
)...)]
Ei
t12t21e−jβ2L
= E− i1 r12r21e−2jβL
Ei
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Fabry-Perot Resonance
t12t21e−jkL
t =1− r12r21e−2jkL
Fabry-Perot R max{e−2jk2Lesonance: maximum transmission
} = 1
min{e−2jk2L} = −1 minimum transmission
1.5 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.580
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Wavelength [μm]
Tran
smis
sion |t|
2
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Total Internal Reflection
Beyond the critical angle, θc , a ray within the higher index medium cannot escape at shallower
angles
n2sinθ2 = n1sinθ 1 θc = sin−1(n1/n2)
For glass, the critical internal angle is 42°
For water, it is 49°
42°
INCOMING RAY HUGS SURFACE n1 = 1.0
n2 = 1.5
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
Image is in the public domain
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Waveguide Transport Light Between Mirrors
Metal waveguides Dielectric waveguides
So what kind of waveguide are
the optical fibers ?
Image by Dan Tentler http://www.flickr.com/ photos/vissago/4634464205/ on flickr
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r21 =n2 − n1
n2 + n1
Er = rEi
λo1 =2n1L
m
λo2 =2n2L
m+ 1
Constructive Interference Standing Wave E-field
Fabry-Perot Modes
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(1 1⇒ Δλo = 2n Lm
−m+ 1
)n2L
=m(m+ 1)
λo = 1μm, n2 .= 3 5, L = 300μm
λ1 = 1μm ⇒ m = 2100
Δλ = 5A
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e(−α/2)z
-0.5
0
0.5
1.0
-1.0 1 2 3 4 5 6
α = 2κβ =2κω
c=
4πκ
λ
Propagation distance [cm]
Fiel
d st
reng
th [
a.u.
] Plane Waves in Lossy Materials
Ey = Re{ ˜A1e
j(ωtkz)}+Re{ ˜A2e
j(ωtkz)}
E α/y(z, t) = A1e
− 2z cos(ωt− kz) +A2e+α/2z cos(ωt+ kz)
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Resonators with Internal Loss
n1r =
− n2
n1 n+ ˜2
2nt
1=
n1 n+ ˜2
t˜
E ˜ jkL ˜ ˜ jkrL αLt 1t2e
− t1t2e− e−
= =E − kLi 1− r1r2e 2j 1− r1r2e−2jkrLe−2αL
...the EM wave loss is what heats the water inside the food
Image is in the public domain
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Laser Using Fabre-Perot Cavity
Image is in the public domain
Gain profile
Resonant modes
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Resonators with Internal Gain
What if it was possible to make a material with “negative absorption” so the field grew in magnitude as it passed through a material?
-0.5
0
0.5
1.0
-1.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
egz�E(z) = �Eie
gz
Propagation distance [cm]
˜ ˜ Resonance: E t ˜t 1t2e−jkL t t −jk
1 2e rLe−αL
= =E 2jkL
i 1− r e− ˜1r 2jkL
2 1− r1r2e−2jkrLe−2αL e = 1
Fiel
d st
reng
th [
a.u.
]
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singularity at
1 = r1r2eΓgLe−αiL ⇔ 1 = R 2ΓgL 2αiL
1R2e e−
Et
Ei→ ∞
Lasers: Something for Nothing (almost)
at resonance e2jkL = 1
E ˜t t1t2e− ˜jkL t t1 2e
−jkrLe−αL
= =Ei 1− r1r e− ˜2jkL
2 1− r1r2e−2jkrLe−2αL
Image is in the public domain
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