Libro de Ingles Reglas

8/11/2019 Libro de Ingles Reglas

1/74

S t a n d O u t

r a m m a r

h llenge

TMOVSOM

IML

o Siny ipore Spain Uni ted Kingdom United t a t e s


2/74


3/74

I

f

O ur

Comtnunfty

H LLENGE

Prepositions

of

direction

and

location

On, at,

ir

from around

across from

He lives on my street

The bus s tation is on G rand

Street

The pos t office s on the right.

The

garage

is on the

crner.

l m

at

work/home/school.

Are you

at the

post office?

He s at 25MainStreet.

Gabriela s famy l ives in Buenos Aires.

The tennis courts are in the

park.

There s a dentist s office in the mal.

From

the

office,

go

straight

on

Linden.

Th e

bank

is

around

the

crnerf rom

th e s upermarket .

The l ibrary is across fromCity Hall.

o

Writethebestpreposition around,

across

from,

on

at ,

in

or from) tocomplete the

sentences. There may be more (han one answer.

E X A M P L E : W e

l ikc

t he gardens in t he park .

1. Do you l i kc th e

books tore

th e ma l ?

2 . M y

f a m i l y uves M x ic o

City.

3 . T he D M V is

T h i r d A v e n u e .

4 . Cinbrie la s

no t

here. Shc

is

work.

5.

Do

vou

l ive

. a

small

town?

7 .

She l ive s

8 . T h e y a re

t h e

umier t r o m h i n i .

sehool today .

t h e l e l ?

6.

Picase meet

me

the restauran .

9. l s y o u r

s c hoo l

__^___._

10. . my

h o u s c ,

L ;O

s t r a i ^ h l .

1 1 .

\V e

work

_ ._

4

N U i p l e

S t ree t .

1 2 . I

w o r k

th e p a r k .

Matchthesentence on theleftvwtha

picture

on theright.Writethelettern theblank.

I - X A M P L E :

The square isbctween tw o

circles.

j

1. The square

goes

to the right

2.

T he

e i re l e

m o v e s

to the

left

3. The

e i rc le

is on thecrner

4

The

a r row

gocs around the crner

5 .

T h e

s q u a r e

i s

across

froni

th e

e i r c le .

D

E

F.

ODO

lO


4/74

UNIT

5 Our

Communty

CHALLENGE

1

Review:Subjec

amate. Am Ilate?

Heis late. Is he

late?

Theyare late. Aretheylate?

:t/verb

agreement

1

am

waiting.

Are you waiting?

She

s waitng. Is shewaiting?

We

arewaiting. Are wewaiting?

Simplepresenttense

1 like

music.

Wedon'thave your phone number.

Doyou

know

Marcia?

Wheredo

they Uve?

Helikesmusic.

Shedoesn't

have your phone number.

Doeshe

know

Marcia?

Wheredoes she

live?

Thethirdperson singular usually adds an s to the verb.

U se does fo r negativeand queston forms in the third person singular.

Use

do

with

1, you,we, andthey.

Non-count nouns

take

a singular verb.

Somemilkis in the

refrigerator.

Herhairis

straight.

Musicmakes me happy.

J Write

thecorrectform of theverbbeineach sentence.

'.XAMIM.li: Thcre

s

a inuscum

nextto thcpost office.

1 . M v tricnd waitinuon the crner. 7 . Who th e nackaee t o r?

2

Thcv

rcadini;

(he

e i t v

map.

3 .

\V c

standiii

on the

riuht.

8.

( jabr ie la .s

phone

numbcr

hc re .

9.

I on

O.ik

StreiM?

J .

The post of fi ce next to the hostel. 10. vou

wntiii

a lelter

3 . 1 o\much the cotice?

6. l hosc

s to res

on Main S t r e e t .

1

1 . Thcre

mail

lor vou.

2 \w

much t r ese s h o c s ?

j Writethecorrect

form

of theverbinparenthesesineach sentence.Becarefulof

spelling

changes.

X A M I M H:

f p a v )

1

ahvavs pay cash

at the supennarkct.

1 .

( se l l ,

n e ^ a t i v e ) D e x t e r Books

2 . l s t . i v )

M v hoss

ra re l v

3. yo) \Vhere vou

usuallv

I.

(be,

nenativc; 1

ler

hair

T .

(cali) Mv niother

S . (

keep

} In J a p a n ,

people

7

.

:li\\'i

the

lamire/ t a m i l v

S.

teaJ)

M v broiher

maps .

in ahotel.

shonniii:

brown.

me

everv

Sundav.

monev a t the post

o f f i c e

in

Buenos

A i res?

second ^ r a t l e .

J

f

5

1

-

t

P

1

i


5/74

01

o

V

o

n

a

i

ousng

CHALLENGE8

Parts

ofspeech

Partofspeech Defintion Examples

noun

adject ive

verb

a

person,

place or

thing

a

word that describes

a

noun

an action

or a state of

being

Roberto

Mxico,

house,

cat

blue, tall,

expensive

heavy

is,have, do, eat

Somet imes a word can be both a noun and a verb .

Iwant a

cold

drink.

(noun)

i

drink

coffee in the morning. (verb)

Complete each sentenceabout grammar with

the

word nouns verbs

or

adjectives.

I . X A M I l .h :

Wc

u s u . i l l v

add an s

to

_ _

_ _ _

ou s

to

make

t h e m

p l u r a l .

l i av e d i l i e r e n t

t e n s e s .

2 .

A n i e l e s come b e l ore .

a g r e e w i t h

t l i e

s ub j e c t

of the s e n t e n c e .

} . h a v e c o m p a r a t i v o forms

5 . describe nouns

> \V e can add \ to

tu f o r m a p o s s c s s i v e

, i d ) e c t i \ e .

mJ

Identify

the

underlined

parts

of

speech: adjective

(a),

noun

(n),

or

verb

(v).

n v a n

KXAMI I.H: Son ie i eok s K ^ e ^ in a l a r o hixiroom.

lib; LLlilk:^?

d i i m e r

i n t h e k i t c h e n .

M y

hn-.u]ic_r

t a k e s

a

s h ( v w e r

i n t h e sma i l b a t h r o o n i .

3.

The

house

has lve

b e e l r o o m s .

4 .

The

w h i t e

oris in t h e

green garage

5 . T h e

moverpul

t h e

c o f i e e t a b l e

i n t h e

h a U .

d

The

brollicrs n_eed

to

bu

y

lurnitiire

for the honsc

7 .

lohii

and jan_e

\ v a n t

tu

r e

a

i i ew

house

b u t

i t i s

v e r y e x p e n s i v e .

S . The ca t is under th e

s u f a

i n t h e l i v i n q ro_orn.


6/74

UNIT

4

Housing

CHALLENGE7 Prepositions

The

ball

isin the

box.

Prepositions

The

ball

s

between

two

boxes,

[l

)O [ ) 1

^

i

n

J

I

The

ballis on the box. The

balls

over

the

box.

^f

O

The ball s

under

the

box U

|

O

The

ballisin front of the box

The ball s nextto the box

The

ballisbehindthebox

Use prepositions

to

talk about where thngsare.

Complete the

sentences

with a preposition from the chart above

I-XAM1M 1 ': Tlie eloek is over the

desk.

The

dc.sk

is un er thedock.

I. Th e ch.nr

is

b e b mi llu' t ab le . T he l a b l e s the cha ir.

Th e b ook i s um le r h e l amp . Th e l amp is the

b o o k .

pelling

of

present continuous

Verb

Spelling rule Present

Present continuous

most

verbs

verbsthat end in e

one

syllable verbs that end in

consonant vowel consonant

verbswth more than one syllable that

end in consonant vowel consonant

and the stress

s

on the last

syllable

verbsthat end in ie

Add -ing.

Drop

the e and add ng.

Double

the

consonant

andadd

-ing.

xception Don tdouble

w, x, and y.

Doublethe final

consonant, and add

-ing.

Change

the ie to y and

add -ng.

work

write

si t

buy

admit

lie

working

writing

sitting

buying

admitting

lying

t s

the end of the

month Silvia

and

Roberto

are

taking care

of

their finances

Fll in the

blankswith

the

present continuousforra

of the verbs in parentheses

I - X A M l L i ; : S i l v i a a n d

R o b e r t o

R o b e r t o i s a t t h e

b a n k .

H e

H e

- Q f e J o J u n g -

( t a k e )

c a r e

o f

t h e i r

m o n e v

i o d a v .

s o m e

m o n c y

i n h i s s a v i n g s a c c o u n t .

t . i k c

( 1 . d c p o s i l )

m o n e y o u t o t

h i . s

c h e c k i n i j a c c o u n t . T h e b a n k i s b u s y t o d a v . A l o t o f p e o p l e

i n l i n e . T w o b a n k c m p l o y e e s

t h e d i t t e r c n t k i n d s o f b a n k

w . n i )

a c a u m t s . A m a n a n d a

w o m a n

4 .

a b o u t

c r e d i t

c a r d s . R o b e r t o

- ,. i l n n k )

a b o u t h i s e x p e n s e s .

S i l v i a

i s a t

l i m e .

S h e a n d

h e r

s o n

s o m e

u t i l i t v

b i l i s . R i i ; h t n o w s h e

I l e r s on

e

a t

t h e

k i t c h e n t a b l e . S b e

I S . p a v

9 .

h e r .

1

l e

t h e

p h o n e b i l .

I t s

h i g h

i b i s m o n l h .

_ _ _ th e

c o s

o t p h o n e

c a l i s

to

M x i c o .

I I . c a k u L i t c

fo r

a c h e a p e r

p h o n e

c o m p a n y .

Write

th e correctspelling of the present continuousform of the verb

H X A M P I . K : h a p p e n h ppening

1 .

o p e n

2. iop

3 . d e p o s i t

4 .

f o r g e t

5.

r e m e m b c r

> l i s t e n

7 . \ - i s i t

t i f

9. l i e j ; i ] i _


11/74

U r-

1T

Housing

CHALLENGE

2

Presentcontinuous

^ Subject

Be Vefb

ing

am waiting.

He/She/lt is sleeping.

are working.

Examples:

am

(l'm)saving money.

You are

(You re) enter tainin g guests.

He is(He's)talkingto afriend. W eare(We're) paintingthe room.

She

is (She s) paying therent

They

a re (They re) looking at the ad.

t tis(It's)

barking

outside.

X

:

;

X

1.

l

4.

6.

8

The

presen t continuous describes activities or states t ha t a re continuing now.

Don t

use the

present continuouswith

non-action

verbs:

like,

love,

ha te, understand,

know,

need,want,

have.

Some

exceptions: l m havingfun. She is having breakfast They a re hav ing a

party.

J Writethecorrectformof thepresent

continuous

in thestory about Silvia,

\MPLE:

work)I.

am

WQltng

iv

desk.

(do) I

> } ,

mvEnulish homework

ri^hl now.

( look)

Mv

desk

is

ncar

th e

window.I

oul

the

window

now.

j

p lav ) S o m e childryn socarm mepark.

(waitlA manad,a woman tor the bus.

wash)

Mr.Acfam

hisc a r .

/

. .

J

(sleen)Adoc ' ontheneighbor's porch.

/

/ 1

Readthestoryabout Roberto s

moving

day. Rewr ite eac h sentencewitha p ronoun,

making

acon t ra c t ion

with

beas in theexample.

i'/

.-*,

\MPL)E

Silviaanp

I

aremoving

to the new

apa r tm ent.

IVe'femowno

othe new

apartment

Yon

andTnronuttfnp firnifnrp inthelivnproom.

Some

friendoarehrlnitipme.

Jnnnis.-arrvinn

henvybmces

un the

st,iir;

r.nrln

ipittill rlnthcsinherbp rrtnm

Silvia

and her

mother

aremakinga

lst.

My

cousins

arefixinga

lamp.

The

doo

islookingfor its

favorite

sof.

M\

familvand I

areenjoying

ournew

home.


12/74

UNIT

4

Housing

CHALLENGE

1 There is there are

Example

Thereisfurniture in the apartment.

There sa car in the garage.

Thereareschools in the neighborhood.

Explanat ion

Use

there

s

with

singular count nouns

and

non-count nouns.

There s is the

contraction

for thereis.

Usetherearewith plural

nouns.

Use

there

is and

there

areto

introduce

new

topics into

a

conversation

and to

talk about

wherethings are. There isandthereareare often usedwith prepositional

phrases.

Question

Is

therea car n thegarage?

Are

thereschools in the neighborhood?

x

How

many schools

are

there?

Answer

Yes,

there

s.

Yes there are.

No,

thereisn t

No, there aren t.

There are

three schools.

Questions with there is and there are

can

haveshort answers.

Use

there

arewith how

many

to ask for

nformation.

Carmen is talking to a real estteagentWritequestions and short answers

th r

isand

th r

re to

complete

the

conversation.

L X A M P I E : C a r m e n :

I l ow ma ny

bedrooms

_ re th r

Agent :

There are thrcebedrooms.

with

Carmen:

How

many bathrooms

are

there?

Agent : two

bathrooms.

C a r m e n : _aga rage?

Agent : No, .

Ikit

_

3.

Carmen:

Agen t : Yes,

4. Carmen:

Agent :

a

carport

a

balcony?

It s

v c r y b i g .

c h i l d r e n i n t h e b u i l d i n g ?

.n

.

Yes,

5.

C,'armen:

Agen t : No,

i ( armen:

Agen t : Yes,

7. Carmen:

Agent:

alot

of families.

No,

dogs

in the

building?

. Youcan'tkceppcts.

a

p a r k

nea r t h e a p a r t m e n t ?

. t ha s a s w i m m i ng pool

f u r n i t u r e i n t h e a p a r t m e n t ?

Youneed

to buy

f u rn i tu re .

9

i

1

i>

Carmen:

I w an t lo

see

the

apar tment .

Agen t : ( ornesoon.

m a n y

peop le l ook ng a t i t .


13/74

UNIT

ood

CHALLENGE8 ^Questions

with

or

Question

Do you brng yourlunchor do you) buyyour lunch?

Does

she

walk

to the

store or

does

she) drive

to the

store?

Does sh elike potatoesor doessh eHke) toma toes?

Do theyuse

credit cardso r

do

they use) cash?

Answer

W e

buy our

lunch.

Shewalks

to the store.

She

likes

potatoes.

They us e cash.

Use

or

in questions togivea

choice

and

clarify

information.

VV

Complete

the

questions

using

the

words

in

parentheses

EXAMPLE:

mustard

/ketchup)Do you

want

mustardorketchup on

your hot

dog?

1. ( t m a l o

/ c h i c k e n ) D o y o u

w a n t s o u p ?

2. (ho i led /

f r i ed )

D o y o u l ik e p o t a t o e s ?

3 . ( h o t/ i c cd ) D o y o u w a n t

l ea?

4.

buy /makc)Do you yourlunch?

Wrtequestionsusingthewordsinparentheses

E X A M P L E : t h e y / ea t /eggs / cere l / for b r e a k f a s t

Do they

e t

eygs

or

cereal

fo r

breakfast

t h e c h i l d r c n /

w a n t

/

k e t c h u p

/

m u s t a rd

/ on

t h e i rhamburgers

2. T ra n

/ go / to a

r e s t a u r a n

/ to the

cafe t e r i a

/ for

l u n c h

3 . Sebast i en a nd R o bcr t / ea t / l unch / t o ge the r / a lo ne

4 . s he / h ea t / wa t e r / o n t h e s to ve / i n th e m ic ro wa ve

5 . D u o n g/ h a t e / cof fee / love / cof fee

6.

D a v e

/ eat / a big

b r e a k f a s t

/ a smal l

b r e a k f a s t


14/74

UNIT

F o o d

CHALLENGE 7 How much?How many

Example

How

much

coffee

do

we

have?

How many cookies

do we

have?

Explanation

Use

how much

and

how

many

to ask

aboutamounts.

Use muchfor

non-count nouns

and manyfor

count nouns.

Q:

How muchis aham sandwich?

A: It is(It's) 3.50.

Q: How much isthe bread?

A : It s

2.00.

Q: Howmucharethe oranges?

A: They are (They re) 50 cents each

Use

ho w much to ask about prices.

Use is and it with singular nouns and non-count

nouns.

Use are and theywith plural nouns.

p

FU

in the

blankswith

ow

much

or ow

many.

l i X A M I M l l :

t o wm ny _^ s

o f

coffee

do youd r i n k ?

3.

4.

8.

f r u i t does

sh e w a n t ?

m i l k

does y o u r d a u g h t e r d r i n k ?

i n o n e y do y on

s p e n d

on food?

vending machinesa re t h e r c ?

t i m e

do w e

h a v e

t o

e a t ?

b o t t l e s of w a t e r does sh e ne c d?

sandwiches

do

y o n m a k e ?

s o n p d o e s sh e w a n t ?

Write

/s

or are in the questions about Food City.

Write

i f s

or they re in the answers .

E X A M P U i :

H m v m u c h /5 t h e y o g u r t ?

1 I low n n i c h t h e o n i o n s ?

2

i nv

m u c h

_

3. [ low

m u c h

_

4 ilow much

How much

_

(i. Io w much _ _ _

7 l o w m u c h

S low m u c h

I t s

t h

niilk

t l i e

c e r e a l ?

cookies?

t h o s e

p a p e r

h ay s ?

t h t L i icuinher?

th e

orante ju ice?

t h o s e c . ins o t

l i m a ?

$2.00

ac a r t n .

$2.50 a h a g .

$2.00

a g a l l n .

$2.40 a

b o x .

1.00e a c h .

free

40c e n t s .

$4.00

a

c a r t n .

8 5c e n t se a c h .


15/74

'

UN

1

,r

FOOd

y

CHALLENGE

6 Imperatives eo

^

Useimperatives...

Affirmative

to

give instructions.

Choosea

number.

to makea request Buy

milk, please.

(Add please to be polite.)

to

make

a command. Eat

your vegetables.

SIC

t>f>

~

J

* Y(b

Negative

Don tbou

the

potatoes.

Don t

eat n the

library, please.

Don t

put your feeton the table.

When

using the imperatve, the subjectyou is understood.

o

E XA

1.

.

5.

EXA

I

nee

thes

conv

sorne

m

Choose

a verb frpm the box tocomplete the sentences. U se thenegative form

whenindicated. More than one

answer

is

often

possible.

read

listen

as k

hclp write don t use

don t

take don t

cook

cut

V1PLE: Help vour

sister

make

dinner.

the server

about

the men. 6.

the

shopping

list.

7.

my

bowl.

8.

toyour parents. . 9.

eggs in the microwave. 10.

don t put

don t

e at

candv

all d.iv.

th e

car ro tsin

half.

a

check

for the

food.

th e dog to the restauran .

pennies

in the

vendinti machine.

I Silvia

is getting readyfor a party. Readthe

instructions

she givesher

children.

Fillin the

imperatives.

Use he

negative form when indicated.

V1FLE:

Don't watch TV now.

(watch,negative)

d vour

help. Please

the

ru

and

\our

rooms.

(1.

vacuum)

(2. clean) (3.

eat ,

ncyative)

lacks

in thelivingroom eggs,mlkandbread. thefoodat the

(4 .buy)

;nience store.

to

Food

Citv.

(6.go)

(7 .Pee )

a salad. and

(9 .

make}

( lO.wash) (ll.drain)

thetable. the

blue plates.

Use

1 2 .set) (13. use,negative}

prettv

napkins.

on

some

nice

clothes.

(15.

put)

(5.buy, negative)

and the

potatoes.

(S.whip)

the lettuce first. Then

thewhite

plates.

(14.

choose)

l r UNIT

3


16/74

Food

CHALLENGE

5

Comparative adjectives

Rule

Simple form Comparativeform

One

syllable

adjectives: add -er

Other adjectives

with

two

syllables

or more:

add

more

Exceptions

Spelling

changes:

For

one yllable adjectives, add -r

if the adjective already ends n e.

For words that end in consonant

vowel

consonant,

double

the

last

letter

and add -er.

cheap

expensive

good

bad

large

thin

Apples are

cheaper

than oranges.

Food City ismore

expensivethan

Puente Market.

This cake

is

better

than that

cake.

The

food

s

worse than

the sen/ice.

Th e blue plates are larger than

the yellowplates.

l mthinnerthan my

mother.

Use the comparat ive

form

o f adject ives to compare tw o people o r things.

The com parat ive h as two fo rms: adjective) + -e r than ormore adjective) than.

Some students

are

taikingabout

th e

food

at

school. Write

th e

comparative form

of

th e adjective.

\a

c\

jr

I f

expensive)

R o a s t

beef is .1 t h a n h o t

K X A M 1 M T . :

( d e l i c i o u . s )

T h e

s p . i g h e l t i

i . s

more

eli ous

( c h e . i p )

Th o p t a l o c h i p s a r o

3.

( t r e s h )

l h e s a l a d

tha n the F rench- t fu s .

t ( l a r i ; e ) Th e

cheeseburger

is

5 . I

i ; o iu l )

T h e t o o d i s

fi.

1 L X ) Tliu

( a i l l o s

musido aro

t h a n t h e f r u i t

cup.

t h a n

t h e h a m b u r g e r .

7 . ( b i i : ) T h e

s o d a s

i n t h e c a f o l o i i a a ro

p n l i t e )

l l i o

s e r v e r s

h e re a ro

l).

( s w e o t

T h i s o a n d v

i s

a t l u n c h t r u n

aujinner

_^_^^_

t h a n

t h e

t a b l c s i n s i d e .

t h an

t h e

s o d a s f r o m

t h o

v e nd m g m a c h i j

t h a n

ih e

se rvcrs

a t m ^ - n t h e r

s c h o o l .

1 0 .

( b a t ) T h i s

o a t o i o r i a i s

t e r r i b l e . T W e p / / a

i . s

s i n a l l )

T h o

p o r t i o n s

a r o ._

/

hot) Th o c o l t o o in tho o a t o t

than/thal

candy.

t h a n t h e spghetti

l u n c h

t h a n a t d i n n c r .

cotfee

n


17/74

F o o d

CHALLENGE 4

Review: Yes no questions

with be and

simple

present tense

Statement

Question

Youput mustard on hotdogs.

He

puts mustard

on hot dogs.

Doyou put

mustard

on hot dogs?

poesheput

mustard

on hot

dogs?

Short

Answer

Yes 1 do.

No, he

doesn t .

The

jar isopen.

The bananas aregood.

Isthe jar open?

Are thebancas good?

No,

itisn t

Yes they

are.

Provde the correct verb and a short answer for each question. Useco ntract ions if

possible.

I ' X A M P L E :

s th e c a r t n o f y o g u r t in the

r e f r i g e r a to r ?

es ,

Jtjs

3.

4 .

5.

6.

7.

_ D u o n g e a t ab i g lu n ch ?

S c b a s t i e n a n d

N a t a s h a

in t h e cafe te r i a?

y o u a n d y o u r

f r i c n d s

e a t beef?

F.va

a t the

s u p e r m a r k e t ?

R o s a d r i n k

coffee

a t n ig h t ?

you eat b r e a k fa s t

w i t h y o u r f a m i l y

i t a good idea to b r i n g y o u r l u n c h ?

t h e b a g s o f p t a l o c h i p s f o r t h ep a r t y ?

V e s ,

N o ,

V e s ,

N o ,

N o ,

N o ,

V e s ,

V e s ,

Use the words to form aquestion.Usebeas the main verb if noverb is

given.

F.XAMPLFS: avocados

/

cxpens ive / inwinter Are avocados expensive in

winter

your

children / eat / vegetables Do

your

children eat

vegetables?

1.

th e t a c o s /

c o m e

/ w i t h s a l s a

2 .

th e

i n g r e d i e n t s

/ on the t ab le .

3. I / p eed / m o r e rr joncy / for d i n n e r

i -

i

.

4.

V an / n e e d . / a b o t t l e o fw a t e r

5. t h e b o x o f c ook ie s / c n i p t y

6.

th e eggs /

fresh


18/74

F o o d

H LLENGE

Review: Simple present tense

Choose the

correct

word to completeeach

sentence

F i l lin the

correct bubble

completely

A M l ' l

I

:

. :

S i i e

_ . . . .

m i l k

i n h e r

e o l ' t e e .

P i i o n g

l u i u l i

r o m

a

t r u e l ;

i c o o k i c s a t l i m e .

W e m i l k l o r ou r u > l e e .

S e h a s l i e n a n d 1

hioni;

o u t .

he r

Jiildren

e andy .

a s a i l d u u h

to

sJiool.

ihe \eiulim;

maehine.

h e a l l l i v

kinehev

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

n

. p u t

g r t

. d o n ' t

.

b u y

. d o n ' t

. d o n ' t

.

t a k e

. use

h a

v e

ca t

g i v e

.c h o o s e

.

d o n ' t

.

p e e l

o f the

ti ir

h e r

n e e d

present

l k

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

tense

.

p u t s

g c t s

.

d o e s n ' t

h ave .

. b u y s

.d o e s n 'teat

. d o e s n ' t g i v e

.

t a k e s

. u s e s

.

e h o o s e s

. d o e s n 't

n e e d

.

p e i s

given.

A

O

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

B

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

e u c u m b e r s .

m a k c d i n n e r .

K N A M P I F : ( l i k e , n c ^ a t i v e ) M v m o l h e r

a n d I

. 'he lp ' i a h r i e l a ' s h u ^ h a n d

u;o A u i u i s t m . . _ . . _ . . . _

o P u e n t e M a r k e t

o n

S u n d a y.

* .

(

h a

v e , i l e g a l i \ ' h i s l e e e r e . M U

n u t s

4 . \ v a i n ,

i K ' u . i t r ,

e

\ \ k e t c h u p

o n o u r

c h e e . s e b u r g e r s .

? .

m a k c

K o b e r t o

a i u l l u s J i i l d r e n d i n n e r o n S a l u r d a y .

. p a \ - ,

ne^a i \

\ \

_

_ . _ . l a x e sonlood.

7 . s e l ) T h e k mJimu _ _ _ t a e o s .

s

. ' h a v e ;

1 m : J k w i t h m y

e o o k i e s .

1

J . n e e i l ,

i l e g a l i \ i

l u '.

_ _ a new

rer pera tor

M I .

h o i i I V , n i e .; ;. ;>

l o r

l u

J

want

milk.

You

We

They

He

She

It

Simplepresenttense

wants milk.

don t

want

milk.

You

We

They

He doesn t

wantmilk.

She

It

3

a

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I


19/74

IA

a

t

e

Food

CHALLENGE

Contamers

and

portions

x mple

A

cartn

of

eggs

is

in the

refrigerator.

Two

cartons

ofeggsarein therefrigerator.

A

bottleofmilksin the refrigerator.

Twobottlesof

milk

arein therefrigerator.

a

slice of

pizza

a

loaf

of

bread,

a piece of

cake

a cup of coffee,

abowl ofsoup,apate offood

A

slice of

pizza

is

2.00.

Two

slices of

pizza

are 4.00.

Explanation

Food

and

drinks

come

in

different

containersthat

can be

counted.

The

verb agreeswith

the

container

and

not theitemor tems inside the container.

Servings and

portons

a re countable.

Fill

in the blanks

with

acontainer from the box Therem ay bemorethan one

answer

K X A M P L E : a

1.

a

2 . a

3. a

4. a

5, a

6,

a

c a r t n

bott le

r o f m u s t a r d

of p t a l o chips

of i ce cr ea m

of gum

of ctfili s a u c e

^ ~

of

w a t e r

J s ~~

o r c o o k i e s

v

p a c k a g e box

7. a

8

a

9. a

..,..

1 . a

1 1 . a

>*K:-a

^

j a r

b a g

o f n n n t s

o

p L k l c s

o c c i e . i l

o

n i a \ ' o n n a i s c

o t v o m i r t

o t

o n i o m

cartn of milk is on the

w bags of apples ron the tatffe

What is on the table? Follow the

pattern

to m ak

F . X A M P L E S :

c a r t n /

m i l k

two / bag /

a p p l e s

1 .

t h r c e

/ p a c k a g e/ g r o u n d

m e a t

2. two / j a r /

p e a n u t b u t t e r

3.

p a c k a g e

/

cheese

4. two / bag / chips

5. six / sl ce / pi zza

6. two /

b o w l

/

p o t a t o e s

7.

j a r / s pag het t i s auce

8 . fo u r /

b o t t l e

/

cola

9. p i a l e /

roa s t beef

1 0.

two / cup / tea

no number i s g iven


20/74

UNIT

F o o d

CHALLENGE 1

Count

and

non-count nouns

Example

Anapple

is on the table.

Apples

are

delcious.

Explanation

Countnouns are things

that

are seprate

you

can count

them).

They

have

a

singular

and a

plural

form.

Theverbmust

agree

w rth

the

subject

Bread

is on the

table. Non-countnouns

are objectsthatyou

cannot count

Breadis decious. because theyareseenas one

thing.

They always

takea singular verb.

Somecommon non-count nounsarefoodsanddrinks.

bread rice

yogurt soda cereal margarme

coffee

water fruit mustard salt

spaghetti

sugar juice meat milk butter gum

Other

cornmon non-count nouns:

money time paper music

hair homework

mail

news

^m Circlethe correct verb.

U X A M I M T :

The

.e real(y/

are in the

bowl.

1 . T h e n e \ v s i s . _ a r e o n

t e le v i s i n

lunv. 1 .

M v hnmework i s

,ire

nished.

5 .

3 . T h e mail i . s _ _ a r c no t here

yel.

f > .

p

Circle

the

correct

wordfor

each sentence

b*

and

many

for count nouns.)

[ X A M ' 1 . 1: \\'e don' hear much ''nuisic /

snn^s.

1 1 lo\

much

looii

/

d i x h e s do ihev

liave

4.

2 don't l l a v e

manv

lu mtnre / c h a i r s . 5 .

3.

I don t ha\

IIHKi nmnev

'

^ o i n s .

6.

snow fun

furniture love

The newspapers

is./^arc outside.

Is / A r e

the

fruit

in the refrigralo '?

Hovv many

bananas

is_/are

in the bow ?

;low.(Hnt:Use

much

for non-count

S h e

doesn't get

manv mai

/

letters.

I

have

too

much

homework /

exercises.

Thev

don't

ea t

much

bread

/

sandwiches.

^

Write.o oranin

front

of

singularcountnouns. Write

0 if thenounisnon-count.

l ' . X A M l ' I T : She

e a t s a n apple

e v c r y d a y.

1 . need (une. 3. Sheputs railk on hcr cereal.

I ) a \ e h a . s

s a n d \ M e h

tu r

lu iuh.

( S .

3 .

Hnnu; e a t s ru

\ M t h i i i s m e a U . 7 .

I think snow is

beautiful.

Make

shoppiiii list befo re vou uo.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1


21/74

UNIT

2

Let s G oShopping

C H L L E N G E

8 ^ Usingthe apostrophe

E x a m p le

Itsame is

Sam.

(the

dog s

ame)

Ifsonly

lOdollars.

Explanaton

Useits to show possession.

Addinganapos t rophe to its changes themeaning.

f

s s a c ont raction for it is

This is

Van s money.

That s her bag.

Smetimes s shows possession.

Sometimes s is a co ntraction for is.

w* Write tsori f/s tocomplete thesentence.

l . X A M P L E : \ V h e r e i s y o u r n e w T V ?

K s _ _ _ _

i n the b e d r o o m .

1 . H o w m u c b

i s i t?

25.

2 W h a t a p r c t t y c a t . W h a t i s a m e ?

.

_ _ _

a

good

dea t o p u t m o n e y i n

t h e

b a n k .

4 . I

d o n t l i k e t h a t dog. teeth a r e big .

S . L o o k

a t the

t r e e .

f l o w e r s a r c p i n k a n d

w h i t e .

th e be s t

c o n v e n i e n c e

s tore i n t h e c i t y

What

does

the s

mean?

Write p

for

possession.

Write is

for a

contraction

with is

H X A M P I E ;

S h c s

v e r y

t a l l .

i s

1 T h e d e p a r t m c n t s tore

s e l l s

c h i l d r e n s shoes .

2 T h a t s

n o t

m y c h e c k e r e d s h i r t .

3 .

S hc s m y a u n t . _

1 . A m y s

b a s e b a l l

cap is r e d . ___________

5 . H e s no t a t

h o m e

n o w .

6. Is t h a t a

m e n s

s t o re ?

7 . W e s h o p a t M a r t in s D e p a r t m c n t S t o r e .

8. W he rc i s t he w o m e n s

r o o m ?

9 . T h a t s a p o p u l a r r e s t a u r a n t .

10 . S he s bus y toda y .

1

1

T h e

ba by s sh oes

are

cu t e .

1 2

Ga br ie l a s ba n k i s on M a i n S t r e e t.

UNIT2


22/74

UNIT

Let s G o

S h o p p i n g

CHALLENGE Expressionswith

t

Example

H ow

m u c h

i s

that sw eater? It 's

$35.

Exp lana t ion

Itcanrefer to a previousnoun.

j

1

What

day isit? It s Tuesday.

What

time isit?

It s

five o clock.

How

far is it to the

library? It s

about two miles.

It s sunny today.

It s a good

idea

to save

money.

It s mportant

to

check

your

account.

Itisalso

used

in

expressions

to refer to:

Day

Time

Distance

Weather

Generalrules

Advice

Comple te th e

sentences

be l ow w i th

It is

(o r

It s)

and the w or d s in

parentheses.

l i X A M P L U :

( i m p o r t n n t )_ t s_ mpotf flf

to askabouttheprice.

1 .

( a

good

i d e a

2 .

f a l iad

d e a

3.

( i m p o i

t a

4 .

( d a m ; c r o u s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_

t o p u t

y o u r

money in abank.

to h avc to omany c r e d i t

cards.

to c he c k yo ursales recc ip t s .

to tend vour cash card to a f r i e n d .

Comple tethesentences be l ow us i ng

It is

orK s)

or

sit

H X A M I M . l i :

It s

s u n n v

t o d a v .

_ _ _ _ _ _ __ c o ld t o d a y ? B: Ves, t a k c y o u r w i n t e r

coat.

2. - __ ___

J a n c ' s b i r t h d a y l od a y . Shc

i s 25.

3. A: l s l od . iv T u c s d a vor \ \ V d n e s d ay ? B: _ _ _ _ _ Tuesday.

4 . _ _ _ _ l i v c o ' c l o c k a l i v a d y \V e ca n

yo

home.

~ \ H o w t a r

____ ____ _

lo

th e s t a t o n ? H N o t

f a r .

Comple te the sentences below.

h X A M P L K :

T h a n k i n i ;

y o u r bos.s i s m p o r t a n t .

I . D r i n k i n g

w a t e r e v e r v day i s ve ry

h e a l t l i y .

It s

important

_ to thank your

bo.ss.

t o d r i n k w a t e r

cver

d a .

2 .

( \ i r r y i n i ; t o o

m u c h

cash is

d a n g e r o n s .

_ _

_ _ _

_ _ _

_______

to

c a r r y

to o

m u c h cash.

3. ( K x k i ni ; y o u r

sa le s

t x x c i p t s is ai;ood dea.

_ _ _ _

_ _

_ _____ _ .

..

__ ____ t o c he c k yo u r sa l es r e c e ip t s .

4 .

l a v i n i ;

u> o

r n a n v ^ r c L t , a i x l s

is a

b a d i d e a .

_____

_

_ .._ ____. . _ . . . ._ to l i av e too m.my cred i t ca rds .

3.

K e e p i i i ;

a

r e u i i d o t \ o u r p i n c h a s e s

s m p o r t a n t .

__ _

. _ _ _

_

_ ___________ o

k e e p

a

record

ot

your purchases .


23/74

UN I T

Let s

Go

Shoppfng

CHALLENGE

6 Adjectives and articles

Adjectives

need a green shirt

I don twanta new dish.

The baseball cap is

whte.

Th e ook is expensive

I needgreenshirts.

Idon twantnewdishes.

Th e baseball caps a rewhite.

Th e books a re expensive

.

Ad jec t ives

d e s c r ib e n o u n s . Th e y c o m e b e f o r e n o u n s o r

a f t e r

t h e v e r b b e .

Ad jec t ives d o n t h a v e p l u r a l

forms.

A rt i c l e s

It s new coat . If s a n o d co a t .

Use a before a word t h a t b eg i n s with a

consona n t .

Use an before a

w or d t ha t be g i ns w i t h

a

v ow e l .

If a v o w el s o u n d s l i k e a c ons onan t , u s e

a,

not an.

Ifs

a u s e d c a r .

t

f fV Rewr i t e e a c h

s e n t e n c e , i n s e r t i n g

t h e

a d j e c t v e g iv e n .

E X A M P L E : I t

i s a

p c n . ( b l u e ) /f s a

blue oen.

1

2

3

4

5

6

.

T h e v

a re

shoes .

( e x p e n s i v e )

.

T h e v a re s h o r t s , ( g r a v )

. It is a c a r . ( u s e d )

. It is a T - s h i r t . ( l a r g c )

. Th ev a r e c o m p u t e r s. ( c h c a p )

.

T h e v

a re s a l e s p e o p l e . f b u s v )

f k

Iw a n t b l u e s w e a t er . 7 . Eva w e a r s

o d

h a t .

3 . D o v o u wa n t o r a n ge s k i r t ? 8 .

Y ou

hav e easy t es t .

4.

T h e v

don't have

used

radio. 9. Sheneeds ten-dollar

bil.

5 Th i s

is

e x ce l l en t s t o re .

1 0.

T h a t

is sood

i dea .


24/74

UNIT

let s

Go

Shopping

CHALLENGE5 -

More

possessiveforms

Example

This is

mywife s bag.

These are

Duong s

pants

Theseare the

students books.

Are

these

thechildren s

shoes?

xpl n tion

Possessivenouns show

ownership.

To

form singular possessivenouns,

add s

to thesingular noun.

To form

plural possessivenouns,add an

apostropheQto the plural noun, or

s

toirregular plural nouns.

Possessiveadjectives can replace possessivenouns.

Subjectpronoun Possessive noun

+

complement Possessive adjective

+

complement

he

she

it

.we

you

they

Roberto s

socks

are

blue.

Van s

baseball

cap s

here.

The

dog s dish

is on the floor.

My and Julia sclothes are

den.

Themen sties arestriped.

Mymoney s n thebank.

His

socks

are

blue.

Her baseball cap ishere.

Itsdish s on thefloor.

Ourclothes areclean.

Your

sweater snice.

Theirties arestriped.

Thepossessive

adjective

its

does

not havean

apostrophe.

VV Write a possessive adjective for the possessive

nouns

in parentheses.

her credil card.: ( A n i y ' s ] A n i y

doesn'l

use

1 .

(Rober to ' s )

These are _..._ shoes.

2. (the

doj'sj

Thal is

._

l i t t l e

house.

3. ( m yand my sistcr's)

Tliat

is

bedroom.

4. ( l a n e t ' s ) drcssi s

green.

5. y o n )

\Vhere

are

_ _

._ _

ehi ldrcn?

6 .

( m e ) g r a m m a r

i s

v e r y

good.

Write a

possessive adjective

to

complete

the conversations.

H X A M 1 M . E :

A :

Can

I

help you?

B:Ves,

1 need

clothes

t u r

1 .

A : I sibis Koberto's

sweater?

B : No,

_ _ _

sweater isblack.

A : (aite

dog

W l u i t

is

a m e ?

B : I d o n ' t k n o w . t i s not my dog.

3 . A : Is

t h a t y o u r

d i c t i o n a r y ?

B :

N o , d i c t i o n a r y i s i n

n i

y

bag .

new

4. A: Is th e

children's

-jchool big?

B:

N n ,

_ _ school issmall.

5 . A : A r eG a br i e l a 'h

p a i s

n e w ?

B:

No , .

p a n t s

are

od.

,

W

W

ut

A

s


25/74

lt oShopping

CHALLENGE

4

This

that these those

S I N U L R

Near

This

sweateris

nice.

Thissyour

sweater

Not Near

Thatsweater

is

nice.

That isyoursweater

P L U R L

These

sweaters arenice

These areyour

sweaters

Thosesweaters are nice.

Those

are your

sweaters.

That s

is a contraction of

that

is.

Thaf

s

my hat.

Read each sentence.Are the

underlined

words singular orplural

near

or

farl

l i X A M P L E : Those apples are del ic ious.

1 .

T h i s

book i s i n t e r e s t i n g .

2.

A

ethosebcjts

cxpcnsive?

3 .

lo w m u c h

ist h a t

T - s h i r t ?

4 .

W h a t co lo r

a re

t h e s e

t ics?

5. Ist ha l rdre s s nevv?

6. These apple j a re g r e e n .

7 . Th i s vacu um

c l c a n c r

i s hcavy

8. I

d o n t l ike

t hose i eans .

Singular

a

a

a

a

a

Plural

r_)

a

a

Near

a

u

a

u

_ l

Far

a

LJ

Fill

in the blankswith th is that these or those and the correct

form

ofbe.

(1) Means thepersonor

thing

s

near.(-*)

Means the

person

or

thing

s

far.

EXAMPLE :

That is

m y b a n k .

2.

3.

4 .

3.

6

7.

8

9

10

__ d e l i c i ous app les .

)

hcr socks.

(1)

asmall

store > )

your rece ip t s.

)

cxpens ive

t i cke t s .

(1)

m y s i s ter , A my. (1 )

a

u sed re f r i ge ra to r .

O

_ _ _ ourodnotebooks.(i)

Roberto's

checked sh i r t .

( i

a n i c e

street.

* )

JJNIT

2


26/74

L e t s

G o S h o p p i n g

C H A L L E N G E 3 Singular and pluralnouns

Someplural nouns have

spellingchanges.

Singular Plural

dictionary

dress

potato

life

dictionaries

dresses

potatoes

lives

Rules: f

th e

wor en s

i n . .

c o n s o n a n t

y : c h a n g e y t o i a n d a d d es

sh ,

ch, ss,

x, or

z:

add

-es

consonant+ o: addes

fe or f:

change

f to

and add es

exception:

chiefs,

chefs

Somenounshaveirregular singular

and

plural forms.

Singular

Plural

Explanaton

man

woman

child

person

men

women

children

people

clothes shorts pants

jeans slacks

Different

wordform

Nosingularform

Fillin th bianks withth pluralformsof th nounsgiven

F . X A M l U : :

f i n a n ) T h o se m e n .

a re

c u s tomers .

2 .

( U u v k ) M \c

d o c s n l w r i t e

3 .

w o m . i n ) T h e

_ ..

.

_

_

4 . d i e s e l

Me ilncMi

t we.ir

_

3.

i

s a i u l u i t . l i ) \ \ e b u y

.. _

6 . ( t a x i T h e . .

_ _

7 .

[ p c n n v i

h a v e

o u r

H . { w i l c ) A e t h o i r

4. ( d i s l i )

D u

\ o u k e l i i e

i ed

l i k e

to shop

at

the

corwcniencestore

a re h i y h i n t h i s to w n .

, L

t l i e

s u p c r m a r k e t ?

1 0 . p c r s n n l

S o n i c

_ _____ __

1 1 .

e h i l J ) T h o s e

_ _

1 .L (

I I . I I H S )

\ \ h , i l

co lo i a re

y n u r _

13 . i w a l c l i l A r e i h o s e

n e \ _

14.

l u n e h l\\ d i m t 1 - f u v < > u r , _

1 5 . t a m i l v i

S u m e

p a y

c a s h a l l t h e

t im e .

txd

h e i p w i t h t l ie i r homework

at

school

S

o

i l r i \

u s e d

cars.


27/74

NIT

2

Let s GoShopping

CHALLENGE

Yes no

questions with simple

present

tense

Y

n

q

o

w

t

h

s

m

p

1

need more

cash.

You

want

abelt.

W e

need

an

English

dictionary.

Theystartschool

on

Wednesday.

She

shops

at themal.

He wearsties.

The car has a

radio.

Do 1

need more

cash?

Yes,

you do. No, you don't.

Do you

want

a

belt? Yes,

do. No,

don t.

Do

we need an

English

Yes, we do. No, we

don't.

dictionary?

Do they

start

school on Yes,

they

do. No, they

don't.

Wednesday?

Does

she

shop

at the

mal ?

Yes,

she

does.

No,

she

doesn't.

Does

hewearties?

Yes,

he

does.

No, hedoesn't.

Doesthe car

have

a

radio?

Yes, itdoes. No, t

doesn't.

Use do or

does

with

questions usihg

a base

form verb.

Use the base

form

of the

verb

withdo and

does.

vv Van is

answering

questions about her family's shopping habits.

First

complete the

questions.

Then

complete

Van's answers.

EXAMPLE:

Do

voulikcto shoo?

Yes,

/

do

vou

havc

a

credit

card?

V e s

2. vour

hushand

have

a

credit

card?

Yo,

3. vourchildrenhavccredit cards?

No,

4. vo ulike to go to

the

mal? los,

5 .

\our hushand likc

to shopfor

clot1ies?

\ - > ,

6.

vour

children like to shop tor

c lo tncs?

Yes,

7. vourfamilv

izo

to the

supermarkct

cvcr \ wcrk?

Y e . s

8. vo ubuv

Write

aquestionu;

EXAMPLE: you / have / a re

. she / use / an

umbrclla

2.

Eva andDoug / go to the

3.

you /

like

/

used

cars

4. I / need/ a

ncw

refrigera

5.

w e / have /

cash

6.

he /

work

/

here

used

cars?

No,

ingdo

or

does

dshirt

Do you have a red shirt?

mal

jr


28/74

UNIT

Let s

Go

Shopping

CHALLENGE1

Spelling

changesin the

third

person

Subject

REGULAR FORMSOF THE SIMPLE

PRESENT

TENSE

Affirmative

Negative

l/You/We/They

He/She/lt

Example

wear

wears

don twear

doesn t

wear

Complement

red sweaters.

green shoes.

SPELLINC CHANGES

Explanation

She washes the dishes.

He buys

lunch.

He worries

about

me.

When the verb

When

the

verb

When the verb

and add

-es.

ends

ends

ends

in ss,sh, ch,or

navowef+y.

in a

c onsonant

8

~ 3

x,add -es.

add

y .

an -s.

change

the

y

toi

Wrte

the correct

form

of the

third personsingular.

E X A M P L E :

s e l l s lls

1 . p a y 4 . w a t c h

2 .

t e a c h

_ 5 .

s t u d y

6. c is e

a

una

gcooco

i

3 .

c a r r v

Readthe

story.

W ritethe

correct

form of theverb.

H X A M F L I - :

M y

l e a l w a v s

H e

b e f o r e

He

( 3 . h u y ,m

h e

^

u r a r u l f a t l u T teaches

t e a c h )

a l i s t w h e n

1 , nukci

t h i n u s h e

; y a ( i v c ) ( 4 .

nml,

, " I ' l t a k e i t . " M v

6 . s a y )

J

c a s h .

m e

aboirt

h e

monty.

\

(2 . \bop)

JV

\e

t the

o r i c e s

n e g a t i v e )

g r a n d f a t h e r

( S . l o o k )

a

e r e d i t card.

( 7 . h a v c ,

n e g a t i v o)

( S .

p a y .

). l i s ten)

b u l

1 1 . u s e ,

negativo)

U )

my graiulfathcr.1

t

a

lot.

Mv

hrothcr

a

credit

eard.

10 . c a r r y)

to

his advice.

He

( 1 2 .

listen,

negativeJ

a

lot

o

monev,bulhe J

( 1 3 .

m a k e ) 14 . p u t ,

n e g a t i v o )

t o e x p e n s i v e s t or e s . M y

g r a n d f a t n e r

m o n e y in the b a n k . Ile

aboutm\

1 6 .

wo i r y )

.

I

r-JO

i

i

i

i

i

i


29/74

U r>

1

IT

1 Talkngwth Others

g CHALLENGE8 Simple presenttense

*

K Subject

Base

form Complement

t

t_

*

lke music.

*

o. You

V V e

They

do not

like

TV .

don'tlike

W e

They

c

r\

5:

c

:

i:

8.

::

Subject Base

form + s

Complement

He

likes music.

She

It

He does

not like TV.

She

doesn't

like

It

Some ve rbs add -es in thethirdperson singular.

1

go to

work,

- She

ges

to

work.

1

do my

homework.

- She

does

her

homework.

To

formthe negatve, use do o rdoes + not and the baseform of the verb.

J

Choose

the

correct form

o thepresentt

\M IM.H: T h c c a r

aradio. A . 1

\V e

Lnul ish

in the

evcn n^ .

A . j

Theehildren TV. A.\a

a p e s e . A . s

Silvia to w o r k ai8:00. A . _

My s is jrs .. in

Bos ton

A . 1

Th e

cal

TV. A. 1

Y on homework in themorning. A .

L

I books . A. 1

J Change each sentenceto thenegativefo

\MPLH;

Minh speaks Iini>lis iiliclass.

_Mn

Le o does

homework

cverv

niiht. '

Mnhand Leolistento theteacher.

Minh checksherwork.

Leolikeshis

classmales.

Minh par t ic pa les in

class.

Minh

and Leo studv atlime.

I p rac t iceFnjilish

on

theweekend.

Minhand Leo watchTV in Enulish.

Yon

talk to

Leo.

Le o answers quest ions.

ense.

Fill

in the

correctbubbl.

1

av e

B.has 1 Q

r a c t i c e B. p ra c l i c e s1 v ) O

va tch B.

watchc/f \

O

peak B.

spcaj/

H

1p

ve

B.

liiesN

\

O

ke

H.iA

V O C

o B.do 's

^

C. O

ke

B. likes Q

Q

rrrj. \ r\

dpeirt'

s p ea k E ngl is h in c l a s s .

^


30/74

UNIT

T a l k n g

w t h

O t h e r s

CHALLENGE

7 Theverb

Aove

Subject

Verb Example Negativeverb Example

you

we,

they

he she it

n r

nave

has

have

short black

hair.

She has long hair.

don thave

doesn thave

don t

have long brown hair.

She

doesn t

have

short hair.

o

G re le th e

correct form

of the

verb

n o v e

E X A M P L E : BarbaraQocsn't have) /

don ' t

havecur lyhair.

1 .

R a d e k

h a s / h a v c f o u r c h i l d r e n .

2 .

Jad/.iu

doesn'l

havo /

don' t

have any chi ldren.

3 . \V e has / have t h r ee b r o t he r s .

1 . Kadek and Ixloesn't havc / don ' t havean y sisters.

5 . Y ou doe_sni have/don't have a

w i l e .

>

lad/ . ia and

Y i l e k

hin_e_L_has s h o r t b l ack h a i r .

7 , I

doesivLhaye./^joji'l

h a _ y e l o n ^ ,

b l o iu l l u i r .

S . ' l ' l ie w h o le i 'amly has / have

b l a c k

h a i r a n d

b r o w n

oyes.

9 .

You has^/

have b row n

oyes,

too.

1 0 .

I h a y e _ ^ h a s

c u r l y .

b r o w n

h a i r .

O

Wrtethecorrectform of

have

in

eachsenten

H X A M I M . H :

l 'avc l

_/Ifl __

_ c r l y ,b l o n d hair.

\N e

negativc)

_ _ red ha i r .

2

M a r k e t a

_ _ _ s l r a i g h l ,b l o n d

h a i r .

b l u e

eves.

'ave

i

a n d

M a r k e u

4. Tliey

3. I 'avel

brown

evos.

f i . M a r k e t a

7 .

Pavel

< S

Y o u

one hroiher and two s is ters .

_ _ t h r e e c h i l d r e n .

anv ch i l d ren .

a

nice

aniv

V .

_ a

tal h u s b a m l .

1 0 .

M a r k e t a inc^tinr

a la ther .

y


31/74

U N I T

T a l k i n gwit O t h e r s

CHALLENGE 6 > Wh questions

with

be

Wh word

What

Where

When

Who

How

What noun

Whatcolor

Whattime

w

+

adjective

How od

Se

is

are

s

is

are

Se

are

is

Se

is

Complement

Answer

your

name?

youfrom?

your birthday?

she?

you?

My name

is

Tatsuya.

l m

fromJapan.

My birthday

is in April.

She smy sister.

l m

fine,

thanks.

Complement Answer

youreyes?

it?

They re

blue.

It s

4:00.

Complement

Answer

your car?

It s

f^years

od.

Usewh questions

to get information.

The verb be agrees withthe subject of the sentence.

What is

your

name?

.What

are

your ames?

rite aquestionto match each answer

E X A M P L E :

\ V h a t is

your

son s

name?

1 W h a t

2 _

W h o

3. W h a t

4.

W h a t

5. How

6. W h a t

.

7. Wh ere

8 .

Who_

9. How

10.

W h e r e

1 1 H o w

1 2 W h c n

13. W h a t .

14 . Wh ere

*

o tora

son s a m e is

J u l i o .

I t s

6:00.

She is my sister.

Hi.s a ddre ss i s 13 3

lilm

S t r e e t .

M a r io s

h a i r i s h r o w n .

a m 31

ye ars

od.

H is

h a i r is

b i a c k .

T h e y a re

from

A u s t r a li a .

He s

my t e a c h e r .

l m f ine, t h a n k

y o u .

She is at w o r k .

M y wife is 25

vean o d.

T h c i r

b i r t h d a y i s t oda y .

M y dog i s

b r o w n .

\Varsaw

s

in P o l a n d .


32/74

UNIT

Taiking with

Others

CHALLENGE 5 Possessiveadjectives

Subject

ouitorpronoun+

Possessive

adjective +noun+

complement

pronoun complement

you

we

he

she

it

they

have

a

brother.

Youhaveanice sister.

We

have

anewteacher.

Roberto

has

blue eyes

Gabrielahas

blond

hair.

The dog hasshort legs

SilviaandRoberto haveadog.

My brotheris six

years

od.

Your sisteris

happy

today.

Our

teacher

isfrom

Canad.

His

eyes

are

big.

Her

hair

s

long.

Itseyes

arebrown.

Theirdog is friendly.

Usepossessiveadjectives to

talk about what people have orown

U se

his for

men and bovs. Use

her

forwomen

and

eirls

pu tiive

dujeLuvtib

tu

idiK duuui

wiidi

pcupic nave

his for men and

boys.

Useherfor

women

and

girls

Roberto istaikingabout his family Complete

each

sentencewith a

possessive

adjective

HXAMP1 .1Z :

I

have

a

lovcly

w i f c. H er ame is

Silvia.

1 . 1havet w o c h i l d r e n . _ _ c h i l d r c n are in high school,

2. M y son is 17.

3 . My d a u g h t e r is 15. .

4 . l u n a n d

( " a r l a bo th have n iceeyes.

5.'

My

w i l e

hasnice

eyes,

too.

ame

is

J u a n .

a m e

is

Carla.

eyes are brown.

6.

M y

W i le

and ( " a r l a

both

have lon g hair .

7 . You have five s i s ters an d

t w o

b r o lhe r s ?

S , M v Msle r and 1 are s t u d c n t s a t the Adul lSchoo l .

eyes are green .

hair

is

black.

family

is

large

Complete

the

paragraph with

apossessivepronoun

F X A M l ' I . H : Y _ am e i sH e l en a .

Th is i s ap h o i o o _

fami ly .

T h i si si n yd a u g h t e r._ _\

A n a has tw o

c h i l d r e n ,

R o s a l i n a

an d

l . u i / .

T hey

a re

t w i n s ,

a

g i r l

an d a

boy.

s t u d e n l s .

a m e i sA n a .

h i r t h d a v

i s

st S . R osahna has

h l u e

ees an d

hai r

is

red.

Lu / ,h as

brown

eyes an d

._ hai r i s

b ro w n . Ro sa l i n a likesmovies

an d

books.

abou t t a m i l y l i te .Lu / , loves dog.H etakes _

tavor i lc books are

6)

( 8 )

dav . M v h u s b a n d and 1 love

family . W e

t h i n k

1 0)

dog to t hepark every

_ g r a n d e h i ld r e n

are

very M i i a r t an d good- look in i ; .

O\ t hey

t h i n k

l uok in i ; ,too

Po

v ou haveap i c t u r eo| _

1 1 2 )

1 1

family?

g r a n d p u r e n t s

a res m a r t a n dgood-


33/74

-Q

.O

O

a

Talking

with thers

CHALLENGE 4

Yes no

questionswith theverb be

Statement

Question

Affirmativeanswer

Negative answer

I

amlate.

He isMexican.

She

is

from Vietnam.

Itis

4:30.

W e are early.

You are a

student.

They are friends.

Am 1 ate?

Is heMexican?

Is she fromVietnam?

Ist

4:30?

Are we early?

Areyou a student?

Are

they

friends?

Yes youare.

Yes

he is.

Yes

she is.

Yes it is.

Yes we are.

Yes am.

Yes

they are.

No

youaren t.

No,heisn t.

No,she

isnt.

No,

it

isnt.

No,we

aren t.

No

l mnot.

No theyaren t.

To

ask yes no questions,put aformof bebefore thenounor

pronoun.

Everyquestionendsin aquestionmark (?),

Chen

is a n ew student in Roberto s English class. Use

th e

words

to

write

her

questions.Then write Roberto s an swer.

r X A M P L F : 1 / in

y o u r

class Ch e n :

A f fLa^OUr

C/ass?_

Roberto;

Yes

1 .

w e / in M r .

noVs

c l a s s C h e n :

R o b e r t o : Yes

C h e n :

. he /

f r i c n d l y

3. you /

tVom

A r g e n t i n a

4.

Duongani i

Nam /

[apese

5. the

c l s s

/

u n

6. it / 5:00

7 .

w e /

l a te

fo r

class

8.

th e

hooks

/

good

9. Felipe / y o u rbrother

1 0. th e c l a s s /short

R ob er to : Yes

Chen:

___

Roberto: No

Chen:

R o b e r t o :

N o

Chen:

R o b e r t o : Yes

Chen:

Roberto:

Yes

Chen:

R o b e r t o : N o

C h e n :

___

R o b e r t o :

Yes

C h e n :

Roberto: No

Chen:

Roberto: No


34/74

UNIT

1

Talking

with Others

CHALLENGE 3 Negativeformsof the verbbe

Example

am

French.

am

n ot Amer ican.

Silvia s a

student.

She

is not my teacher.

Theyarehere.

Theyare not

atwork.

Explanation

Add n o t aftr the verb be to m a k e a

sentence negative.

A contraction can bemadewith the negativeform ofbe

I am has one

form,

but the others ha ve two.

Full form

am not

He s not

She

is not

Its not

You

are not

We are

They are not

Contraction 1

Heisn t

Sheisn t

Itisn t

You

aren t

W e aren t

They aren t

Contraction

2

I m

not

He snot

She s not

s

not

You re

not

W e re no t

The/renot

Complete each sentencewith the negative form o fbe. Use thefull form.

E X A M P L E :

E va i s l 'o l i sh .S he _ s not G e r m n .

5 Y o u a r e early. Y o u

Complement

astudent.

atwork.

my sister.

myphone number.

polite.

sad.

marred.

1

D u o n g

isd i vorce d .

le

2. Ev a is

s h o r t .

She

marrcd.

ta l l .

3 . M y

oyes

a re

g r o e n ,

T h e y

4 . M y h a i r ss l r a i g h t . I t

_

b lue .

6. We are sisters.W e

7. I am at

work .

I

la te ,

c ou s i n s .

eur ly .

8. Theyar eC u b a n .T h e y

at

h o m e .

M ex i c an .

Rewrite each senten ce using

a

n egatve con traction

o f

be . There

may be

more than

o n e

answ er.

E X A M P L E :

He i s no t

f r om

C h i n a .

1 We aro notd i v o r c e d .

2 .

Sho is not

w i t h h e r

sistor.

3. I t is not o n the m a p .

4 . T hey are not in the

p a r k .

5. I am not ta l l .

You ar e not

sludents

7 . The y are not Slvia s p a r e n t s .

8. I t is no t C a r l a s c o m p u t e n

9. She is not in my

H n g l i s h class.

1 0 . We are not

s ing lo .

1 1 H e

is not

ba ld .

12. You are not

late .

W e s nofrom

China,

or e isn t from China.

1


35/74

1

1

ll

01

>

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

U N I T

1

T a l k n g

w t h Othcrs

C H A L L E N G E

2

T he ve rb

be

Subject Se

a m

r

He/She/lt is

Gabr ie la

T h e b o o k

WeAou/They are

T he teachers

T he

computers

The

verb

be

always agrees with

the

T here are contractions (short forms)

Ful l form

Contracted

form

am l m

He is He s

She is She s

It

is

If

s

C o m p l e m e n t

from Mxico.

here.

nice.

subject

of the

sentence.

for

subject pronouns

and the

verb

be :

Full form Contracted form

Y ou are Y ou re

We are We re

They are T hey re

vlv F i l l

in the b la nk with the correct form o f b e

EX AMPLE:

Mv

ne le

;s

bald.

. She mar r i ed .

2 .

T h e v

ood fr iends.

3. Roberto and I s tudents .

4. I a t eacher .

5. M v

citv

on the

map.

Write a contraction with be to

Dialog

1

Roberto: Am I late?

Gabriela: No,

you

re earlv.

Roberto: What

time

is it?

Dialog

2

Tatsuya: H i. M y ame i s T atsuya.

FeHpp* Hi.

Felipe.

WWp

6 . Th e

t e ac he r

f ron i

C a n a d .

7 . M v b r o t he r an d

s s ter

a l vvork.

8. It a f r i e n d l v c a t .

9. We in

th e p a r k .

10. You s ix fee t ta l l .

complete each conversat ion .

Dialog

3

Duong:

Ho\

odareyou?

Ava;

. l O v e a r s o l d .

Duong : How

od

is your brother?

Ava:

six.

Dialog4

Tatsuya:

Is she your sister?

are

vnu

f rom?

Fva: A n a ?

Oh, no mv

T n K u v a : fr m l a p a n . And yon?

f r iend , od

fr iends.

Frlinp- l m fromCuba. nir*-

1 n t

VO11


36/74

U T

Talking with

Others

CHALLENGE 1 Subjectpronouns

Noun Subjectpronoun

the man

mymother

the map

the dog

my

friend

an d

the students

th e shoes

1

He

She

It

It

We

You(singular)

You

(plural)

They

They

X

Complement

am happy.

s

married.

has curly hair.

isnew.

:

f

,

is

friendly.

speak Spanish.

areagood

friend.

are good

friends.

are

newstudents.

are

brown.

1,he, she,it,we,you,theyare

subject pronouns.

They

replace

nouns.

You is both singular andplural.

It is

used

fo r

singular noun s (animis

and

things).

They is used forplural nouns(people,animis, andthings).

m

m

Vl

c

3:

m

l

i

i

Roberto s ta lkin g about his English class Write the correct pronoun ine ch blank

E X A M I L I: : Hi , my a m e is Robe r t o . _ / am very

happy

in my new

class.

1

Ilu Ieacher

is

M r s.

K d w a r d s .

2 ,

M v

class m a l e s and I work l i a r d .

Rjeko ani.jj4jsi.iyn ar e

f rom

Japan .

i . Pellpe is a y o u n g m a n .

5. I lke

ihHiooks

in mv

class.

is

ve ry

kind

ar e

good s tudents .

are

nice.

har

l K e

v

C

6 . T he l e ac he r give.s

us

ioj3iew_or.k.

7 . D i n m g an d N a m a r e m y c lassmates .

8. Na ni s a

nice

min.

is

no l

mar r ied .

ar e

very

ineresting.

is

d iff cul t .

are

f rom

Vie tnam.

oes

9. Gabriela is

not

Mex i can .

1 0 . ( a b r i l a

and

[ s p e a k Spanish .

B u t

t

1 1 Yo u are

r o n i PoJand

12. Theschool is

nice.

has

c h i l d r en .

is

f rom A rgent ina .

speak

English

in

class.

_ hclp me in class

.

fs

bi g

a nd

new:

help

m e

with

m y homework.

1 4 M y

w i

f e and

p r ac t i co

Hnglish

at

l i me .

listen to the

r ad io .

13. .\y_chjjc}rcn

speak

lngh sh well.

1 4 y

w i f e

a n d p r ac t i co ng

15. X be^cjass is in ihe

e

ven

i

ni;.

srar tsa t

6:00,


37/74


38/74

I

e

Our

Commiinfty

CHALLENGE 4

Frequency

adverbs

xample

My

husband

isalways

late

for

work

Theyareneverathome

She

always

has eggs for breakfast

We

sometimesplay

in the

park

Sometimes go f i s h i n g on

weekends.

How

often

do you see movies?

Doyou eatthereoften?

Where do youusuallybuy gifts?

Doyouusuallytake the

bus?

Explanation

Put

frequency adverbs always, usually,often,

sometimes,

rarely,never

after the verbbe and

beforemainverbs

Sometimes can start a sentence

Use Howoften,often,or the

frequencyadverb

usually

to ask questions

about habits

o

Read

theconversation

between

Gabriela and

Rosa.

Write the

correct

form of the

verb

and add thefrequencyadverb. Pay

attention

to word order.

R o s a : E x c u s e m e. I 'm n e w i n t h i s n ei g h b o r h o o d . C a n I a s k y o u s o m e c j u e s t i o n s ?

G a b r i e l a :

O f

c o u r s e . W h a t

d o y o u

w a n t

tok n o w ?

R o s a : W h c r c d o y o u

( E X A M P L E :

b u y ,u s u a l l y )

usu lly

buy

c l o t l i e s ?

0 1 1

s a le .

a b r i e l a :

I

l ike C a s u a l

W o m a n

i n t h e

m a l .

T h e i r

c l o t h e s

( 1 . be,

o f t e n

_ _

_

R o s a : H o w a b o u t m c n 's c l o t h e s ? M y h u s b a n dn e e d s t o b u y s u i t s a n d l i e s .

G a b r i e l a : M y h u s b a n d ( 2 . wear , ra re l y ) s u i t s .

M u

I

t h i n k R e e d s

s e l K

t h e m .

R o s a :

W h e r e

c a n I b u y

g ro ce r ie s ?

G a b r i e l a : I g o to Sam's

M a r k et .

It'so n E lm Street .

T h e i r

f r u i l a n d v e g e t a b l e s (3 . be, a l w a y s }

f resh . B u t I 4 . b u y ,n e v e r ) .__ f i s h

t h e r e .

R o s a : W h y n o t ?

( a b r i c l a :

Well,

m y h u s b a n d and I (5 .ea t ,o f t e n )

Sailor s Catch is better. And i t ' s r ighthere on Bro a d wa y .

R o s a : M y

f a m i l y

( .

e a t , s o m e t i m e s )

f i s h f o r d i n n e r . T h e L S I a t

f i s h . B u t we l i k e s l e a k

bet ter .

G a b r i e l a : T h e f o o d (7. be,a l w a y s )

M y h u s b a n d a n d I ( 8. g o , s o m e t i m e s )

t o g c t h e r s o m e t i m e .

R o s a :

O K

T h a n k s

a lo t .

G a b r i e l a : S e e y o u a ro u n d th e n e i g h b o r h o o d

d f l i c i o u s

.it

B l o o m f i e l d S l e a k h o u s e .

o n t h e w e e k e n d . I.et's o


39/74

UN1T

5

O u r omm u n i t y

CHALLENGE 5

Time expressionswithsimplepresent and

present ontinuoustenses

ommontime

expressions

Simple

present

always,usually, often,

s o m e t i m e s , r a r e l y never ,

every week),once

a

month),twice

a

week),

onweekends,on Tuesdays),

allthe

time

Present continuous

right now now

at themoment

today

tonight

this morning),this week)

these days nowadays

Example

I oftenstay

at the Red

Carpet Hotel.

He sometimes goes to thegym on Fridays.

I go to thedentist twice

a

year.

We

takeadrive on

weekends.

You study English all the

time.

Right

now he is

washingthe

dishes.

Today l m taking

care

of the cat.

This week we arepaintingthe bedroom.

These days l mstudyingJapanese.

Time

expressions canhelpyou choose the correct verb tense.

o

Choose th e correct word to complete each sentence.

Fill

in the bubble completely.

A . u s e s

A .

io

ii is u s i n g

B ,

a r e

v ; o i n i ;

B. is

v i s U i n u

A

B

o

o

o o

H X A M P U : : D a v i d a l w a y s t h e

I n t e r n e t

a t m g h t .

1 .

T h e k k K

n e v e r _ _ _

t o t h e

p l a y g r o u m l .

M a n u e l a

_ _

her a u n t o n i g h t .

3.

Atihemoment my

p a r e n t s _ _ _

theirexpenses. A.e a k ' u l a t e B. arec a l e u l a t i n O O

4 .

1

le

. hisiloi; t n

the

p a r k on \Vednesdays a i l S . U uix la ys . A.

takes

B. isl a k i i n ; O O

5.

S o m e t i m e s ,

we_._

soecer.

A.

p l a y

f 1o l t e n t r i e n d s a t th e

m a l .

A .

n i e e t

7 . S l i e i n t h e I m s p i t . U

t h i s w e e k .

A . s t a y s

S . M v

l a t h e i '

o n t h e

phone

n o w . A . t a l k s

9 .

R a m n

t h e b u s

e v e r v

d a \ '. A . t a k e s

B .

are p k i v n ^

O O

B .

am

m e e t i n v ;

O O

B . is s L i y i n i ;

B .

i s

t a l k i n i ;

B. is t a k i n v ;

o o

o

o

o o

I I

a n i e s s a ^ e

o n t h e a n s w i / r i n g m a c h i n emm.

A . l e a v e B.

am l e a v m i :

O O

S

A

f

g


40/74

Our

Communf ty

C H L L E N G E 6 Wh questions insimple present and

present continuoustenses

Simple

present

What

booksdo

you

bring

to class?

Whendo youusuallygo towork?

Wheredoesshe live?

How does he

usuallypractce Englsh?

Howmuchmoneydoeshemake

How many

people do theyc li

every

week?

Whydo yous ythatallthe time?

Present

continuous

Whatbooksa re

you

bringing

to

class

today?

When reyouworking these days?

Where iss he

livingnow?

How s he practcngEnglishat the moment?

Howmuch money

is

he m kingnow?

How many people

retheyc lling

today?

W hyar eyou sayngthat?

Wh

questions that

ask

about habits

a nd

routines

can

only

be

used

in the

simple present

How

often do yougoto the city? What do you usuallywearto work?

Other wh

questions

can be in thesimple

present

or

presentcontinuous

Use thewordsin

parentheses

towritequestionsin the simplepresentor the present

continuous Thetime expressions

w i l l

help youchoosethecorrecttense

n X A M P L H : t a k e ) lo w o f l cn oes h e

1 .

( g e t )

V o u r h i c y c l e

U b r o k e n ? H o w _

2 .

c a r r y )Why_____ she

3 .

b u y )

W h e r e

_ y o n

u s u a l l y _ _ _ _ _

l )

W h e n

t k

t he bu s?

v o u

a

m a p

a l l t h e

t i m e ?

ca rd s?

t o

s c h o o l

t o d a v ?

4

peo p le

5 .

( s p e n d ) H o w m u c h m o n e y

y o u

u s u a l l y

6 . v i s i t ) H o w o f t e n

G a b r i e l a

t h e

700?

t h e i r f i r s td r ivc r ' s l i c e n se t h e s e d a y s ?

__ a t the

r e s t a u r a n ?

( t a k e )

H o \

m u c h

t i m e

_

i t

8 .

( s c n d ) H o w

vo u u s u a l l v

t o ge t t o t h e m u s c u m ?

9 .

( s t u d y ) W h e r e

1 0.

( l o o k )

\ V h a t

R a m n

_

p . i c kag es

t o

y o u r

f i r s t

c o u n t r y ?

r i g h t

n o w ?

vou fo r n o w ?

1 1 .

( s t a y )

H o w m a n y p e op l e _ _

12 . go)Ilo w o f ten you

1 3 . d r i v c )

\ V h v D a v i d

i n t he

ho s t e l

t h i s

w ec k?

t o t h e

m o v i es?

14 . ( h a ve ) 1 l o w m a n y t e l e p ho n e n u m h e r s

1 5 . ( l i k e ) W h v v ou

t o th e

m a l r i g h t n o w ?

t h e y ?

t h a l

c l o t h i n g s tore?


41/74

Our

C ommun t y

CHALLENGE 7

Simplepresent

Yes no questions

in

simple present

and

presentcontinuous tenses

Do

need

furniture?

Does

he

have

a

pool?

Doesthavea

porch?

Do

you usuallypay bilis

on

Monday?

Doyou

want

a

garage?

Answer

Yes

you

do .

Yes

he does.

No,

it

doesn t.

No,we

don t

No,1 don t.

Present continuous

Am

smltng

in the

photo?

Is he

visting

a

friend?

Isshewalkingthe dog on

Crand Street?

Areyouwrtinga letter?

Are

they

usng

the Internet?

Answer

No, you re

not.

Yes

he s.

No,

she

sn t.

No,

I m not.

Yes they

are.

B

s

i

ai

8

.

1

O

Writeashort answerforeach question

below.

L i X A . M P I . E ;

D o y o u shopa t th c Spo r t s Ru nn e r ?

Does th e mo te l h ave a e s t a u r a n t ?

2 . D o t h e c u s t o m c r s u s e e r e d i t c a r d s ?

3 . I s she

v i s i t i n i ;

h e r

m o n i

n

th e

h o s p i t a l ?

4 . A r e y o u p a r k i n i ; t h c c a r o n t h cc r n e r ?

5. Does she

l i ke

w ork i i i ;o u t s i d e ?

h . I s v o u r s o n s w i m m i n g i n t he

p u b l i c

p o o l n o w ?

es

Ido

No,

Yes

No,

Yes,

No,

Yes,

Write theyes no questionforeach answer.Use thesame tense.

IM.l: O: y ou D o

you

needtogo toC i ty Half?

V e s ,

1

n e e d

to

o

to

t

H a l l

A :

N o , M i g u e l i s

w a i t i n i ;

on t he e o r n e r .

2 .

O : i s i s t e n

A : No , vo u r b r o t h e r has a lkvn.se .

3 .

Q:

l a l h e r t _ _

A :

No, yon

a r e l e a v m ^ ,

a

mess . i i ;e .

4.

O

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