LIFE ISLIFE IS CELLULARCELLULAR

LIFE CAN BE FOUND IN THE FORM

• SINGLE CELL ORGANISM

• MULTI-CELL ORGANISM

HOW DID WE FIND OUT ABOUT THE CELL?

ROBERT HOOKE-1665-First light microscope- Cork made of “cells”

ANTON VAN LEEUVENHOEK- 1676

Used simple microscope to observe living organisms in water

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN- 1838

Plants made of cells

THEODOR SCHWANN- 1839

• Animals made of cells

• Schwann cells cover axon of nerve cell

RUDOLPH VIRCHOW- 1855

• Cells come from existing cells

JANET PLOWE- 1931

NO PICTURE FOUND

• Cell membrane is a defined physical structure

Lynn Margoulis- 1970

• Some organelles inside cells used to be independent organisms.

Review: Biologists and Their Discoveries That Led to The Cell Theory

Robert Hooke

Anton van Leeuvenhoek

Matthias Schleiden

Theodor Schwann

Rudolph Virchow

Janet Plowe

Lynn Margoulis

• First light microscope, cork made of “cells”

• Simple microscope, living organisms in water

• Plants made of cells

• Animals made of cells

• Cells come from existing cells

• Cell membrane is physical structure• Some organelles inside cells used to

be independent organisms.

What is the Cell Theory?

Three Main Components:• All living things are composed of cells.• Cells are the basic units of structure and

function in living things.• New cells are produced from existing cells.

Is It current?YES

TWO CATAGORIES FOR DISTINGUISHING CELL TYPE

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

PROKARYOTE• Smaller and simpler• Have cell membrane and

cytoplasm• No nuclei• But, contain DNA within

cytoplasm• Contain ribosomes• All bacteria are prokaryotes• All singled-celled• They grow, reproduce,

respond to change• Some move

EUKARYOTE• Vary in shape, some large • Have cell membrane and

cytoplasm• Have nuclei and many

other organelles (ribosome)

• Some single-celled beings• Many multi-celled beings• All plants, animals, fungi,

and many microorganisms are eukaryotes

• They grow, reproduce, respond to change

CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

Cell WallLocation?Outer most boundary in plant, bacteria and fungi cells*Not found in animal cells.

Function?• Provides support and protection for the cell•Helps maintain cell shape

Cell MembraneLocation?•Outer boundary of animal and protist cells. Outer edge of cytoplasm.Function?•Regulates what enters and exits the cell•Supports cell structures and provides strong barrier between cell and surroundings.Construction?•Lipid bilayer, also containing proteins and carbohydrates•Can be found in animal and plant cells.

NucleusLocation?•In all cells but bacteria cells•Often most prominent structure in center of cell

Function?•Controls cell processes•Stores hereditary information in DNA•Codes for protein synthesis and other important molecules (making of proteins most important role of cell)•Can be found in animal and plant cells.

Binuclear, Binucleate, and Multinucleate Cells

Some cells have morethan one nucleus. Examples:Cells that destroy boneSome liver cellsSkeletal muscle cells

Nuclear EnvelopeLocation?•Surrounds nucleusFunction?•Double membrane layer that contains pores which allow material to move into and out of the nucleus•Steady stream of RNA and other info-carrying molecules to the rest of the cell•Can be found in animal and plant cells.

ChromatinLocation?•Most of the time it is spread throughout the nucleus

Function?•Granular in structure, it contains DNA that control cell activities and protein synthesis. This DNA is bound to protein. •Pass genetic info from one generation to the next•Can be found in animal and plant cells.

Chromosomes

Location?•Inside and throughout the nucleus•Seen during cell division

Description?Chromatin condenses into threads to form Chromosomes

Function?•Contains DNA that control cell activities and protein synthesis•Pass genetic info from one generation to the next•Can be found in animal and plant cells.

NucleolusLocation?•Dark spherical mass inside the nucleus

Function?•Assembly of ribosomes begin here•Can be found in animal and plant cells.

CytoplasmLocation?•Material inside the cell membrane but not including the nucleus. •Contains many structures called organelles•Some cells may contain cytoskeleton

Function?•Establishes living condition to supply and transport materials for cell activities•Can be found in animal and plant cells.

• Organelles act as if they are specialized organs so the name organelle literally means “little organs”.

Cytoskeleton

Location?•Extending from nucleus to cell membrane in some cells•Found mainly in animal cells

Description?•Made up of protein filaments called microtubules and microfilaments

Function?•Helps cell maintain shape and involved in many forms of cell movement

CentriolesLocation?•Paired structures just outside the nuclear envelope in the cytoplasm•Only in animal cellsFunction?•During cell division, centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus •Help organize the spindle that separate the chromosomes

Cilia & FlagellaLocation?•Both extend from the surface of the cell

Description?Cilia – numerous, short, hair-like projectionsFlagella- one or two, longer whip-like structures

Function?Both used to propel individual cells through environment•Found only on animal cells.

Cilia

Flagella

Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)Location?•Extend from nuclear envelop to cell membraneDescription?Rough E.R. – contain ribosomesSmooth E.R. – do not contain ribosomesFunction?•Transport materials•Rough E.R. modify proteins for secretion•Smooth E.R. contains enzymes that make lipids for the membrane and detoxify drugs•Can be found in animal and plant cells.

RibosomeLocation?•In nucleus, cytoplasm, and Rough E.R.

Function?•Produce proteins following coded instruction that come from the nucleus. They are made of RNA and protein. •Can be found in animal and plant cells.

Golgi ApparatusLocation?•Near E.R. and nucleus

Function?•Stack of membranes that accept proteins produced by the rough E.R.•Contain enzymes that attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins (“package proteins”)•Proteins then sent to final destinations•It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the rough ER.•Can be found in animal and plant cells.

LysosomeLocation?•Throughout the cytoplasm of the cell•Rare in plant cells•Mainly found in animal cells, some plants cells store digestive enzymes in vacuoles.

Function?•Small organelles filled with enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell.•Also a “cell cleaner” to break down old organelles that have outlived their usefulness and dead pathogens. •Lysosomes remove “junk” that might other wise accumulate and clutter up the cell.•A number of serious human diseases, including Tay-Sachs disease, can be traced to lysosomes that fail to function properly.

© 2003 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

•Location?•Throughout the cytoplasm of the cell•Function?•Small organelles that secrete material from the cell. Cell secretions such as hormones and neurotransmitters, are packaged in secretory vesicles at the Golgi apparatus. The secretory vesicles are then transported to the cell surface for release. •They are transport for cellular products.•Mainly found in animal cells

Secretory vesicle

Plant VacuoleLocation?•Saclike structure in the cytoplasmDescription?Plant cells – Single, large central vacuoleFunction? •Store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates•Pressure in plant vacuole aid in support of plant cell and help support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers (lack of water – wilting)

VacuolesLocation?•Saclike structures in the cytoplasmDescription?Animal & Protists – Small, multiple vacuolesFunction? •Store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates•Remove excess water from cell (contractile vacuole)

ChloroplastsLocation?•Found in cytoplasm of plants, some protists and bacteria

Function?•Use energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules (glucose). •The name of this process? Photosynthesis

Note: Chloroplasts contain some of their own genetic info or DNA that is essential to the function of the chloroplast.Only found in plant cells.

MitochondriaLocation?•Throughout the cytoplasm•More numerous in cells that have high energy requirements.Function?•Organelles that release energy in the form of ATP from stored food molecules (glucose)•The name of this process? Cellular RespirationNote: Mitochondria contain some of their own genetic info or DNA that is essential to the function of the mitochondrion.*They are the ‘power house’ of the cell.•Can be found in animal and plant cells.

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plant Mitochondria

Human Liver Cell Mitochondria

Cell song

• If you learn the cell song that I give you and sing it to the class by next Friday you will get a free 100 that will be the same as a prefix quiz (which is a test grade).

• You can partner up but you both have to sing the entire song to get the full 100.

• You can put it to any tune as long as it is appropriate.

Review: Cell Structures and FunctionsA.  Cell Membrane

B.  Centriole

C.  Chromosomes (DNA)

D.  ER (rough)

E.  ER (smooth)

F.  Golgi apparatus

G.  Mitochondrion

H.  Nucleus

I.   Nucleolus

J.  Ribosomes

K. Specialized Vesicle, a Lysosome

M.  Vesicle/Vacuole

Cell Quiz Answer Key1. E Smooth E.R.2. J Ribosome3. D Rough E.R.4. K Lysosome (Special vesicle)5. M Vesicle/Vacuole6. C Chromosome7. H Nucleus8. I Nucleolus9. E Smooth E.R.10. A Cell Membrane11. B Centriole12. F Golgi Apparatus13. G Mitochondrion14. M Vesicle/Vacuole

Recognition is given to the following URL addresses where the

images in this PowerPoint were found.• Plant cell : http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/plantcellwall.jpg• Cell phone image: http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/1354686/2/istockphoto_1354686_cell_phone_vector.jpg• Mass quantities of cell phones: http://www.textually.org/textually/archives/images/set1/cell_phones.gif• Moving amoeba: http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/plantcellwall.jpg&imgrefurl

=http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm&h=267&w=216&sz=20&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=P6TrdXiIXUDwGM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=91&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplant%2Bcells%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

• Frog: http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/NIM/AF581~Frog-Posters.jpg • Hooke: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Hooke.html• Hooke’s microscope: http://www.arsmachina.com/images/hooke.jpg• Hooke’s cork: http://askabiologist.asu.edu/research/buildingblocks/images/hookecorkS.jpg• Leeuvenhoek: http://www.zin.ru/Animalia/Coleoptera/images/leeuvenh.jpg• Leeuvenhoek’s pond organisms: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/dropnewc2.jpg• Schleiden: http://www.gavagai.de/philosoph/IMAGES/schleiden.jpg• Schleiden plant cell: http://www.moe.gov.sg/edumall/tl/digital_resources/biology/images/HydrillaVerticillata.jpg• Schwann: http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/scitech/HStheodo.jpg• Schwann cell diagram: http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/nervoussystem/celltypes/menu/image.gif• Virchow: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/hst/scientific-identity/fullsize/SIL14-V002-11a.jpg• Virchow mitosis: http://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/genetics/mitosis.gif• Cell looks like me cartoon: http://www.cs.hmc.edu/~rmcknigh/projects/bio52-project3/cartoon.gif• Cell membrane Janet Plowe: http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/programs/reflect/rp/biology/cell_membrane_p2.jpg

Recognition continued:

• Female: http://www.health-safety-signs.uk.com/productimages/Acrylic-female-toilet-symbol-sign.gif• Paramecium: http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl

=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~biol240/labs/lab_06protists/media/paramecium.jpg&imgrefurl=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~biol240/labs/lab_06protists/pages/paramecium.html&h=540&w=352&sz=17&hl=en&start=22&tbnid=5_My1Mkfovm_wM:&tbnh=132&tbnw=86&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dparamecium%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

• Prokaryotic cell: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg• Bacteria cell wall: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2002/prok.jpg• Cell Wall: http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2164.jpg• Animated Cell Parts Intro: http://www.wacona.com/promote/cells/cellani.gif• Cell membrane channel proteins: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/1/10/Cell-membrane-electrochemical.PNG• Cell diagram: http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za/tutorial/mcb3011s/virusentanimal_files/cell400.jpg• Cell nucleus: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/cell_nucleus.jpg• Cell nucleus: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/cell_nucleus.jpg• Nuclear envelope: http://www.ualr.edu/botany/nucleus.jpeg• Resting cell actual mitosis: http://www.molecularexpressions.com/micro/gallery/mitosis/resting.jpg• Cell Chromosomes: http://www.flickr.com/photos/flteach/4850119/• Nucleolus (actual): http://www.daviddarling.info/images/nucleolus.gif• Cytoplasm diagram: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/cellcytoplasm.jpg• Microtubules and microfilaments: http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/images/00016767.jpg• Centrioles actual: http://www.gen.cam.ac.uk/Research/Glover/images/SAK.jpg• Centrioles: http://sun.menloschool.org/~birchler/cells/animals/centriole/centriole2.jpg• Cilia and flagella together good: http://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/bio103/IMAGES/fg05_17a.jpg• Smooth and rough e.r. diagram: http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/cell.gif• Smooth and rough e.r. only diagram: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/endoplasmic_reticulum.jpg• Smooth and rough e.r. actual: http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/SER1.jpg&imgrefurl=

http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/ser.htm&h=380&w=600&sz=51&hl=en&start=50&um=1&tbnid=l2zZTQ_k-366OM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dendoplasmic%2Breticulum%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

Recognition continued:

• Ribosome protein syn diagram: http://anthro.palomar.edu/biobasis/images/protein_synthesis_at_ribosomes.gif• Ribosome and Cell: http://members.aol.com/dcaronejr/ezmed/cell.jpg• Golgi diagram: http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/chem/midden/MITBCT/cb/org/golgi.gif• Golgi actual: http://z.about.com/d/biology/1/0/P/1/golgi.jpg• Lysosome diagram good: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=8038&rendTypeId=4• Plant vacuole diagram: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/c7.6.15.Vacuole.jpg• Vacuole contractile: http://www.chadevans.co.uk/asite/Alevel/u02/ln/protozoa2_files/image002.jpg• Vacuoles actual: http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/McGrawHill/Encyclopedia/images/CE725300FG0010.gif• Wilted plant: http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/04/85/23208504.jpg• Phagocyte vacuoles: http://www.academic.marist.edu/~jzmz/topics/bloodsmears/bloodsmears16.jpg• Chromatin is DNA wound tightly: http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/kfield/organelles/organelleimages/chromatin.gif• Plant cell diagram: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/images/plantcell.jpg• Mitochondria complete: http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image110.gif• Mitochondria in actual plant cell: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Plant_Cell/Elodea/Mitochondria_MC_.jpg• Mitochondria actual: http://www.etsu.edu/biology/symbiosis/mitochondria.jpg• Cell Quiz : http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DCell%2BQuiz%26ei

%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-390%26x%3Dwrt&w=336&h=452&imgurl=www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu%2F%7Ejbradley%2FAnCell.JPG&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mansfield.ohio-state.edu%2F%7Ejbradley%2FAnimalCellQ.html&size=135kB&name=AnCell.JPG&p=Cell+Quiz&type=jpeg&no=8&tt=759&oid=dcd9166b78d4a1f8&ei=UTF-8

• Can be found in animal and plant cells.• Can be found in animal and plant cells.• Can be found in animal and plant cells.• Can be found in animal and plant cells.• Can be found in animal and plant cells.• Can be found in animal and plant cells.• Can be found in animal and plant cells.• Can be found in animal and plant cells.• Can be found in animal and plant cells.• Can be found in animal and plant cells.

• These are usually larger in plant cells than they are in animal cells.

• Mainly found in animal cells, some plants cells store digestive enzymes in vacuoles.

• Only found in plant cells.• Found only on animal cells.• Found only in animal cells.• Found in plant, some fungi and some protist cells.