1Energy Efficiency and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Jatropha Biodiesel Production & Use for Energy Generation in Nigeria: a “well-to-wheel” perspective

Tosin Onabanjo; Giuseppina Di Lorenzo School of Energy, Environmental and Agrifood (SEEA)

2Outline

— Background

— Methodology

— System Boundaries

— Results

— Conclusion

3Background

>1.3 billion people are without access to electricity

Courtesy: The Breakthrough Institute

95%

84%

50-75%

4Background

NIGERIA• >93 million people are

without access to electricity

• >40% of the population are connected to the grid & about 18% rural population

• Working capacity is ~50% of the installed capacity

— 2400MW vs 10GW (2012)

— 1700MW vs 12.8GW (MAY 2015)

• Only 20% of the peak demand is met

© 2014 IEA Africa Energy Outlook 

5Background

Exposed to indoor and outdoor pollution 

Fuel is a scarce commodity  

Self-generated electricity

Power plants often lack the required fuel 

Fuel crisis situation in Nigeria

Electricity Generation by Fuel

Electricity Consumption by Fuel

6Background

Renewable Potential in Nigeria

Hydropower

Solar

Wind

Biomass

Municipal Solid Waste

Agricultural Residues

Energy Crops

• Decentralized Power Generation

• Local biodiesel production for Rural Electrification

• Existing structures

• Emergency Solutions

• Renewable power generation

7Background

Olorunsogo Power Plant

South West, Nigeria

Jatropha Biodiesel C17.69H33.11O2

38.73 MJ/kg

Power: 126 MW

PR: 12.6

Mass Flow: 418 kg/s

EGT: 543oC

Efficiency: 34%

8Methodology

• Engine Performance & Emissions

Jatropha Biodiesel

Conventional Diesel

≈

9Methodology

• Economic Viability

Jatropha Biodiesel

Conventional Diesel

≠

10

Methodology

• Environmental Performance

Jatropha Biodiesel

Conventional Diesel

?

11

Methodology

• Environmental Performance of

production and use of Jatropha

Biodiesel Fuel

Energy Savings

Energy Balance Model

Environmental Impact

Simapro

?

12

System Boundary

Production/Cultivation

Extraction

Conversion

Use

System Boundary for Jatropha Biodiesel Fuel

Emissions/Product to Technosphere

Materials/ Fuels/Electricity to the Technosphere

1MJ of Fuel Utilized

Input from Technosphere

Output/Emissions to Technosphere

Transportation

Fuel Utilization in 126 MW gas

turbine power plant

Jatropha Farming

Crude Oil Extraction

Oil Conversion

Jatropha Seeds, Polyethylene bags,

Fertilizer, Fuel, EnergyWater, Agrochemicals

Electricity, Fuel, Water

Electricity, Fuel, Water,

Chemicals

Emissions

Emissions

Seed Preparation & Seedling Nurturing, Soil Preparation, Seedling Transplanting, Cultivation, Irrigation, Fertilizer Application, Pesticide & Insecticide Application, Weeding; Harvesting

Glycerine, Biodiesel

Fruit Cracking; Oil Expelling; Oil Filtration

Emissions

Well-to-wheelSystem Boundary

Well-to-wakeSystem Boundary

Input from Technosphere

Output/Emissions to Technosphere

Transportation

Fuel Utilization in 126 MW gas

turbine power plant

Jatropha Farming

Crude Oil Extraction

Oil Conversion

Jatropha Seeds, Polyethylene bags,

Fertilizer, Fuel, EnergyWater, Agrochemicals

Electricity, Fuel, Water

Electricity, Fuel, Water,

Chemicals

Emissions

Emissions

Seed Preparation & Seedling Nurturing, Soil Preparation, Seedling Transplanting, Cultivation, Irrigation, Fertilizer Application, Pesticide & Insecticide Application, Weeding; Harvesting

Glycerine, Biodiesel

Fruit Cracking; Oil Expelling; Oil Filtration

Emissions

Well-to-wheelSystem Boundary

Well-to-wakeSystem Boundary

Input from Technosphere

Output/Emissions to Technosphere

Transportation

Fuel Utilization in 126 MW gas

turbine power plant

Jatropha Farming

Crude Oil Extraction

Oil Conversion

Jatropha Seeds, Polyethylene bags,

Fertilizer, Fuel, EnergyWater, Agrochemicals

Electricity, Fuel, Water

Electricity, Fuel, Water,

Chemicals

Emissions

Emissions

Seed Preparation & Seedling Nurturing, Soil Preparation, Seedling Transplanting, Cultivation, Irrigation, Fertilizer Application, Pesticide & Insecticide Application, Weeding; Harvesting

Glycerine, Biodiesel

Fruit Cracking; Oil Expelling; Oil Filtration

Emissions

Well-to-wheelSystem Boundary

Well-to-wakeSystem Boundary

Farming System

• Base-case (rainfed)

• Base-case (irrigated)

• Large Scale Farming

13

System Boundary

Oil Production

Oil Extraction

Oil Refining

Use

System Boundary for the Reference Diesel Fuel

Emissions/Product to Technosphere

Materials/ Fuels/Electricity to the Technosphere

1MJ of Fuel Utilized

Fuel Utilization in 126 MW gas

turbine power plant

Oil Exploration

Crude Oil Extraction

Crude Oil Refining

DieselCo-productsEmissions

Electricity; Steam,

Water, Fuel

EmissionsWastewaterGas, Crude Oil

Emissions

Lifting, Water Re-injection, Gas Re-injection; Water Treatment; Gas Treatment; Gas Venting, Gas Flaring; Miscellaneous Energy

Fuel, Steam, Water, Electricity, Gas

Emissions

Transportation

Input from Technosphere

Output/Emissions to TechnosphereWell-to-wheel

System Boundary

Well-to-wakeSystem Boundary

Input from Technosphere

Output/Emissions to Technosphere

Transportation

Fuel Utilization in 126 MW gas

turbine power plant

Jatropha Farming

Crude Oil Extraction

Oil Conversion

Jatropha Seeds, Polyethylene bags,

Fertilizer, Fuel, EnergyWater, Agrochemicals

Electricity, Fuel, Water

Electricity, Fuel, Water,

Chemicals

Emissions

Emissions

Seed Preparation & Seedling Nurturing, Soil Preparation, Seedling Transplanting, Cultivation, Irrigation, Fertilizer Application, Pesticide & Insecticide Application, Weeding; Harvesting

Glycerine, Biodiesel

Fruit Cracking; Oil Expelling; Oil Filtration

Emissions

Well-to-wheelSystem Boundary

Well-to-wakeSystem Boundary

14

System Boundary

Pathway for Production & Use for Nigerian Bonny Crude Oil

Chicago Refinery

Local Refinery

Depot

Oil Tanker: (1,048km) Pipeline: (5,420km)

Pipeline (1447km)

Barge (12,434km)

Saudi -Arabia Refinery

Pipeline (100km)

Barge (1,048km) Pipeline (100km)

Oil Tanker: (15,662km) Pipeline: (5420km)

Oil Tanker: (12,434km) Pipeline: (6447km)

Pipeline (5,000 km)

Local Filling Station

Truck (10,000 km)

Site

Pipeline (920km)

Truck 50 km

0.36 kg/MJ Refined Diesel

0.12kg/MJ Refined Diesel

0.22 kg/MJ Refined Diesel

0.30 kg/MJ Refined Diesel

Crude Extraction (Nigeria Oil Wells)

1kg/MJ Arab-Medium Crude

Crude Extraction (Saudi Arabia Oil Wells)

1kg/MJ Bonny Light Crude

SIR Refinery

• Multiple transportation

• Gas Flaring during Production

• Truck Transportation for Diesel Fuels

Courtesy: ThisDayLive

System Boundary for the Reference Diesel Fuel

15

Results

Parameters Units Reference Diesel Fuel

Base-case [rain-fed]

Base-case [Irrigated]

Large Scale Farming

Total Energy Input MJ/MJ 2.71 0.42 0.65 0.76 Energy Density MJ/MJ 1 1 1 1 NER 0.37 2.37 1.54 1.32 NEV MJ -1.71 0.58 0.35 0.24 NREV MJ 0 0.98 0.88 0.88 % Diesel Fuel Replacement

% - 58 35 24

Energy Balance for the production and use of 1 MJ Jatropha Biodiesel

16

Results

Jatropha Farming Oil Extraction Oil Conversion Transportation Total0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8Base-case (Rain-fed) Base-case (Irrigated) Large scale farming scenario

Sub-processes in Jatropha Biodiesel Production

En

erg

y In

pu

t (M

J/M

J) f

uel

co

nsu

med

Contributions of Energy Input from the sub-processes of Jatropha Biodiesel Fuel Production & Use

17

Results

Impact category

Unit Reference Diesel Fuel

Base-case

[rain-fed]

Base-case

[Irrigated]

Large Scale Farming

Climate change

kg CO2 eq. per MJ fuel

1260.37 1025.95 1025.96 1025.97

% -18.61 -18.60 -18.60

Net GHG Emissions and % Reduction in Total Emissions

18

Results

Figure 7.10: Percentage contributions to environmental burden from the sub-processes of Jatropha biodiesel production and use.

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document..1: Percentage contributions to environmental

burden from the sub-processes of Jatropha biodiesel production and use.

Percentage contributions to Environmental Burden from the sub-processes of Jatropha Biodiesel Fuel Production & Use

19

Conclusion

— Jatropha biodiesel is a worthwhile substitute for conventional diesel fuel

— There is significant energy savings with reduced GHG effects.

— The magnitude of the energy savings is dependent on the farming approach: the rain-fed scenario is recommended.

— The magnitude of the GHG savings depends on use and other co-products.