“Lichens of North America”

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Lichen morphology and terminology Growth forms CRUSTOSE lichens form crusts that are so tightly attached to the rocks, trees, sidewalks, or soils they grow on that they can't be removed without damaging the substrate. Cracked crusts like this species of Acarospora (or Pleopsidium) that are separated into segments (areoles) are called areolate. Crustose lichens that grow immersed in rocks with only their fruiting bodies above the surface are called endolithic, and those that grow immersed in plant tissues are called endophloidic or endophloidal. FOLIOSE lichens are somewhat leaf-like, composed of lobes. They are relatively loosely attached to their substrates, usually by means of rhizines (see below). Their lobes have upper and lower sides and usually grow more-or-less parallel to the substrate. Umbilicate lichens are attached to their substrate only at a central point. (See Lasallia papulosa )Lobaria linita has large, leaf-like lobes. FRUTICOSE lichens are the most three-dimensional. They're ususally round in cross secetion (terete), and most are branched. They can be like little shrubs growing upward, or they can hang down in long strands.Ramalina stenospora Usnea longissima SQUAMULOSE lichens have scale-like lobes called squamules that are usually small and overlapping.The squamules of Psora pseudorusselli are edged in white. Note the brown fruiting bodies. http://www.lichen.com/bigpix/Aevolutum.html

Transcript of “Lichens of North America”

Page 1: “Lichens of North America”

Lichen morphology and terminologyGrowth forms

CRUSTOSE lichens form crusts that are so tightly attached to therocks, trees, sidewalks, or soils they grow on that they can't be

removed without damaging the substrate. Cracked crusts like this

species of Acarospora (or Pleopsidium) that are separated into

segments (areoles) are called areolate. Crustose lichens that grow

immersed in rocks with only their fruiting bodies above the surface are

called endolithic, and those that grow immersed in plant tissues are

called endophloidic or endophloidal.�

FOLIOSE lichens are somewhat leaf-like, composed of lobes. They

are relatively loosely attached to their substrates, usually by means of

rhizines (see below). Their lobes have upper and lower sides andusually grow more-or-less parallel to the substrate. Umbilicate lichens

are attached to their substrate only at a central point. (See Lasallia

papulosa)�Lobaria linita has large, leaf-like lobes.�

FRUTICOSE lichens are the most three-dimensional. They're ususally

round in cross secetion (terete), and most are branched. They can be

like little shrubs growing upward, or they can hang down in long

strands.Ramalina stenospora Usnea longissima�

SQUAMULOSE lichens have scale-like lobes called squamules that

are usually small and overlapping.The squamules of Psora

pseudorusselli are edged in white. Note the brown fruiting bodies.

http://www.lichen.com/bigpix/Aevolutum.html

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Haematomma lapponicum Raes.

Family: Lecanoraceae

Common Name: Bloodspot lichen

http://waynesword.palomar.edu

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Lecanora epibryon

Family: Lecanoraceae

Common Name: Rim Lichen

ttp://www.alm-neu.dettp://www.alm-neu.de

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Rhizocarpon geographicum

Family: Lecideaceae

Common Name: Map Lichen

http://www.lichen.comhttp://www.colby.edu/geology

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Nephroma arctica (L.) Torss.

http://www.lichens.biz

Family: Nephromataceae

Common Name:

Arctic Kidney Lichen

Photo from Lichens of North America by Brodo,

Sharnoff and Sharnoff

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Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd.

http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/lichen

Family: Peltigeraceae

Common Name: Felt Lichen ?

http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery

Note black cephalodia

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Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.

http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/lichen

Family: Peltigeraceae

Common Name: Dog lichen

http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes

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Umbilicaria hyperborea (Ach.) Hoffm.

http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/lichen

Family: Umbilicariaceae

Common Name: Navel Lichen

http://www.floraislands.is/fletmynd.htm

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Cladina mitis (Sandst.) Hustich

Family: Cladoniaceae

Common Name: Reindeer Lichen

http://www.uri.edu/ce/rinhs/webpubs/lichens

Photo from Lichens of North America by Brodo,

Sharnoff and Sharnoff

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Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl.

Family: Cladoniaceae

Common Name:

Greygreen Reindeer Lichen

http://www.ars.usda.gov

Photo from Lichens of North America by Brodo,

Sharnoff and Sharnoff

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Cladina stellaris (Opiz) Brodo

Family: Cladoniaceae

Common Name:

Star-tipped Reindeer Lichen

http://www.uku.fi/~holopainPhoto from Lichens of North America by Brodo,

Sharnoff and Sharnoff

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Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd.

http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/lichen

Family: Cladoniaceae Common Name: Smooth cladonia

http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery

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Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.

http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/lichen

Family: Cladoniaceae

Common Name: Cup Lichen

http://www.lichens.biz

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Bryocaulon divergens (Ach). Karnef.

Family: Parmeliaceae

Common Name:

Heather foxhair lichen

http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery

Shiny thallus

Highly branched

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Cetraria cucullata (Bell.) Ach.

Family: Parmeliaceae

Common Name: NA

http://www.lichens.biz

Photo from Lichens of North America by Brodo,

Sharnoff and Sharnoff

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Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach.

http://www.lichens.biz

Family: Parmeliaceae

Common Name: NA

http://www.swsbm.com/Illustrations

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Cetraria nivalis (L.) Ach.

Family: Parmeliaceae

Common Name: NA

http://www.bioimages.org.uk/Photo from Lichens of North America by Brodo,

Sharnoff and Sharnoff

Page 18: “Lichens of North America”

http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/lichen

Thamnolia subuliformis (Ehrh.) W. Culb.

Family: Pertusariaceae

Common Name: Whiteworm Lichen

http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/lichen/jiman/thamnolia.htm

http://www.lichen.com/animals.html

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Sphaerophorus globosus (Muell. Arg.)

Zahlbr.

Family: Sphaerophoraceae

Common Name: Globe Ball Lichen

http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery

www.floraislands.is/ fletmynd.htm

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Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Mass.

Family: Usneaceae

Common Name: Witch's Hair

http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery

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Dactylina arctica (Hook.) Nyl.

http://www.lichen.com

Family: Usneaceae

Common Name: Arctic Finger lichen

http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp

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Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach.

Family: Usneaceae

Common Name: Witch's Hair

http://www.lichen.com

http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery

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Hypogymnia austerodes (Nyl.) Raes.

Family:

Parmeliaceae

Common Name:

Tube Lichen

Photo from Lichens of North America by Brodo, Sharnoff and Sharnoff