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LIN QUAN V

IU HO CHUYN HO

Mc tiu

Trnh by c s lin quan gia chuyn ho

cc cht G, L, P, AN.

Gii thch c s iu ho chuyn ho mc t bo.

i cng:

Cc cht u c con ng chuyn ho ring. Con ng chuyn ho ca cc cht c nhng im chung, lin quan cht ch to nn mng

li chuyn ho chung rt phc tp ca c th

S lin quan

gia cc con

ng chuyn

ho cc cht

www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/pathway/map/map01100.html

i cng

Qu trnh chuyn ho cc cht c kim sot

cht ch nh c ch iu ho mc c th

hoc t bo.

S iu ho chuyn ho cc cht theo nhu cu ca c th.

1. LIN QUAN CHUYN HA

PROTID

ACID AMIN

Ala

Leu, Ile

ACID NUCLEIC

NUCLEOTID NUCLEEZID

RIBOSE5P

GPT

GLUCID LIPID

GLUCOSE GLYCEROL ACID BO

G6P HMP NADPHH + oxh PGA HDP

PYRUVAT

ACETYL CoA 2H O2

Asp

HEM

Glu

GOT

CT

Ur

OXALO ACETAT

TCA FUMARAT

SUCCINAT CO2 CETO

GLUTARAT

CITRAT

2H 2H 2H 2H

CO2

H

HP ATP T BO

H2O

Lin quan gia chuyn ha cc cht glucid, lipid, protid v acid nucleic

Lin quan chuyn ho

Thng nht chuyn ho

Bin i qua li gia glucid, lipid, protid Lin hp phn ng, qu trnh Quan h chuyn ho gia cc bo quan Quan h chuyn ho gia cc m

1.1. S thng nht chuyn ha

Th hin : Chu trnh ACID CITRIC AcetylCoA CO2, H2O + Q

H HP T BO: T CHY G, L, P theo nhng c ch chung, h thng enzym chung

to H2O, ATP HOT HA, TCH TR V S DNG NNG

LNG: nh qu trnh phosphoryl ha, h thng ADP-ATP.

Cc giai on ca qu trnh thoi ho

1.2. S bin i qua li gia G, L, P: thng qua cc cht ng ba ng

Cht ng ba ng : sn phm thoi ha chung : tin cht chung

GLUCID

LIPID Cht ng 3 ng

PROTID TD: PYRUVAT, ACETYLCoA, OAA, GLYCEROL

COOH

COOH

COOH

COOH l

l

l

l H2N- CH C=O GPT

l l

CH3 + CH2 l

CH2 l COOH Ala CETO GLUTARAT

C=O H2N- CH l l

CH3 + CH2 l

CH2 l COOH PYRUVAT Glu

Pyruvat tn to glucid

acetyl CoA AB

Alanin

ceto glutarat

Aspartat ALAT GPT

GOT ASAT Pyruvat

L Glutamat

Oxalo acetat

CH2OH

CH2OH

NAD+

NADHH+

CH2OH

ATP

ADP l

CHOH l CH2OH

Glycerol

kinase

l l CHOH C=O

Dehydrogenase l l CH2O- P CH2O- P

PDA

PGA tn to glucid

pyruvat Ala

Tuy nhin cc cht khng th thay th nhau hon ton c v:

- Glucid l ngun nng lng ch yu ca c th - Lipid: cc AB cn thit c th khng tng hp c - Protid: cc AA cn thit c th khng tng hp c

ch dinh dng hp l, cht vi t l nht nh.

T L KHU PHN THC N THCH HP

Nm

Tng Q

%

P

L

G

1972

2300

12

13

75 Kcal

1997

2700

10-12

15 - 20

65 - 75 Kcal

1.3. S lin hp gia cc phn ng v qu trnh

S lin quan chuyn ho cn l s lin hp gia cc phn ng v qu

trnh.

Phn ng lin hp: s kt hp 2 phn ng: phn ng thoi ho gii

phng nng lng v phn ng tng hp thu nng lng.

S lin hp gia cc phn ng v qu trnh

Qu trnh chuyn ho ny lin quan n qu trnh chuyn ho kia qua

cc sn phm chuyn ho

+ HMP NADPHH+ tng hp AB

Ribose 5 P tng hp AN + HDP Oxalo acetat + Acetyl CoA oxh

CTAC

+ CTAC Succinyl CoA HEM + glycin

+ CTAC + CT ur

Citrulin

Aspartat

Oxalo acetat

Arginosuccinat

malat

Arginin

Fumarat

1.4. Quan h chuyn ha gia cc bo quan

BO DCH NHN

TNG HP

ADN

ARN NAD+

RIBOSOM

ATP

Tng hp protein

ng phn HMP Tng hp AB

ATP

TY TH

CHHTB Oxh AB CTAC To th ceton

PO

TY TH V BO DCH

Tn to G CT ur To Hem

TH TY

: ni chuyn ha nng lng (ATP) NHN

: tng hp ADN, ARN, NAD+ RIBOSOM : STH Protein

1.5. Quan h chuyn ha gia cc m

Mi m c c im v chc nng chuyn ha ring, ngoi nhng qu trnh chuyn ha chung m m no cng c (chuyn ha nng lng, STH Protein)

GAN : chc nng glycogen v ni xy ra oxh Acid bo

Glycogen

AcetylCoA

CTAC

Glucose

Th ceton

MU

Glucose

Th ceton

M KHC (c) Glucose

Glycogen

G6P

AcetylCoA

OA

K

Hu nh GAN ng vai tr trung tm trong mi lin quan chuyn ho gia cc m.

Gan

Mu

C AcylCoA

AB

AcylCoA G

G

ActCoA

ActCoA

Th ceton

Th ceton

Th ceton CTAC

CTAC

Tng hp glucose t lactat.

Chu trnh acid lactic (Cori)

C s dng glycogen nh mt

ngun nng lng, to lactate thng qua con ng ng phn. Lactate

c chuyn ti gan v chuyn

thnh glucose thng qua qu trnh

tn to ng.

Glucose ny c phng thch vo mu tr v c b sung d tr

glycogen ca c. Ton b con

ng ny (glucose

lactate glucose) to thnh chu trnh Cori.

Chu trnh Glucose-alanine

Alanin ng vai tr nh mt cht

mang ammonia v b khung carbon

ca pyruvate t c n gan.

Ammonia c bi tit v pyruvat

c dng to glucose, glucose

li quay tr li c

NO:

Ngun nng lng ch yu l con ng HDP t glucose

no cn c cung cp thng xuyn glucose v oxy.

Khi i, cc th ceton thay th glucose

M M l ni d tr TG, ni xy ra qu trnh tng hp v phn gii TG.

Glucose

Glycerol P

TG

VLDL (TG)

AB AcylCoA

TG

AB

AB

-albumin

AB

Glycerol

Glycerol

Gan

M

2. KHI NIM V IU HA CHUYN HA

C th c kh nng t iu ha - Mc ton c th: Hormon, thn kinh - Mc t bo: H chuyn ha C ch:

- nh hng n hot tnh ca ENZYM - nh hng n STH ENZYM

2.1 C ch lm thay i hot tnh ENZYM (lng enzym khng i)

Hot tnh enzym thay i do: - Nng c cht hoc coenzym (vit) - C ch iu ha d lp th TT. D lp th

TTH

C cht

Cht tc dng Enzym d lp th

a) C ch DLT dng: s hot ha DLTcht tc dng: cht hot ha, lm TTH d tip nhn c cht v hot enzym tng ln (activator)

ATP ADP UTP

G G6P

+

b) C ch DLT m: s c ch DLT

PP

UDPG + Glycogen

glycogen synthase (GS)

UDP Glycogen-G

Cht tc dng: cht c ch (inhibitor) TTH kh tip nhn c cht E1

E2

E3 A B C D Z

-

c ch ngc E1: enzym DLT

Z : sn phm ca 1 qu trnh ng thi l cht c ch DLT

TD: E. coli

-

L-ThreoninTD L.Isoleucin

(TD: threonin dehydratase)

C ch phn t cho mi m hnh iu ha hon ton khc

nhau, nhng thng theo mt trong hai kiu chnh: - iu ha m tnh: protein c ch gn vo vng iu ha ca

DNA (gi l operator) ngn cn qu trnh phin m. - iu ha dng tnh: protein hot ho gn vo DNA lm

tng qu trnh phin m. OPERON (n v phin m) l c s thit yu cho s iu ha

biu hin gen TB Prokaryote.

2.2 C ch nh hng STH ENZYM (lng enzym thay i)

- Operon bao gm cc gen cu trc, vng khi ng (promoter), operator v gen iu ha.

- Cc gen cu trc m ha cho 1 hoc vi chui polypeptid

- Promoter kim sot s phin m ca cc gen cu trc

- Operator l vng m protein c ch s gn vo. Operator

nm gia Promotor v cc gen cu trc.

- Gen iu ha m ha cho protein c ch

- mARN ca Prokaryote l Polycistron, m ha ra nhiu chui polypeptide

Other requlatory

sequence Operator

Promoter Structural gene

Cu trc ca Operon:

iu ha m tnh

C 2 loi Operon: operon iu ha cm ng v

c ch

Operon c ch Cc gen cu trc ban u c

phin m.

Xy ra qu trnh ng ha.

Sn phm phn ng s c ch phin m cc gen tng hp chng.

H Tryptophan operon

Operon cm ng

Cc gen cu trc ban u

khng c phin m.

Xy ra qu trnh d ha.

C cht c s dng trong phn ng d ha s kch thch phin m cc gen cu trc.

H lactose operon ca E.Coli

AYZOPI

permease

operator

promoter

transacetylase

Cu trc ca lac operon

I. Lactose operon

Vng iu ha Ba gen cu trc

Gen iu ha

V tr gn CAP

eta Galactosidase

C ch hot ng Lactose operon E.coli:

- Vi khun E.coli mn cm vi ng lactose

- Trong mi trng c ng lactose, E.coli tit ra enzym galactosidase, c 2 chc nng:

+ Phn gii lactose thnh Glucose v galactose.

+ Chuyn lin kt 1-4 glucoside ca glucose v galactose trong lactose thnh lin kt 1-6, hnh thnh ng allolactose

Allolactose l cht cm ng ca lac operon.

AYZOPI

mRNA

RNA pol

Tnh hung 1

- Khi mi trng khng c lactose, gen iu ha I tng hp

protein c ch gn vo Operator nn ARN polymerase

khng c c operator v cc gen cu trc khng c

phin m.

Khng phin m

AYZOPI

repressor

mRNA

lactoseallolactose

RNA pol

galactosidase

Tnh hung 2

Khi mi trng c lactose, mt vi phn t lactose bin i thnh

allolactose nh galactosidase. Allo