Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria...
Transcript of Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria...
![Page 1: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ERF
Life in the soil
Sultan Ahmed IsmailEcoscience Research Foundation, Chennai
![Page 2: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ERF
general proportion of components in a healthy soil
![Page 3: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ERF
Soil
Mineralparticles
OM 5-10%
Soil organic matter
Stable organic matter (humus)
Active fraction 10-30%
Soil microbial biomass
Fungi 50%
Bacteria &Actinomycetes30% Fauna 10%
Yeast,algae,protozoa,nematodes10%
Active organic fraction
ReadilydecomposableSOM,plant litter& roots, deadorganisms
Living organisms20-40%
![Page 4: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ERF
SOIL BIOTAViruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids
Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients
Fungi convert woody substances to digestable compounds
Amoebae prey on bacteria and fungi
Nematodes hunt on amoebae, attack roots, eat fungi
Arthropods (collembolans, mites, etc) eat all of above
Earthworms eat soil & leaf litter, drilospheres, bury litter
SOIL is a living organism?
![Page 5: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ERF
leaf and litter
![Page 6: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ERF
Mites
organisms in the soil
![Page 7: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ERF
springtails
organisms in the soil
![Page 8: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ERF
Pseudoscorpion
organisms in the soil
![Page 9: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ERF
Microarthropods in general
organisms in the soil
![Page 10: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
ERF
Soil organisms
insects
![Page 11: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ERF
Soil organisms
ants
![Page 12: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ERF
Millipedes
Soil organisms
![Page 13: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ERF
Termites
Soil organisms
![Page 14: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ERF
Fungi
Soil organisms
![Page 15: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ERF
Root nodules: symbiosis
Soil organisms
for nitrogen fixation. that’s why we use green manure plants
![Page 16: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ERF
Importance of animals in agriculture
![Page 17: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ERF
biogas slurry in agriculture promotes soil life
![Page 18: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ERF
tractors can cause soil compaction
![Page 19: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ERF
Soil compaction can affect plant growth
![Page 20: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ERF
impact of heavy chemical inputs and no mulch on soil
![Page 21: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ERF
burning of agro-waste on fields destroys microbes
![Page 22: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ERF
Soil fertility Vs
Importance to:Physical &Chemical parameters
Soil health
Importance to:Physical,Chemical &Biologicalparameters
![Page 23: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ERF The Star Concept of composting
Temperature
Oxygen
MoistureShred &Homogenize
C : N ratio
![Page 24: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ERF
Aerobic compostexample: NADEP
![Page 25: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ERF
Anaerobic digestion:example: Biogas
![Page 26: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ERF
Vermitech
the science of earthworm biotechnology
![Page 27: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ERF
an earthworm
clitellum
![Page 28: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ERF
Epigeic (surface)Perionyx excavatus
Anecic (sub-surface)“vertical burrower”Lampito mauritii
Endogeic (inside soil)“horizontal burrower”Octochaetona thurstoni
Earthwormsecological strategies
![Page 29: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
ERF
Perionyx excavatus: epigeic Lampito mauritii: anecic
Octochaetona thurstoni: endogeic
![Page 30: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
ERF
two earthworms mating
![Page 31: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ERF
Cocoons of different species of earthworms
![Page 32: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
ERF
Indian surface dweller
![Page 33: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ERF
Eudrilus eugeniae
exotic surface dweller
![Page 34: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
ERF
Eisenia fetida
exotic surface dweller
![Page 35: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
ERF
BIODUNG composting
for PRE-DIGESTION
ERF
![Page 36: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
ERF
BIODUNG composting
set up
![Page 37: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ERF
BIODUNG composting
set up loosely covered with polythene sheet
![Page 38: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
ERF
BIODUNG composting
heap temperature in 5 days
![Page 39: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
ERF
Steam during turning over in 10 to 15 days
steam
BIODUNG composting
![Page 40: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
ERF
BIODUNG composting
heap reduces in size in about 30 days
![Page 41: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
ERF
BIODUNG composting
BIODUNG compost after 30 to 45 days to be used for vermicomposting
![Page 42: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
ERF
Vermicomposting of the material in a tank
![Page 43: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ERF
Screening before packing for the market.
Need not be screened for self usage.
![Page 44: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
ERF
Vermicompost
![Page 45: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
ERF
ammonifiers
nitrifiersPriscilla, 2006
Earthworms in-situ or through vermicompost contribute important microbes and nutrients to the soil
![Page 46: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
ERF
Phosphate-solubilising bacteria
Priscilla, 2006
Earthworms in-situ or through vermicompost contribute important microbes and nutrients to the soil
![Page 47: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
ERF
Sulfur bacteria
Priscilla, 2006
Earthworms in-situ or through vermicompost contribute important microbes and nutrients to the soil
![Page 48: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
ERF
Fungal colonies from compost
Priscilla, 2006
Earthworms in-situ or through vermicompost contribute important microbes and nutrients to the soil
![Page 49: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
ERF
• Absidia sp.
b. Rhizopus stolonifer
c. Yeast
d. Aspergillus flavus
e. A. fumigatus
Priscilla, 2006
Earthworms in-situ or through vermicompost contribute important microbes and nutrients to the soil
![Page 50: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
ERF
• Aspergillus flavipes
b. A. nidulans
c. A. niger
d. A. ochraceus
e. A. tamarii
Priscilla, 2006
Earthworms in-situ or through vermicompost contribute important microbes and nutrients to the soil
![Page 51: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
ERF
• Chrysosporium pannorum
b. Dreschslera australiensis
c. Emericella nidulans d. Fusarium oxysporumPriscilla, 2006
Earthworms in-situ or through vermicompost contribute important microbes and nutrients to the soil
![Page 52: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
ERF
• Monilia sitophila;
• Penicillium citrinum;
• P. oxalicum ;
• Mucor racemosus
• Trichoderma viride
Priscilla, 2006
Earthworms in-situ or through vermicompost contribute important microbes and nutrients to the soil
![Page 53: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
ERF
Thermophilic fungal colonies from compost
Priscilla, 2006
Earthworms in-situ or through vermicompost contribute important microbes and nutrients to the soil
![Page 54: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
ERF
a. Algae from Biodung and Vermicompost
b. Cladophora sp. from vermicompost
c. Algal cultures from various stages of composting
Priscilla, 2006
Earthworms in-situ or through vermicompost contribute important microbes and nutrients to the soil
![Page 55: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
ERF
a. Oscillatoria sp. b. Anabaena anomala
c. Anabaena ambigua d. Arthrospira spPriscilla, 2006
Earthworms in-situ or through vermicompost contribute important microbes and nutrients to the soil
![Page 56: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
ERF
• Westiellopsis prolifiea; b. Nostoc sp; c. Protococcus sp; d. Cladophora sp ; e. Schizothrix sp;
f. Chaetonema sp ; g. Stigonema sp.
Priscilla, 2006
Earthworms in-situ or through vermicompost contribute important microbes and nutrients to the soil
![Page 57: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
ERF
Summary
vermicompost
![Page 58: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
ERF
control P. excavatus
E. eugeniae L. mauritiiDhakshayani, 2007
Biodynamic chromatography
Biodynamic chromatograms of vermicompost
from different species of earthworms
![Page 59: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
ERF
P. excavatus and L. mauritii Dhakshayani, 2007
Biodynamic chromatograms of vermicompost
from local earthworms (vermitech)
![Page 60: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
ERF
Madhu Ramakrishnan, Pollachi
in-situ composting improves soil health
![Page 61: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
ERF
Earthworm burrows in the soil. These are called DRILOSPHERES
![Page 62: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
ERF
You decide Your model
Application ofdrilospheres in the
production ofvermiwash
![Page 63: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
ERF
chooseyour
model
![Page 64: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
ERF
In case you prepare a liquid fertiliser you can try its efficiency by this simple experiment. Please observe the root growth
C: ControlV: VermiwashE: EMP: Panchagavyaand their combinations
![Page 65: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
ERF
Simple compost units
vermicompostat Santosh Farms
compost at Aurobindo Ashram
![Page 66: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
ERF
SoilSolution
Organicmatter
SoilOrganisms
CationExchange
SurfaceAdsorption
SoilMinerals
how do plants take theirnutrients
![Page 67: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
ERF
when it rains and you hold an umbrella…
Where does the water fall???
![Page 68: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
ERF
the compost and manure should be fed in the soil where the canopy ends.
![Page 69: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
ERF
observe your GOAT scientist on the farm
A goat eats several varieties of plantsthe plants it does not eat have pest repellant properties
![Page 70: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
ERF
andprepare
adecoction
![Page 71: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
ERF
Bioremediation4½ years
![Page 72: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
ERF
Cattle: exceptionally good for organic farmingand improving soil health
Gowshala, Gurukal, Kurukshetra
![Page 73: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
ERF
nutrimixmix washings from cattle shed with irrigation water
improves life in the soil magnificently
![Page 74: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
ERF
or allow water from fish ponds to mix with irrigation water
![Page 75: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
ERF
with just a bottle and waterdetermine how good your soil is
![Page 76: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
ERF
some recommended compositions.applications of these
do not affect life in the soil,they in fact improve soil health
![Page 77: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
ERF
Panchakavya
• Biogas slurry or cow dung 5 kg• Cow’s urine 3 litres• Cow’s milk 2 litres• Curd from cow’s milk 2 litres• Ghee from cow’s butter 1 litres
• Sugarcane juice 3 litres• Tender coconut water 3 litres• Banana 12 numbers
First mix cow dung with ghee and small quantity of cow’s urine. Leave this for 3 days. place this in a broad mouthed mud pot and add the remaining ingredients. Mix well by hand and without closing with lid keep in shade. Daily morning and evening mix well by hand. In about 10 days panchakavya will be ready. If you mix it daily with hand or witha wooden ladle it would keep well for a month.
lactobacillus
Source: Dr Natarajan
![Page 78: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
ERF
FARMER’S EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISM (FEM)
PREPARATION :
Cut the vegetables into small pieces. Transfer these pieces into a clean plastic container. Mix jaggery in 10 liters of non chlorinated water till it dissolves well and add the eggs to it . Mix all the contents. Close the container with air tight lid. Open lid after 10 days to release the air. Mix well again. Keep the set up closed for 45 days.
COLLECTION OF FEM :
After 45 days there will be three layers in the container. The upper thin layer is in white color which indicates successive fermentation. The middle layer will be pure brown coloured liquid and the lower layer will be the semi solid formed by the dissolved vegetables. Open the tap fixed at the bottom of the container to collect the semi solid portion in one container. The upper and middle portions are collected in another container.
APPLICATIONS OF FEM :
2% to 5% concentration in water can be used as foliar spray on any crop.
It also acts as a weedicide if it is used with goat’s urine.
It may act as a pesticide if used after being fermented with neem, papaya & leaves.
NOTE : It can be easily prepared at home.
research beingworked by
M. ABDUL JALEEL
Ingredients Quantity Pumpkin 3 kg Banana 1 kg Papaya 3 kg Jaggery 3 kg Egg 5 numbers Non-chlorinated water 10 liters
Source: Gopalakrishnan
![Page 79: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
ERF
INGREDIENTS :
2. Goat dung (soaked in water overnight)
3. Goat urine (fresh)4. Green gram after grinding (soaked in water overnight)5. Goat Milk6. Curd from goat milk7. Banana (ripened)
8. Tender coconut water9. Fermented coconut water10. Sugarcane juice
PREPARATION:
Aattottam is prepared in a wide mouthed clean plastic container. Metal containers should be avoided. Fresh goat dung (soaked in water overnight) and goats urine are to be added into the container and mixed thoroughly. The other ingredients are then added one by one to the container and again mixed thoroughly. This is to be stirred twice a day in clockwise and anticlockwise directions. Aattottam stock solution is ready for use after 14 days. Keep in shade and cover with a thin cotton cloth to prevent insects from laying eggs and formation of maggots on the surface of the solution. The solution can be stored for a period of six months, provided it is stirred twice everyday. If the
solution is too thick to stir over time, water or tender coconut water can
be added in required quantities.
APPLICATION:
Apply 2% in water as spray during dawn or dusk on any crop.
The solution should be filtered properly before pouring into the hand sprayer. For best results, spray at the time of branching, before flowering and fruit setting.
• It provides excellent nutrients to the soil.
• It assists in plant growth and increases chlorophyll.• improves branching, leafing, flowering and fruiting,
• It is easy to prepare • Excellent plant growth promoter.
research beingworked by
M. A. IMRAN MUSTHAFA
AATTOTTAM
Source: Nammalwar
![Page 80: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
ERF
EGG LIME FORMULATION
Ingredients Quantity
EGG 10 nos
LIME 20 nos
JAGGERY 250 gm
PREPARATION :
Take about 20 lime and squeeze the juice into a container (bucket). Take about 250 gm of jaggery and
mix it well with the lime juice to form a solution. Place 10 eggs with their shells in the lime solution.
Close the container with an air tight lid and keep it in the shade for about 10 days. On the 10th day, the
eggs along with the shells inside the solution would have become rubbery like a rubber ball. Use your
hand to mix the egg along with the shells in the lime-jaggery solution and top it up with equal quantity
of jaggery solution (about 500 ml) to the lime-jaggery solution. Close the container tightly for about 10
days. After the 10th day the formulation is ready for use as a foliar and soil spray in agriculture field.
APPLICATION :
This formulation can be applied to crops such as paddy, wheat, banana, vegetables, greens, fruit trees
It helps in good plant growth.
It can also be mixed with Panchagavya and Vermiwash for better resultsresearch being
worked byS. NAGOOR MOHAIDEEN
Source: Gopalakrishnan
![Page 81: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
ERF
GUNAPASELAMINGREDIENTS :2. Fish waste 3. Native jaggery4. Clay pot5. Water PREPARATION:
Take a clean clay pot. of 10 litres capacity and fill with five liters of water. Add powdered native jaggery and stir well to dissolve in water. Then add fish waste and mix it thoroughly. Tie the mouth of the pot with a cotton cloth to prevent the entry of flies. Mix the pot every day by whirling the contents. After 14 days decant the liquid and use it as a organic liquid foliar spray.
APPLICATION: Apply 3% to 5% in water as spray during dawn or dusk on any crop.
• It provides excellent nutrients to the soil.• It assists in plant growth• In addition with other sprays it helps in control of root
grubs.• It is easy to prepare• Excellent plant tonic
research beingworked by
R. VINCENT
Source: Narayan Reddy
![Page 82: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
ERF
PREPARATION :Mix the neem cake, turmeric powder, coriander powder together. Soak the neem cake in water for 1 day, filter the extract of neem cake then spray.
Take a clean pot and put 1 liter of cow’s urine with 9 liters of water, crush the ginger, garlic, asafoetida and close the pot with a cloth & with lid, leave the set-up for about 15 days.
APPLICATION:Recommended to use along with Neem cake (2 kg), Turmeric powder (2 kg), Coriander powder (2 kg), Panchagavya (2 liter), Vermiwash (2 liter) and Gunapasela (1 liter). Spray the neem extract to both soil and plants. Spray ginger, garlic, coriander extract to plants only.
INGREDIENTS QUANTITYCow’s urine 1 literWater 9 liter Ginger 100 gmGarlic 100 gmAsafoetida 10 gm
BIO CONTROL OF WHITE GRUB’S To control the white grub in agriculture field
ginger garlic asafoetida
cow’s urine
research beingworked by
P. JEYAPRAKASH
water
0101
![Page 83: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
ERF
Cow’s urine 10 LCow dung 10 KgJaggery 02 KgPulse (any) flour 02 Kg Mix in 30 litres of water, ferment for 20 days till bubble formation cease. Now add 200 litres of water; mix well and spray on soil. This quantity is sufficient for one acre.
SOIL REJUVINATOR
Source: Pasumai Vikadan
![Page 84: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
ERF
Seed Treatment
180 litres water +20 litres cow’s urine
50 Kg dungin a jute bag
Suspend 50 kg dung in a jute bag in a barrel (250 litres barrel) containing 180 litres of water and 20 litres of cow’s urine. Leave for 20 days and mix regularly. Soak seeds in this liquid – duration depending on the thickness of seed coat. For example soak 3 to 4 hours for seeds with hard coat.
Source: Priti Joshi
![Page 85: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
ERF
Seed Treatment
Cow dung 10 KgCow’s urine 10 litres Mix these two with 20 Kg of termite soil / ant soil / soil from the shade of a big tree.
Mix all these into a paste and apply to about 60 to 100 kg of seed and air dry under shade, before sowing
Source: Priti Joshi
![Page 87: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
ERF
Josephine, JHamza Koya Mohsina Akhthar Anne Grace Isaac Seelam Chitralekha Hariharan Sosamma Oommen, K Geetha, K. S Radha, K.S Sundaravadivel, S Jagan Mohan Reddy, P Sabitha, V. R
Lalitha, R Abdullah Adil Ansari Prakasam, T Priscilla Jebakumari Thangaraj, RDhakshayani, CRamesh, K
Sultan Ahmed Ismail
Thevermi-team
![Page 88: Life in the soil - India Water Portal · 2013-04-12 · ERF SOIL BIOTA Viruses kill bacteria causing release of body fluids Bacteria chemical factories, convert wastes to nutrients](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022041708/5e4685bb3f1434310b02ab9c/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
ERF
Thank youwww.erfindia.org
Ecoscience Research Foundation3/621 East Coast Road, Palavakkam,Chennai 600041, India
+91-9384898358