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![Page 1: Life Impact The University of Adelaide Slide 0 Media Discipline Seminar Presentation 9 February 2011 “From Ivan to Osama: How Hollywood Cinematically Mediates.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfea1a28abf838cb72a5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Life Impact The University of Adelaide Slide 1
Media Discipline Seminar Presentation
9 February 2011
“From Ivan to Osama: How Hollywood Cinematically Mediates and Represents the Changing Nature of
Terrorism”
Presented by: Jay Reid, MPhil Candidate
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
TOPIC & OBJECTIVES
• How has popular culture responded to events such as 9/11?
• Terrorism as defining and daily part of life
• Popular culture serves as means of public education
• Interested in how terrorists are represented within the media, first encountered in honour dissertation (Reid & Cover, 2010)
Slide 2
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
HISTORY OF TERRORISM
• 3rd century BC – first mentioned by Greek philosophers
• 18th century – ‘Reign of Terror’ during French revolution
• 19th century - Italian, Russian and German groups
• Early 20th century – disappeared due to WWI & WWII
• (Fine, 2008; Pettiford & Harding, 2003: 31-40; Townshend, 2002: 60)
Slide 3
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
HISTORY OF TERRORISM
• 1940-1960 - Returned after WWII, desire for national independence, no religious motivation
• 1970’s – Rise of global terror movements, Munich Olympics
• 1980’s – Rise of suicide bombers, Air India Flight 182 & Pam An Flight 103 (Lockerbie)
• 1990’s – Religion not dominant motivation, rise of Osama bin Laden
• 2000’s – 9/11, Bali nightclub, London subway, Time Square
• (Fine, 2008; Pettiford & Harding, 2003: 55-145; Townshend, 2002: 96-111)
Slide 4
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
SIGNIFICANCE & CONTRIBUTION
• Terrorism not a new phenomena (Fine, 2008; Pettiford & Harding, 2003: 31-145; Townshend, 2002: 60-111)...
• ... though 9/11 has forever changed the world (Dixon, 2004: 2; Giroux, 2004: 9; Young, 2007: 44)
• Pop culture educates the public on trending topics, such as terrorism (Altheide, 2006: 420; Schack, 2009: 65-67; Schoop & Hill, 2009: 16-27)
• As films can shape public opinion we should examine how they re-educate audiences over time about the changing nature of terrorism and what inspires these changes
• Need for new approaches in post-9/11 world (Rich, 2004: 10)
Slide 5
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
LITERATURE REVIEW
• First study of its kind
• Previous studies only look at small segments of film
• Majority of literature is focused on only a few films
• Terrorists: Limited, IRA as new Communists
• Attacks: Little on changes over time
• Hero: Harrison Ford, race in The Siege
• Very little than spans pre- and post-9/11
Slide 6
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• H1: "The events of September 11, 2001, have changed the onscreen portrayal and behaviour of terrorists, moving away from post-World War II and post-Cold War inspired secular terrorists to contemporary Middle Eastern terrorists inspired by religion."
• RQ1: Ethnicity of terrorists over time
• RQ2: Terrorists as the ‘Other’
Slide 7
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• H2: "The nature of cinematic terrorist attacks has changed over time to reflect real world terrorist incidents."
• RQ3: Changes to means, methods & weapons
• RQ4: Presence or absence of religion
Slide 8
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• H3: "In order to respond to the changing nature of terrorists and the acts they carry out, the counter-terrorist hero has been forced to change over time."
• RQ5: The hero as a national representation
• RQ6: The shifting morality of the hero
Slide 9
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK & METHODOLOGY
• Stuart Hall – representation & the ‘Other’
• Edward Said – Oriental discourse
• Michel Foucault – surveillance, monitoring & docile bodies
• Create unique framework that binds these three theorists together
• Quantative & qualative approaches
Slide 10
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
PRE-9/11 FILMS
• Toy Soldiers (1991)
• Passenger 57 (1992)
• Patriot Games (1992) ♦
• Under Siege (1992)
• Demolition Man (1993)
• In The Name of the Father (1993)
• Speed (1994)
• True Lies (1994)
• Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995) ●
• GoldenEye (1995) ■
• Executive Decision (1996)
• The Rock (1996)
• Eraser (1996)
• Broken Arrow (1996)
• Mission Impossible I (1996) ▲
• Air Force One (1997)
• The Devil’s Own (1997)
• The Peacemaker (1997)
• Face/Off (1997)
• Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) ■
• The Siege (1998)
• Arlington Road (1999)
• The World Is Not Enough (1999) ■
• Mission Impossible II (2000) ▲
• Swordfish (2001)
Slide 11
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
POST-9/11 FILMS
• Collateral Damage (2002)
• The Sum of All Fears (2002) ♦
• Bad Company (2002)
• Die Another Day (2002) ■
• Homeland Security (2004)
• Syriana (2005)
• Flightplan (2005)
• Red Eye (2005)
• Munich (2005)
• United 93 (2006)
• World Trade Centre (2006)
• Mission Impossible III (2006) ▲
• Casino Royale (2006) ■
• Lions for Lambs (2007)
• The Kingdom (2007)
• Rendition (2007)
• Die Hard 4.0 (2007) ●
• Body of Lies (2008)
• Vantage Point (2008)
• Quantum of Solace (2008) ■
• From Paris With Love (2010)
• Salt (2010)
Slide 12
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
TIMELINE
Slide 13
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
REFENCES• Altheide, David (2006). "Terrorism and the Politics of Fear". Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies
6.4, 2006: 415-439.
• Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2004a). "Introduction: Something Lost - Films after 9/11". Film and Television
After 9/11. Ed: Dixon, Wheeler Winston. 2004: 1-28.
• Fine, Jonathan (2008). "Contrasting Secular and Religious Terrorism". Middle East Quarterly 15.1: 59-
69.
• Giroux, Henry (2004). "Terrorism and the fate of democracy after September 11". Cultural Studies ↔
Critical Methodologies 2.1, 2004: 9-14.
• Pettiford, Lloyd & Harding, David (2003). Terrorism: The New World War. Australia: Arcturus
Publishing.
• Reid, Jay & Cover, Rob (2010). "The Art of War Reporting: Theorising Contemporary Embedded
Journalism as Public Discourse". Reconstructions: Studies in Contemporary Culture 10.4.
• Rich, B. Ruby (2001). "Back to the future". The Nation 15 Oct. 2001: 44-45.
• Schack, Todd (2009). “Perpetual media wars: The cultural front in the War on Terror and Drugs”. The
War on Terror and American Popular Culture. Eds: Schopp, Andrew & Hill, Matthew. Cranbury:
Associated UP: 65-89.
• Schoop, Andrew & Hill, Matthew (2009). "Introduction: The curious knot." The War on Terror and
American Popular Culture. Eds: Schopp, Andrew & Hill, Matthew. Cranbury: Associated UP: 11-44.
• Townshend, Charles (2002). Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford UP.
• Young, Alison (2007). "Images in the Aftermath of Trauma: Responding to September 11th". Crime
Media Culture 3.1: 30-48. Slide 14
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
QUESTIONS & FEEDBACK
Slide 15