Life Cycle Sustainability Seminar Presentation · 2013. 12. 23. · Seminar Presentation:...
Transcript of Life Cycle Sustainability Seminar Presentation · 2013. 12. 23. · Seminar Presentation:...
U.S. Department of
Energy, Argonne
National Laboratory, IL
10/14/2013
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Framework
for Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbines
by
Dr. Murat Kucukvar
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
University of Central Florida, Orlando
Seminar Presentation:
Presentation Outline
Introduction Part 1 • Sustainability and Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)
• LCA Models and Future
• Importance of Supply Chain
Methodology Part 2 • Triple Bottom Line LCA (TBL-LCA) Model
• TBL Sustainability Metrics
• Some Examples
Case Study: Wind Turbines Part 3 • Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbines
• TBL Results
• Future Research
•“The creation of products that use processes that are non-polluting, conserve energy and natural resources, and are economically sound and safe for employees, communities and consumers” (Dept. of Commerce, 2012)
Sustainability
•A well-known and widely used approach to assessing the potential environmental impacts and resources used throughout a product’s life cycle, including raw material acquisition, production, distribution, use, and end-of-life phases (Finnveden et al., 2009)
Life Cycle Assessment
Sustainability and Life Cycle Assessment
Part 1: Introduction
Why LCA?
Comprehensive system boundary (direct + indirect impacts)
Cradle to Grave Analysis
Consider Different Life Cycle Phases
Part 1: Introduction
LCA Future: LCSA
The figure was taken from “Guinee, Jeroen B., et al. (2010). Life Cycle Assessment: Past, Present, and Future. Env Sci Technol, 45(1): 90-96.”
Part 1: Introduction
LCA Tools
TBL-LCA*
(UCF)
ECO-LCA
EIO-LCA
(CMU)
P-LCA
(U.S. EPA)
Part 1: Introduction
*Kucukvar, M., & Tatari, O. (2013). Towards a triple bottom-line sustainability assessment of the US construction industry. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 1-15.
Why Hybrid Analysis in LCA? Process + Input-Output
Comprehensive System
Boundary
Direct and Indirect Impacts
Consider Inter-sectoral
Relationship
Social and Economic Impacts
Part 1: Introduction
Importance of the Supply Chain
𝐌 𝐍𝐭𝐡𝐋𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐫
Layer 4
𝑬 𝐒 𝑴 𝑬 𝑺 𝑴 𝑬 𝑺
𝑴 𝑬 𝑺 𝑴 𝑬 𝑺 𝑴 𝑬 𝑺
Layer 3 𝑴 𝑬 𝑺 𝑴 𝑬 𝑺 𝑴 𝑬 𝑺
Layer 2 𝑀 E 𝑆
Layer 1 Electric Power Generation
Transportation Fuels
… … …
M: Material
E: Energy
S: Service
Part 2: Methodology
Triple Bottom Line LCA (TBL-LCA)
Power Generation and Supply
All Other Sectors
Iron and Steel Mills
Petro-Chemical Manuf.
Automobile Manufacturing
input economicUnit
output talenvironmenUnit Input $
• Carbon Footprint • Energy Use • Water Footprint • Profit • Income • Tax
Public Datasets
Economic Input-Output
Matrix
Part 2: Methodology
Data Sources
BEA
• Make and Use Tables
• Income, Tax, and profit
BLS
EIA
• Electricity Price
• GHG Emissions
GFN • Ecological
Land Footprint
Part 2: Methodology
TBL Data Domain
• Employment • Injury Rates
TBL
Sustainability
Indicators
TBL-LCA Indicators
Part 2: Methodology
Environmental
• Carbon Footprint
• Water Footprint
• Energy Footprint
• Hazardous Waste Footprint
• Land Footprint
Economic
• Gross Domestic Product
• Import
• Profit
Social
• Employment
• Income
• Tax
• Injuries
• Fatalities
TBL
Sustainability
Indicators
Construction- Energy Footprint
Part 2: TBL-LCA Examples
0 5 10
NR-CHCS
NR-MS
NR-OTR
R-PSMFS
R-OTR
NR-MR
R-MR
Energy Footprint Multiplier (TJ)
Layer 1 (Direct) Layer 2 Layer 3 and higher
0.E+00 1.E+06 2.E+06 3.E+06 4.E+06
NR-CHCS
NR-MS
NR-OTR
R-PSMFS
R-OTR
NR-MR
R-MR
Total Energy Footprint (TJ)
Layer 1 (Direct) Layer 2 Layer 3 and higher
Electricity Power Cement
Manufacturing Truck Transportation Iron and Steel Mills
Construction: Scope-based Carbon Footprint Analysis
Part 2: TBL-LCA Examples
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
NR-CHCS
NR-MS
NR-OTR
R-PSMFS
R-OTR
NR-MR
R-MR
Carbon Footprint Multiplier (t CO2-eqv)
Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3
0.0E+00 5.0E+07 1.0E+08 1.5E+08 2.0E+08
NR-CHCS
NR-MS
NR-OTR
R-PSMFS
R-OTR
NR-MR
R-MR
Total Carbon Footprint (t CO2-eqv)
Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3
Electricity Power Iron and Steel Cement Manufacturing Oil and Gas Extraction
Electric Power Generation
Part 2: TBL-LCA Examples
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Import
All Other 421 Sectors
Turbine and turbine generatorset units manufacturing
Coal mining
Petroleum refineries
Electric power generation,transmission, and distribution
Oil and gas extraction
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Carbon Footprint
All other 421 Sectors
Rail transportation
Pipeline transportation
Oil and gas extraction
Coal mining
Electric powergeneration, transmission,and distribution
a) b)
Wind Turbines
•V80-2.0 MW (113,000 MWh)
•V90-3.0 MW (158,000 MWh)
Onshore
•V80-2.0 MW (162,000 MWh)
•V90-3.0 MW (280,000 MWh)
Offshore
Vestas Wind Systems A/S
Wind Power Systems and LCA
Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy
System Boundary
Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy
Resource Inputs
Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy
Materials Sectors NAICS Codes
Manufacturing of the Wind Turbine and related Components
Steel & Stainless Steel Iron and steel mills 331110
Cast Iron Iron ore mining 212210
Glass Fiber Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing 327212
Epoxy Plastics material and resin manufacturing 325211
Copper Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying 331420
Oil Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing 324191
Aluminum Alumina refining and primary aluminum production 33131A
Polyester Plastics material and resin manufacturing 325211
Construction and Erection
Crushed Stone Stone mining and quarrying 212310
Aggregate and Sand Sand, gravel, clay, and refractory mining 212320
Geotextile(HDPE) Plastics material and resin manufacturing 325211
Concrete Ready-mix concrete manufacturing 327320
Iron Iron ore mining 212210
Steel Iron and steel mills 331110
Aluminum Alumina refining and primary aluminum production 33131A
Copper Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying 331420
Polibutadiene Synthetic rubber manufacturing 325212
PVC Plastics material and resin manufacturing 325211
Lead Copper, nickel, lead, and zinc mining 212230
PEX Plastics material and resin manufacturing 325211
Operation and Maintenance Services
Diesel Petroleum refineries 324110
Oil Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing 324191
glass fibers Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing 327212
Epoxy resin Plastics material and resin manufacturing 325211
Stainless Steel Iron and steel mills 331110
Cast Iron Iron ore mining 212210
Copper Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying 331420
Oil Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing 324191
Aluminum Alumina refining and primary aluminum production 33131A
Transport All Materials are involved Petroleum refineries 324110
Resource Inputs Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy
TBL Indicators Socio-Economic
• Profit
• Import
• Income
• Tax
Environmental
• Carbon footprint
• Energy use
• Water withdrawal
• Hazardous waste
Sustainability Indicators: Socio-economic & Environmental
Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy
Environmental Impacts
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
V80 -Onshore V90-Onshore V80-Offshore V90-Offshore
Wat
er
Wit
hd
raw
al (
gal/
kWh
) Manufacturing Construction Operation Transport
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V80 -Onshore V90-Onshore V80-Offshore V90-Offshore
Haz
ard
ou
s W
aste
(kg
/kW
h)
Manufacturing Construction Operation Transport
Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy
0
10
20
30
40
V80 -Onshore V90-Onshore V80-Offshore V90-Offshore
Ene
rgy
(kJ
/kW
h)
Manufacturing Construction Operation Transport
Energy Footprint
Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy
Contribution of Materials
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
GHG
Energy
Water Withdrawal
GHG
Energy
Water Withdrawal
GHG
Energy
Water Withdrawal
GHG
Energy
Water WithdrawalV
80
-O
nsh
ore
V9
0 -
On
sho
reV
80
-O
ffsh
ore
V9
0-
Off
sho
re Steel & Stainless Steel
Glass Fiber
Epoxy
Copper
Cast Iron
Oil
Aliminuim
Polyster
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
GHG
Energy
Water Withdrawal
GHG
Energy
Water Withdrawal
GHG
Energy
Water Withdrawal
GHG
Energy
Water Withdrawal
V8
0 -
On
sho
reV
90
-O
nsh
ore
V8
0-
Off
sho
reV
90
-O
ffsh
ore
Percentage Contribution (%)
Concrete
Lead
Coper
Aggregate and Sand
Crushed Stone
Steel
Aliminuim
Geotextile(HDPE)
Iron
Polibutadiene
PVC
PEX
Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy
Materials Extractions and Processing
Construction
Socio-Economic Impacts
Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy
Socio-Economic Impacts
Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy
0
1
2
3
4
5
Profit Import Income Tax
Ce
nts
/KW
h
Onshore V80-2.0MW Onshore V90-3.0MWOffshore V80-2.0MW Offshore V90-3.0MW
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Business Profit
Import
Income
Government Tax
Employment
Business Profit
Import
Income
Government Tax
Employment
Business Profit
Import
Income
Government Tax
Employment
Business Profit
Import
Income
Government Tax
EmploymentV
80-2
.0M
WV
90-3
.0M
WV
80-2
.0M
WV
90-3
.0M
W
On
sho
reO
ffsh
ore
Manufacturing Construction Transportation Use
Socio-Economic Impacts
Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy
Conclusions
The total environmental impacts of V80-2.0MW wind turbines are higher than V90-3.0MW wind turbines.
Construction phase leads in income and employment, causing more than 55 % of impacts.
Manufacturing phase has the largest impact in business profit in all wind turbines, as more than 90% of the business profit of wind turbines is related to manufacturing phase.
Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy
Conclusions
Manufacturing phase is responsible for the most of the supply chain related imports and more than 95% of the imports in the wind turbines’ life cycle is contributed by this phase
Although V90-3.0MW consumes more resources than V80-2.0MW wind turbine, it represents fewer impacts per kWh electricity, both in socio-economic and environmental indicators.
Part 3: LCA of Wind Energy
Pros and Cons of the TBL-LCA
Pros and Cons
+
-
Aggregation problem Uncertainty Regional differences Requires extensive data Needs constant update
Comprehensive system boundary
Easy and quicker computation Quantifying externalities High comparability across the
world
Regional Input-Output Models
Hybrid Model (P-
LCA+ TBL-LCA)
Electric Power Production
Electric Vehicles
Transportation
Fuels
Future Research for Energy Systems Assessment
Future Research
References
More details about this research can be found in the following articles: Kucukvar, M., & Tatari, O. (2013). “Towards a sustainability assessment of
the U.S. construction industry.” The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Springerlink, 18 (5), 958-972.
Kucukvar, M., Noori, M., Egilmez, G., & Tatari, O. (2013) “Stochastic sustainability decision modeling for pavements: triple-bottom-line approach.” International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Springerlink. (Forthcoming)
Kucukvar, M., Egilmez, G., & Tatari, O. (2013). “Benchmarking the sustainability performance of the U.S. manufacturing sectors: a supply chain-linked eco-efficiency analysis.” International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier (Forthcoming).
Noori, M., Kucukvar, M., & Tatari, O. (2013). “A macro-level decision analysis of wind power as a solution for sustainable energy in the United States.” International Journal of Sustainable Energy, Taylor & Francis. (Forthcoming)
References