Parental care across the phyla

Fertilization

Growth

Adulthood

Sexual Reproduction

The production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process

Survival?

Litter size

Mortality rate

Dependent or independent

Adaptations

Distasteful

Harmful

Color changes

Provide nutritional needs for eggs

Incubator birds (Megapodiidae)

Solitary wasps

Mimicry

Protection

Mouthbreeders (fish)

Birds

Marsupials

Group Care (colonially breeding species)

Lions

Anis birds

Honey bees

Taxonomy

Kingdom - animal

Phylum - arthropod

Class - insect

Order - hymenoptera

Family - apidae

Genus - apis

Species – Apis mellifera

Colonial Queen Bee

Only female to mate Lays eggs

Decides whether to lay female or male eggs Live up to 5 years

Females (workers) Care for the larvae

Making wax Building the honeycomb

Guarding the hive Collecting pollen and nectar

Males (drones) Only purpose is to mate

Have to do no work

Taxonomy

Kingdom – animal

Phylum – chordata

Class – aves

Order – sphenisciformes

Family – spheniscidae

Number of species:

19 alive

40 extinct

Southern

Hemisphere

Isolated and

remote islands

Varying climates

from tropical to

artic

Mating

Egg Stage

Chick Stage

Adult Life

Monogamous

Annual breeding season

Female choses

Males find a nest site and attracts mate

Then they both engage in courtship

Then they mate

Most penguins put their eggs in nest that’s

called a clutch

Incubate eggs on top of their feet

The eggs are shaped so they roll in a circle

not a line

Can take 1 month to up to 66 days to hatch

One parent incubates while the other eats

Both parents feed their chick

Parents can recognize their

chick’s chirp

They keep the chick warm by

covering them with their brood

patch

A group of chicks or baby

penguins are called a crèches

This helps protect them against

other aggressive adults,

predators, and weather

A chick is dependent on their parents until it

can grow its waterproof feathers

Somewhere between 9 and 13 months

Sexual maturity is 3 to 8 years

Five being average

Depends on size of penguin

A good rule of thumb is the bigger the penguin the longer it takes for them to get together

One a remote subarctic island some fur seals have been found to be raping penguins. Scientist can only hypothesize the cause.

Taxonomy

Kingdom - animal

Phylum - chordata

Class - osteichthyes

Order - gasterosteiformes

Family - syngnathidae

Genus - hippocampus

There are 30-40 species known and many subspecies.

Life span is expected up to 4 years, usually full life span is not reached unless in captivity

They live in warm tropical and temperate waters, typically sheltered areas such as coral reefs and estuaries.

In winter weather they move to deeper waters to escape rough storms. They are inept swimmers and can die easily of exhaustion in stormy seas.

Seahorses pair for life, the female meets the male in his territory and they change colors as they near one another.

The male will loop around the female then they will spiral around an object.

They can do this daily ritual for up to an hour, then the female leaves and retreats to her territory.

The male and female territories overlap, the females is up to 1.4 meters squared while the males is 0.5 meters squared.

After several days of courtship (synchronized movements) an 8 hour “true courtship dance”

takes place. The male first pumps water through the egg

pouch on his trunk to expand and open up ensuring it is empty.

After the females eggs are mature she and her entangled partner release their anchor and spiral upwards drifting snout to snout. This takes place

for 6 minutes. The female will swim away until morning while

the male eats. The female inserts her ovipositor into the male’s

brood pouch and deposits dozens to thousands of eggs

The females body will slim down and the males body will swell after the initial courtship. (egg transfer.)

During fertilization in the brood pouch was found to be exposed for six seconds while egg admission occurred.

Seawater enters the pouch at this time and the hyperosmotic environment facilitates sperm activation and motility. This is technically external fertilization but it takes place in what's considered an internal environment.

Protected fertilization reduces sperm competition in males.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWDizBk3f3U

Notice: synchronization movements

Gestation lasts between 14 days to 30 days (species dependent)

Males supply Prolactin to the eggs, which is the hormone in mammals accountable for milk production.

The pouch is an incubator of controlled salinity and the male secretes nutrients through a yolk surrounding the embryos.

The brood pouch offers immunological assistance, gas exchange and waste removal.

During gestation the mate visits for morning “greetings” daily.

Between 100-1000 frys are expelled through muscular contractions.

Birth occurs at night, so by the next morning the male is ready for the next batch of eggs.

Immediately following birth they are left alone with no further interaction or nurturing from the parents.

Because of the delicate nature of these animals less that 0.5% make it to adulthood. This is why large litters are so important.

Even with such a low survival rate, it is higher than those of other fish because of the protected fertilization and gestation, and being they are not abandoned after birth.

The complete shift of sexual role reversal is a query researchers are trying to find an answer.

Because there constant high energy process is so costly in egg production (twice of that of the energy to bring eggs to term) it is thought that the male takes the eggs to let the female recoup.

It may also allow shorter birthing intermissions, allowing more offspring to be yielded.

It is not known why yet, but there are still hypothesizes being examined.

All animals must reproduce to keep their species alive; however, they all have different ways off dealing with their

offspring.

http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/honey_bee.htm

http://www.britannica.com/topic/reproductive-behaviour-zoology#toc48559

http://www.benefits-of-honey.com/honey-bee-life-cycle.html

https://www.google.com/search?q=rookeries&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivzpqEwrTJAhXROYgKHShIDD4Q_AUIBygB#tbm=isch&q=mating+penguins&imgrc=GrAHYZnWeLL9tM%3A

http://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/penguin/hatching-and-care-of-young/

http://www.techtimes.com/articles/20531/20141119/shocking-seals-found-chasing-and-raping-penguins-caught-on-camera.htm

http://ocean.si.edu/sites/default/files/photos/pregnant-seahorse_0.jpg

http://www.theseahorsetrust.org/userfiles/Uusual%20SEAHORSE%20behaviour%20in%20Cambodia.pdf

http://www.mysticaquarium.org/animals-and-exhibits/species-of-the-month/884-seahorse

http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/sea-horse/