Life Is Life, and Fun Is Fun, But it’s So Quiet when the Goldfish Die.” · 2004-04-27 ·...
Transcript of Life Is Life, and Fun Is Fun, But it’s So Quiet when the Goldfish Die.” · 2004-04-27 ·...
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“Life Is Life,
and Fun Is Fun,
But it’s So Quiet
when the Goldfish Die.”Egyptian Coptic saying.
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Cobbles with Gills and Guts: Conserving
Freshwater Mussel Beds and
Water Quality.
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Seminar Agenda• Biology
• Why Do We Care?
• What Can We Do?
• What We Need to Know . . .
• What Do We Know?
• Challenges
• Opportunities……the FUTURE!!!
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gravid female
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Why Do We Care?
• Largest diversity in the world297 species in North America.
• Biodiversity72% imperiled (E, T, SC)
43.2 % T and E
27.7 % End
7.1 % listed & possibly extinct
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Why Do We Care? ••Economic Value
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Why Do We Care?• Abundance
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Ecosystem FunctionEcosystem Function
Photo courtesy of Matthew Patterson
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Ecosystem FunctionEcosystem Function
Bioturbation- O2 and H2O content
Biotrans-formation of CPOM
Nutrient Cycling
• Water Quality
• Riverbed Stability
• Ecosystem Stability
Shells ‘R’ Habitat
Ctenidia pump large amounts
of water
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In a reach of river 200 yards long
(e.g.two football fields),
A bed of 100,000 freshwater mussels
Is filtering
30,000 gallons of water per day
FOR FREE!!!
No electricity, no fancy filters, no scrubbers,
no chemical treatments.
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Culprits
• Habitat Degradation and Habitat Loss
•Water Quality
• Exotic Species
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What Can We Do?Culture and Propagation –
Augmentation or Stock Enhancement and Species Preservation.Identify populations needing immediate attention.Field surveys.
Salvage and Refuge of T&E sp.Propagation of Commercial Sp.- pearls.Stream Habitat Restoration.
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What We Know …What We Know …
Figure courtesy of Dan Graf
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The Unionoida is unique among bivalves in that the larvae are parasitic.
The Unionoida is unique among bivalves in that the larvae are parasitic.
Figu
re f
rom
Cum
min
gs a
nd M
ayer
(199
2).
The host is almost always a fish
Larvae are brooded in the
ctenidiaSo…mussels are typical of freshwater bivalves in that they exhibit parental care
So…mussels are typical of freshwater bivalves in that they exhibit parental care
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The Suspension-Feeder Diet
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What Do We Need To Know?
• Aquaculture Requirements.– How do we hold them?– What, How Much, and How
Often? – Multispecies Management
• Habitat Requirements.• Ecological Function, Role in
Maintaining Water Quality.
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Challenges to Captive Care:Diet Suitability
Food Quantity - mg/L- Rate Functions -i.e. clearance,
consumption, excretion, defecation.
Food Quality– Physical - particle size, type– Biological
biochemical compositioncaloric - energy value
λ Seasonal nutritional demands.λ Scope for Growth.
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Effect of algal ration on mean clearance rate in Villosa iris
172.5
140.7
73.6
0
50
100
150
200
Cle
aran
ce r
ate
(mL/
h/gd
tw)
0.34 mg/L 1.5 mg/L 3.4 mg/L
Algal ration (mg/L)
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Assimilation efficiency in Villosa irisfed three rations of algae
0102030405060708090
100
Perc
ent (
%)
Ration A 0.03 mg/L
Ration B0.34 mg/L
Ration C 3.4 mg/L
D+ET+R
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Gut passage and gut purge time in Villosa iris fed three rations of algae
0
5
10
15
20
25
Tim
e (h
)
Ration A 0.03 mg/L
Ration B0.34 mg/L
Ration C 3.4 mg/L
MinimumMaximum
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PUMPER System
• Continuous-Flow-Through System
• 4, 100 L reservoir tanks
• 4, 20 L header tanks
• 40, 2 L test chambers
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QuestionsWhat is the effect of sediment on the clearance rate (CR) of mussels?
What particle size do mussels clear most efficiently?
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No Sediment
• seston
Sediment• seston• algae
Elliptio complanata
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Mussel chambers
water
air
Inflow
Outflow
Middle
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Mean CR of unionids held for 29d on four different feeding treatments
Treatment CR (L/h) SE p-value
1 1.8 0.37 0.84 diet
2 2.3 0.37
3 2.0 0.36 0.53 day
4 1.7 0.45
1 = Seston 3 = 0.5 pt Seston/ 0.5 pt Algae2 = Seston,NO SUBSTRATE 4 = Algae
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1 2 30.88
1.08
1.28
1.48
1.68
1.88
Cle
aran
ce R
ate
(L/h
)
Species
1=A.ligmentina2= E. dilatata3= L. costata
Mean Clearance Rate of Mussels in the Allegheny River(Afternoon)
1.53
1.12 1.10
p=0.23 Spp0.50 Test
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CR #2CR #3
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Filtration Efficiency for Various Particle Sizes Over Time by Elliptio complanata
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Day
Rela
tive
Per
cent
(%)
2-3um3-4um4-6um6-10um10-15um
Oct.16, 2002 Dec. 12,2002
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Seston Concentration in the Brandywine River from June through December, 2001
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
8-Jun 28-Jul 16-Sep 5-Nov 25-Dec
Date
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
/mL
x 10
4 )
all 2 to 15
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Proportion of Particle Size Categories in the Brandywine River Seston Over Time
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
6.29.01 7.17.01 8.1.01 8.23.01 10.16.01 11.11.01 12.11.01
Relative Proportion
2 to 3 um3 to 4 um4 to 6 um6 to 10 um 10 to 15 um
Proportion of Large Particles Over Time
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
6.29.01 7.17.01 8.1.01 8.23.01 10.16.01 11.11.01 12.11.01
Date
Relative
Pro
portion
6 to 10 um 10 to 15 um
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QUALITY
• Successful growth and development of cultured species depends to a large extent on the nutritional value of the feed provided.
• If quantity does not limit growth, then quality is of increased importance in maintaining health of captive animals.
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Dietary Protein
• Critical for maintaining condition and breeding success of cichlid fishes.
• Very important to marine mussels undergoing reproductive development(Kreeger 1993).
• Greatest effect on growth in juvenile hard clams; however, lipid had to be sufficient to support rapid growth.
• Important for tissue growth and maintenance in adults (Hawkins and Bayne 1991).
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Dietary Carbohydrate
• Primary energy source for adults – immediate use in respiration– long-term storage as fuel for over-
wintering and subsequent gametogenesis.
– glycogen ~ 40-50% of CHO.• Energy source for juveniles, however,
– High CHO diet was of little use to juvenile oysters and adult mussels when protein became limiting.
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Dietary Lipids• Bivalves have limited abilities in
– FA elongation to UFA – Synthesis of cholesterol.
• Dietary requirement for sterols and fats -PUFA’s.
• Synthesis, transport, and regulation of hormones.
• Membrane function . • Energy storage compounds - triglycerides.
– Important for developing larvae and growing juveniles.
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New River, Hinton, VA
Allegheny River, Foxburg, PABrandywine River, PA
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• 30 mussels / sp. /sample in Allegheny & Brandywine R. , 1 year.
• 6 mussels/sp./sample in New R., 2 y.
Sampling Periods
SUMMER FALL
SPRING
Kreeger and Langdon, 1993
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Breeding Strategies• Short-term:
– spawn April-May, – brood glochidia May-July,– release glochidia Jun-Aug.
• Long-term: – spawn July, – brood glochidia Sep-April, – release glochidia April-Jun.
Ambleminae: Elliptio complanata,
E. dilatata, Cyclonaias tubercultata
Anodontinae, Lasmigona costata Lampsilinae, Actinonaias ligamentina
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Seasonal variation in energy substrates:long vs. short term brooders
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
May Jun Jul Sep Nov Dec April
% d
ry w
t.
A. lig. NR1A. lig. NR2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
May Jun Jul Sep Nov Dec April
% d
ry w
t.
A. lig. NR 01A. lig NR 02
Carbohydrate LipidsNew River, VA
= spawning = Onset of Gametogenesis
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
May Jun Jul Sep Nov Dec April
% d
ry w
t.
C. tub. NR 01C. Tub NR 02
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
May Jun Jul Sep Nov Dec April
% d
ry w
t.
C. tub. NR1C. tub. NR2
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Seasonal variation in energy substrates:short term brooders
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
May Jun Jul Sep Nov Dec April
% d
ry w
t.
E. dil. E. com.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
May Jun Jul Sep Nov Dec April
% dry wt.
C. tub. NR1 C. tub. NR2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
May Jun Jul Sep Nov Dec April
% d
ry w
t.
C. tub. NR 01 C. Tub NR 02
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
May Jun Jul Sep Nov Dec April
% d
ry w
t.
E. dil. E. com.
Carbohydrate LipidsNew River, VA
PA Rivers., PA= Gametogenesis initiated=spawning
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Seasonal variation in lipid
and protein content:
long term brooders, New
River
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
May Jun Jul Sep Nov Dec April
% d
ry w
t.
A. lig. NR 01 A lig. NR 02
= spawning = Onset of Gametogenesis
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
May Jun Jul Sep Nov Dec April
% d
ry w
t.
A. lig. NR1 A. lig. NR2
Protein
Lipid
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
May Jun Jul Sep Nov Dec April
% d
ry w
t.
L. cos. A. lig.
NO G 1 G ALL G
Few G NO G ALL G
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Mean Absorption Efficiency (%): Mussels fed natural river seston.
• A. ligamentina = 60.0 + 5.0
• E. dilatata = 63.0 + 4.0
• L. costata = 66.5 + 4.0
• p=0.5• E. complanata
= 75 + 7.8
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DiscussionDiscussion• Seasonal timing and relative changes in BIOCHEM
different between River systems. – Protein and lipid varied more than carbohydrate in mussels from
the Allegheny River.– CHO may play a role in over-wintering conditioning in mussels in
the New R. Whereas, lipids may play a more seasonal role in over-wntering, as well as gametogenesis and spawning in the New R.
• Lipid and PRO showed similar seasonal trends.– Increased in Fall - onset of gametogenesis, Declined in
winter- quiessence, Increase in spring followed by sharp decline post- spawning.
• As lipid (and protein) increased, CHO decreased. • Long-term brooders may be considered dabblers.
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ConclusionsConclusions• Until empirical data become available, a diet high in
protein and lipid is recommended for all mussels, especially in the Fall.
• Carbohydrates, however, should not be ignored. Indeed, carbohydrate may be linked to late summer conditioning in some short-term brooders.
• We recommend the following diet for captive freshwater mussel: ~10-15% carbohydrate, ~20-40% protein, ~30% lipid, and ash ~ 20%.
• Focus on identifying seasonal patterns to enable the development of “smart” diets that will maintain fitness of brood stock and the progeny.
• Consider base feeding level of 1-1.5 mg/L or 20, 000 c/mL.
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Challenges to Propagation:Fish Host
What is it?How do we hold it? How do we
maintain disease-free brood stock stations?
Other contamination issues?
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Challenges to ReintroductionGenetics!!!
Source Population.Where and which source population.Is it really a species?
Lexingtonia subplana, Virginia pigtoe.Occurs only in VA . . .hmmmm.
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Challenges to Reintroduction:
Who Wants An Endangered Species?…. in their backyard ….
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The Juggling Act
• Begin setting the stage –– ES-USFWS, State, others …
• Identify species in need.• Identify Interest Groups . . .
and priorities.• Identify reintroduction sites.• Identify source populations.• On the ground working with
the public. . . . OUTREACH.
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Juvenile MusselJuvenile Survival Bottleneck
Challenge . . .
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OPPORTUNITIES• CLEAN WATER!
- Restore mussels = Restore streams.
- Species Preservation and Restoration• National Collaborations - Regions.• International Collaboration.• NGO Conservation Partnerships .
–Raise Public Awareness.
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OPPORTUNITIES• National and International
Collaboration.– Margaritifera falcata - Species of
concern. Disappearing at alarming rates on the west coast.
– Margaritifera margaratifera -Disappearing at alarming rates throughout Europe. Ireland, Scotland interested in propagation.
– Cumberlandia monodonta –Threatened. Mississippi drainage.
– Margaritifera auricularia – was presumed extinct; population found in Spain; propagation program developing.
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Propagation: population augmentation and species preservationSalvage and Refugia: adult holding and maintaining brood stock.
WSSNFH
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Algae Culture Systems
Imperiled Species Aquaculture Center
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Algae Building“Greenhouse”
Environmental Control Building
Mussel Building
WetLab
ComputerLab
Adult Mussel Sytstems
pumps
JuvenileSystems
Fish Host Aquaria
Algal Feed Pipe
Wild Fish Building
Native Fish RestorationHost Fish
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Bunkbeds for BivalvesFreshwater Mussel Culture System
Longitudinal View Head Tank
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Bivalve Bunkbeds: Down Stream Cross View of
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Inflow pipe Inflow pipe
Paddle-wheelaerator
Pump
Discharge pipeDischarge pipe
Aerator
Reservoir (pond B1) Raceway (pond B2)
Pump
water
water
Stop boards Stop boards
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Jun'01
Sep'01
Nov'01
Jan'02
Apr'02
Jun'02
Aug'02
Oct'02
Jan'03
Apr'03
Jun'03
Sample Date
Gly
coge
n (m
g/g
dry
wei
ght)
RiverRelocated 8/01Relocated 8/02
Glycogen results
* *
Actinonaias ligamentina
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Future Opportunities - Applied
• Biomonitoring• Salvage and Refuge
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Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) elkensis460 turtles harvested in 2000 to over 23,000 harvested in 2002
Cheat MountainSalamanderPlethodonnettingi
The Future > Conservation Aquaculture for the Recovery of Endangered and Imperiled Species
(CARES)
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Sustainable Aquaculture OpportunitiesInternational Food
Trade - Turtles Freshwater Pearl Industry
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SummarySummary• Where present, mussels likely perform
ecological services that are key to maintaining water quality and ecosystem stability.
• Culture and propagation of endangered species may be the last hope for reversing the current downward trend in diversity and abundance of aquatic species and aquatic habitats.
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Healthy Mussels = Healthy Streams = Healthy Fish = Healthy
Economy =Healthy People.
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements• Mussel Mitigation Trust Fund.• American Zoological and Aquarium
Association.• Academy of Natural Sciences. • United States Fish and Wildlife Service.• Biological Resources Division, USGS.• Virginia Tech.
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11
2277
1919
3535
77551111
2121
38381313
77
77
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Effect of Substrate on Clearance Rates Over Time When Ration Effect Removed
MANOVAp=0.64, treat
0.62, day3.1 (L/h)
3.1 (L/h)
Particles over 20,000
1 2
Substrate
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
2.4
log
(Cle
aran
ce ra
te)
Substrate
log
(Cle
aran
ce ra
te)
1 2-0.31
-0.11
0.09
0.29
0.49
1.9 (L/h)
1.4 (L/h)
MANOVA
p=0.22, treat
0.78, day
Particles under 20,000Particles over 20,000
3.1 (L/h)
MANOVA
p=0.64, treat
0.62, day