Life Cycle Assessment - indiaghgp.org LCA for Products - 28 May 2015 .pdf• ISO 14044:2006-Life...
Transcript of Life Cycle Assessment - indiaghgp.org LCA for Products - 28 May 2015 .pdf• ISO 14044:2006-Life...
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Life Cycle Assessment
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GHG Management Steps
• GHG Management Steps….
– Step 1: Identify Emission Sources
– Step 2: Estimate the GHG Emission
– Step 3: Determine a baseline
– Step 4: Set Targets
– Step 5: Strategy for Achieving targets (Mitigation Action Plan)
– Step 6: Action Plan Implementation
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What is a Life Cycle?
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Why LCA?
• Efficiency Improvement in conjunction with Environment Improvement : Preferential
• Studies are taken up to improve Environment Performance
• Life Cycle Impact Assessment (ISO 14044),
• Greenhouse Gas Accounting (ISO 14064)
• Environmental Product Declaration, EPD (ISO 14025)
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Simple Example
Notebook
on
Your Desk
Energy
Wood
Water
ProcessSupplement
Processes
Recycled
Notebook
on
Your Desk
Energy
Wood
Water
ProcessSupplement
ProcessesProcess
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Challenge
• The example was relatively simple…
• In reality it is not…..
– FMCG Company? Which Product is Environment Friendly ?
– Steel Manufacturing Company? Which Steel is Environment Friendly?
– Auto Manufacturing Company?
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Life Cycle Assessment
• “LCA” can be an effective tool for improvement in “Environment Performance”
• LCA: Hidden Opportunities
• Valuable Insights into : Process, Services, Logistics, Usage, Disposal, Recycling, etc.
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What is Life Cycle Assessment
Method or Tool
Estimates environment impacts and health impacts
Product
Process Technology
Service
Over the entire life cycle
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LCA Definition
• It’s “Environment Performance Evaluation” of Product throughout its life cycle
• Product Life Cycle + Environment Conscience
• LCA is a technique for assessing the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with product
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Environment Assessment Tools
• LCA Belongs to family of Environment Assessment tools
– Environment Impact Assessment : Projects
– Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA)
– Material Flow Analysis
– Cost-Benefit Analysis
– Life Cycle Assessment : Products
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LCA Umbrella
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LCA Umbrella
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Business Imperative
• How will you compare two products
• How will you ascertain a product’s
carbon footprint
• How will you differentiate between
technologies’ impact
• How will you identify where the
biggest opportunities for improvement
are
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LCA: Benefits
Operation costs
Product Claims
Environmental innovation
Competitiveness
Corporate image and stakeholder communication
Product toxicity &
GHG emissions
LCA
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Types of LCA
• Screenings
• Short internal LCA studies
• Extensive studies
• Continuous LCA operations (ELMIS)• ISO 14040:2006-Life Cycle Assessment –Principles and Framework
• ISO 14044:2006-Life Cycle Assessment –Requirements and Guidelines
• ISO/TS 14044:2002-Life Cycle Assessment –Documentation format
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LCA: Methodology
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Step 1: Goal and Scope Definition
• Product to be study and Purpose of Study
• Intended Users
• Two Critical dimension of LCA study
– System Boundary
– Functional Unit
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Step 1: Goal and Scope Definition
• System Boundaries: Processes to include…
– Cradle to Gate
– Cradle to Grave
– Cradle to Cradle
– Gate to Grave
– Gate to Gate
• Boundaries in relation to Natural Systems and Technical Systems
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Step 1: Goal and Scope Definition
• Functional unit: LCA relates environment Impact to a product or the function of Product System and is expressed in quantitative terms– depends on goal of study
– is a measure of the function of the studied system
– provides a reference to which the inputs and outputs can be related.
• Examples of Functional unit– Cement/Iron Steel: Tonnes of Product
– Paint System: Area (m2) of wall surface
– Detergent: 100 kgs of Washed Clothes
– Packaging : Tonnes or Litres of packaged product
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Step 2: Inventory Analysis
• This LCA phase involving the compilation
and quantification of inputs and outputs
– Data collection for all activities in the product system followed
by documentation of collected data
– Calculation of environmental loads of the system in relation to
the functional unit
Process
Input:Resources
Energy
Output:Emissions to air / water / soil
waste
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Step 2: Inventory Analysis
• Build a System Model (Flow Model)
– Environment Relevant Flows are only considered
• Data Collection (Flow Model)
– Input and Output Data
– Raw materials, energy carriers, products, solid waste, emissions to air and water
• Calculation of amount of resources and pollutant emissions
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Step 2: Inventory Analysis
• Data can be available from
– Company’s own processes
– Suppliers
– Customers
– Waste management companies
– Published LCI data
– Publicly available reports or literature
– Technical Experts
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Step 3: Impact Assessment
• This step aims to indicate the impacts of loads identified in the inventory
• LCIA turns inventory (Step 2) into more environmentally relevant information
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Step 3: Impact Assessment
• Two Important dimensions of LCIA are
– Classification
• Sorting Inventory Parameters according to type of Environmental impact they contribute
– Characterisation
• Relative Contribution of the emissions and resource consumption to the impacts identified
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Step 3: Impact AssessmentSO2NOxHCl
NOxNH3P
CO2CH4N2O
Acidification
Eutrophication
Global warming
etc.
Inventory
ClassificationCharacterization
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One third of China is suffering from acid rain caused by rapid industrial growth, an official report quoted by the state media says.
Third of China 'hit by acid rain'
Thousands hospitalized by acid rain in
Iran’s most polluted city
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ACROPOLIS OF ATHENS (Greece) TAJ MAHAL (India)
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Sunlight+
NOx + VOC
Photochemical Smog
SMOKE + FOG = SMOG
Air borne particles&
Ground level ozoneDelhi Smog
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Eco-Toxicity
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Step 3: Impact Assessment
• Ready-made LCIA methods – Ecoindicator’99
– CML 92
– EPS 2000
• Use software for more precise results– Simapro
– GaBi
– Umberto
– OpenLCA
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Step 4: Interpretation of the LCIA
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Case Study
LCA of
Autmobiles : IC, Electric and Hybrid
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Problem Formulation
• It’s unequivocal that Transport Sector Contributes significantly to air pollution and Global Warming
• IC Engines have been constantly evolved with more efficient emission standards
• New Technologies are upcoming
– Hybrid
– EV
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Goal and Scope Definition
Goal:To simply the comparison of vehiclesaccording to environment impacts
Scope of the study:•Impacts from Whole Energy Supply Chain
Functional unit:One Kilometer of Travel Distance
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System Flow
• Petroleum-Oil based Vehicles
• Electric Vehicles
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Classification
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Characterisation
• Global Warming
• Eutrophication
• Smog
• Acidification
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Interpretation
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Interpretation
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To Summarise
• Several Characteristics of LCA is appealing to Industry
• It deals with environment issues in a highly structured manner
• LCA applications are manifold and it can facilitate easy and wise decision making
• Ultimately it accelerate already on-going environment activities of Companies and turn consumer society in Sustainable Direction
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What is the benefit of doing an LCA study??
Supply Chain
Partners
Product Developer
Management & Operations
SustainabilityManager
MarketingManager
Environmental Improvement
SupportsDecisionMaking
IncreasesConsumer
Values
Drivesinnovation
Reduces all Associated
Costs
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Life Cycle Assessment of a 2.5MW Wind Turbine
Case Study
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LCA Methodology
Goal & Scope
Definition
Life CycleInventory
ImpactAssessment
Interpretation Applications
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1. Goal & Scope Definition
• Goal Definition:
– Reason for carrying it out
– GHG assessment specific to GE product as response to customer
requests
– To whom the results are intended to be communicated
– GE’s customers
Product to be
studied
Purpose of the
study
2.5 MW Wind
Turbine
GHG assessment
specific to GE product
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1. Goal & Scope Definition
System Boundary
• Define the system
boundaries to investigate
– in accordance to the
objectives of the study
• Cradle-to-Gate
• Cradle-to-Grave
• Gate-to-Gate
Functional Unit
• provides a reference to which the
inputs and outputs can be related
• enables comparison of two
systems
Cement/Iron/Steel:
Per ton of product
Paint System:
Area (m2) of wall surface
Detergent:
100 kg of washed clothes
GHG emissions over 20 year
turbine life
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LCA Methodology
Goal & Scope
Definition
Life Cycle Inventory
ImpactAssessment
Interpretation Applications
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2. Life Cycle Inventory
• Compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs
• Build a System Model (Flow Model)
• Data Collection (Flow Model)
– Input and Output Data
– Raw materials, energy carriers, products, solid waste, emissions to
air and water
• Calculation of amount of resources and pollutant emissions
Process
Input:Resources
Energy
Output:Emissions to air / water / soil
Product
Build a System Model (Flow Model)
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• The GE 2.5 MW wind turbine has over 10,000 parts
– Collaborated with internal global sourcing and EHS experts to
identify 14 major components for supplier data collection
– Supplier Engagement
– Customers & Literature surveyed for End of Life data
– Internal GE assistance from: O&M personnel, transportation
logistics, and engineering for data relating to production,
distribution and use
2. Life Cycle Inventory
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LCA Methodology
Goal & Scope
Definition
Life Cycle Inventory
ImpactAssessment
Interpretation Applications
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LCA Results
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Customer Focus
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Which phase has the maximum GHG emissions...??
Greenhouse gas emissions across the life cycle of a Nokia phone
http://www.nokia.com/global/about-nokia/people-and-planet/sustainable-devices/sustainable-devices/
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Case Study
LCA of Portland Cement Manufacturing
Process
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Problem Formulation
• Concrete is second only to water as the most consumed substance on Earth (1 Ton/ Capita/ Year), (Lafarge Coppee SA. Globe and Mail, October 20, 2000)
• Cement Sector is
– Energy Intensive
– GHG Intensive
– High Resource footprint
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Objective of LCA Study
Assess the life cycle of Portland cement manufacturing process to minimize the environmental impact
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Goal and Scope Definition
Goal:To assess the potential environmental impact
due to cement manufacturing process
Scope of the study:• Raw material acquisition• Processing• Product manufacturing stages (mining to cement)
Functional unit:One Ton of Cement
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Inventory Analysis - Lime Stone Mines
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Inventory Analysis -Process Plant
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Inventory Analysis – Particulate Matter
Analysis of Different Stacks
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Inventory Analysis
• Used oil and grease (Lubricants) : 78.8 KL
• F.O. sludge from D.G. sets : 32.9 KL
• Used oil and grease: 0.036 Lit/ ton
• F.O. sludge: 0.015Lit/ ton
• Water consumption
– Process plant• Industrial: 7.96 lakh lit/
day
• Domestic: 4.18 lakh lit/day
• Total: 1296213 lit/day
– Mines• Industrial: 77,213 lit/day
• Domestic: 5000 lit/day
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Interpretation
• Characterisation
– Resource Depletion, ADP
– Global warming, GWP
– Acidification, AP
– Photo-oxidant formation, POCP
– Eutrophication, EP
– Human toxicity, HTP
• Recommendations
– Increase Blend
– Use of AFR
– Use of Renewable Energy
– Use of Energy Efficiency Equipment
– Proper Maintenance