Life style influence on trace element content in mushrooms sporocarps. Juan A. Campos and Rosario...
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Transcript of Life style influence on trace element content in mushrooms sporocarps. Juan A. Campos and Rosario...
Life style influence on trace element content in mushrooms sporocarps.
Juan A. Campos and
Rosario García-Moreno
1 km2
ELEMENTAL QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS BY X RAY
FLUORESCENCE
Mg Ca Sc Rb Sn Ta
Al Fe V Sr Cs W
Si Ni Cr Y Ba Pb
P Cu Co Zr La Th
S Zn Ga Nb Ce U
K Cl Y Mo Hf Nd
L D L= 0.5 ppmError= <2% in repetitive
measurements
Philips-PW2404 Panalytical Magic-Pro
Model
PREVIOUS LITERATURE
Soylak et al 2005
Dursum et al 2006
Ouzoumi et al 2007
Chudzynski et al. 2008
Falandysz 2008
Kalac 2009 Kalac 2010
Campos y Tejera 2011
Campos y Moreno (2011)
V 50 - 200 0.0-0.3 3 - 15 2-15 Cr 0.3 - 1.1 4 - 184 0.4 – 8 0.10 – 2.1 <1 - 2 0.1 - 2 0.5-5 4 -13 5-11 Co 0.5 - 1.5 0.05 – 3 0.1-1 <1 - 1 0.1-3 2 – 6 3-7 Ni 1.7 - 24 2 - 106 0.3 - 10 0.13-1.3 0.4 - 2 1 – 15 1-6 Cu 13 - 50 3 - 60 4 – 33 16 - 58 10 - 50 10 - 70 16->200 4 - 110 4-93 Zn 33 - 89 8 - 143 36 - 97 21 - 260 50 - 200 30 - 150 8–240 57 - 134 15-122 Ga <0.5 <0.15 1 – 3 1-2 Rb 110 - 3200 100 - 400 >10-<1000 6 - 86 16-221 Sr 1 - 90 0.23- 3.7 <1-2 5 - 10 <2 10 - 24 14-21 Zr 1 - 66 1-8 Nb 3 - 13 4-6 Cs <1 - 1 3-12 2 - 38 3-12 Ba 1-19 <1 - 3 0.5-10 13 - 35 14-35 Ce 4 - 27 6-14 Pb 0.75 - 2 0.6 - 5.4 0.05 – 1.4 0.14 – 2.4 <1 - 2 1 - 5 0.2 – 10 1 - 8 2-7 Th 1 - 3 1-3 U 1 - 4 1-3 Nd 1 - 10 1-9
0
20
40
60
80
µg
g-1 D
W
Al V Cr Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Rb Sr Zr Nb Cs Ba Ce Pb Th U Nd
a abc
ab
abc
abc
abc
abc
abc
abcd
bcde e
cde
cde de
e
f
f
g
g
ab
Metal
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µg
g-1 D
W) Campos and Tejera, 2011.Biological Trace Elements Research
PREVIOUS LITERATURE
HypothesisThe differences in the occurrence of trace elements in fungi biomass may
reflects the different ecological niches in wich they live and hence their relation
with the inorganic substrate.
ECTOMYCORRHIZAL
SAPROBES
EPIPHYTES
1 Amanita phalloides2 Hebeloma sinapizans3 Lactarius zugazae4 Paxillus involutus5 Russula delica6 Suillus bellini7 Clitocybe maxima8 Entoloma lividum9 Lepista inversa10 Lepista nuda11 Lycoperdon perlatum12 Macrolepiota procera13 Agrocybe aegerita14 Armillaria mellea15 Gymnopilus spectabilis16 Hericium erinaceum17 Inonotus hispidus18 Meripilus giganteus
All data given in this work are in ppm dm
(mg.kg-1 dry matter basis)
Amanita phalloides
Lactarius zugazaeRussula delica
Lycoperdon perlatumMeripilus giganteus
Clitocybe maximaInonotus hispidusPaxillus involutus
Suillus bellini
Gymnopilus spectabilisMacrolepiota procera
Entoloma lividum
Hericium erinaceumArmillaria mellea
Lepista inversaLepista nuda
Agrocybe aegeritaHebeloma sinapizans
DENDROGRAM OF CLUSTER ANALYSIS (Nearest neighbor)
ANOVAF ratio = 1P = 0.929 > 0.05LDS= 15
COMPARISON BETWEEN SPECIES(All trace elements)
Ave
rag
e co
nte
nt
ANOVAF ratio = 2P value = 0.11 >0.05LDS= 6
COMPARISON BETWEEN LIFE STYLES(All trace elements)
Ectomycorrhizas Saprobes Epiphytes
Ave
rag
e co
nte
nt
Cu
ZnRb
Ba
COMPARISON BETWEEN ELEMENTS(All species)
ANOVAF. ratio = 21P. value = 0.00 <0.05LDS= 11
Ave
rag
e co
nte
nt
ELEMENTS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18ELEMENTS
Means and 95.0 Percent LSD Intervals
Cu RbZn
COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT ELEMENTS FOR THE DIFFERENT HABITATS
ANOVAF ratio = 10P value = 0.00 < 0.05LDS= 17
Ectomycorrhizas
EpiphytesSaprobes
Rb
COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT ELEMENTS FOR THE DIFFERENT
HABITATS
Ectomycorrhizas
Saprobes
Epiphytes
Cu
Zn
Ectomycorrhizas
Saprobes
Epiphytes
ANOVAF ratio = 10P value = 0.00 < 0.05LDS= 17
PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS
Tests for NormalityTest Statistic P-ValueShapiro-Wilk W 0.8 0.002 < 0.05
Normality rejected
Density curve
Summary Statistics for Cu Count 18Average 26Standard deviation 23Coeff. of variation 91 %Minimum 4Maximum 93Range 89Stnd. skewness 3 > 2Stnd. Kurtosis 3
Cu
2.8 Std Dev. from the meanClitocybe maxima
Outliers Identification for Cu
Summary Statistics for ZnCount 18Average 61Standard deviation 30Coeff. of variation 50 %Minimum 15Maximum 122Range 107Stnd. skewness 1 < 2Stnd. Kurtosis -1
Tests for NormalityTest Statistic P-ValueShapiro-Wilk W 0.9 0.7 > 0.05
Density Curve
Normality assumed
Zn
Outliers Identification for Zn
No statistically supported outliers
Summary Statistics for RbCount 18Average 52Standard deviation 55Coeff. of variation 105 %Minimum 12Maximum 221Range 209Stnd. Skewness 4 > 2Stnd. kurtosis 4
Tests for NormalityTest Statistic P-ValueShapiro-Wilk W 0.708556 0.00 < 0.05
Density Curve
Normality rejected
Rb
Outliers Identification for Rb
3 Std Dev. from the meanSuillus bellini
CONCLUSIONS
- Cu, Zn and Rb are the trace elements that showed significant differences among the different life styles
- Cu and Zn are more accumulated in saprobes species whereas Rb is more accumulated in ectomycorrhizal species.
- Clitocybe maxima has been indentified statistically as an outlier for Cu with a great accumulation for this element.
- Suillus bellini has been identified statistically as an outlier for Rb with a great accumulation for this element.
Soylak et al 2005
Dursum et al 2006
Ouzoumi et al 2007
Chudzynski et al. 2008
Falandysz 2008
Kalac 2009 Kalac 2010
Campos y Tejera 2011
Campos y Moreno (2011)
Al 53 - 25649 27 - 4800 100 - 500 26 - 120 V 50 - 200 0.0-0.3 3 - 15 2-15 Cr 0.3 - 1.1 4 - 184 0.4 – 8 0.10 – 2.1 <1 - 2 0.1 - 2 0.5-5 4 -13 5-11 Co 0.5 - 1.5 0.05 – 3 0.1-1 <1 - 1 0.1-3 2 – 6 3-7 Ni 1.7 - 24 2 - 106 0.3 - 10 0.13-1.3 0.4 - 2 1 – 15 1-6 Cu 13 - 50 3 - 60 4 – 33 16 - 58 10 - 50 10 - 70 16->200 4 - 110 4-93 Zn 33 - 89 8 - 143 36 - 97 21 - 260 50 - 200 30 - 150 8–240 57 - 134 15-122 Ga <0.5 <0.15 1 – 3 1-2 Rb 110 - 3200 100 - 400 >10-<1000 6 - 86 16-221 Sr 1 - 90 0.23- 3.7 <1-2 5 - 10 <2 10 - 24 14-21 Zr 1 - 66 1-8 Nb 3 - 13 4-6 Cs <1 - 1 3-12 2 - 38 3-12 Ba 1-19 <1 - 3 0.5-10 13 - 35 14-35 Ce 4 - 27 6-14 Pb 0.75 - 2 0.6 - 5.4 0.05 – 1.4 0.14 – 2.4 <1 - 2 1 - 5 0.2 – 10 1 - 8 2-7 Th 1 - 3 1-3 U 1 - 4 1-3 Nd 1 - 10 1-9
PREVIOUS LITERATURE
Cu
Zn RbCu/Ect Cu/Sap Cu/Epi
0102030405060708090
100
Zn/Ect Zn/Sap Zn/Epi0
102030405060708090
100
Rb/Ect Rb/Sap Rb/Epi0
102030405060708090
100
Summary Statistics Cu Zn Rb
Count 18 18 18Average 26 61 52Std. Dev. 23 30 55Minimum 4 15 12Maximum 93 122 221Stnd. skewness 3 1 4Stnd. kurtosis 3 -1 4
Principal Components AnalysisComponent Percent of Cumulative Number Eigenvalue Variance Percentage1 4.65206 31.014 31.0142 2.34851 15.657 46.6703 2.02472 13.498 60.1694 1.55439 10.363 70.5315 1.34333 8.956 79.4876 0.881901 5.879 85.3667 0.642421 4.283 89.6498 0.538375 3.589 93.2389 0.338782 2.259 95.49710 0.315961 2.106 97.60311 0.138092 0.921 98.52412 0.118449 0.790 99.31313 0.0762198 0.508 99.82114 0.0135909 0.091 99.91215 0.0132027 0.088 100.000
The StatAdvisorThis procedure performs a principal components analysis. The purpose of the analysis is to obtain a small number of linear combinations of the 15 variables which account for most of the variability in the data. In this case, 5 components have been extracted, since 5 components had eigenvalues greater than or equal to 1.0. Together they account for 79.4867% of the variability in the original data.