Libro Conplido en Los Juizios de Las Estrellas

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Medieval Academy of America

Libro Conplido en los Juizios de Las EstrellasAuthor(s): A. R. NyklSource: Speculum, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Jan., 1954), pp. 85-99Published by: Medieval Academy of AmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2853869

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LIBRO CONPLIDO EN LOS JUIZIOS DELAS ESTRELLASBY A. R. NYKL

AMONGhe several projects left unfinished by the untimely death of AntonioGarcia Solalinde in 1937 was the edition of the Libro conplido en los juizios de lasestrellas, a translation into Old Castilian of Ibn abi-r-Rigal's book Al-Bdri' fiahkdkmn-nugum, completed about 1256 A.D.by order of Alfonso X el Sabio.Editorial work on the transcribed text of the unique manuscript of the firstfive partswas resumed inthe sunmmerof 952 at the Spanish Seminar of MediaevalStudies at the University of Wisconsin by Victor R. B. Oelschlagerand James H.Herriott.Work on the prefatory matter and a brief commentary was distributed amongthree collaborators in the following manner: Oelschlager was to deal with theCastilian text, Herriott with the Latin translations, and myself with the Arabicmanuscripts, explanation of the technical terminology, such as atacir (at-tasyir), alcotcode,cotcode(al-kadkhudah), hileg, hyleg, yles, alhileg (hilag, hailag,al-hailag), mubtez, almubtez (mubtazz, al-mubtazz), ayz, hayz, alhayz (hayyiz,al-hayyiz), adurugen (ad-darigan), trino (tathlith, muthallatha), sextil (tasdis),quadratura tarbi'), opposicion (muqabala), conjuncion(muqarana), quemazon(al-ihtiraq), llegamiento (al-ittisal), baxamiento (hubfit, suqut), algamiento (su'fd,irtifa'), pars fortunae (sahm as-sa'ada), redramiento(ruufi'), medio cielo (wastas-sama'), faz (wagh, sura), bebenia, bebiniya (baibaniya, babaniya), iahuzahar(gawzahar), neubahar (nawbahar), tazmin (taSmim), dustoria (dastiiriya), aliern-istar (al-guwirast?), dignidat (ha7z), and so forth; brief notes to the text, propernames, data on the author, the translator, and the Arabic manuscripts.The data on the author, the translator, and the Arabic manuscripts may be ofinterest to mediaevalists in general, and may elicit welcome comments.

THE AUTHORThe author's full name is given in Carl Brockelmann's GeschichtederarabischenLitteratur (Leipzig, 1898), I, 224, as Abu 1-Hasan 'Ali b. abt-r-rigal as Saibantal katib al Magribi. In the Supplement,I, 401 (Leiden, 1937), and in the secondedition of the GAL (Leiden, 1943), the name is transcribed as Abu'l-Hasan'All b. abi-'r-Rigal as-Saibani al-Katib al-Iagribi al-Qairawani (died not before432/1040).The translator mistook the nisba "as-Saibani" for an adjective meaning"grey-haired" (cf. Dozy, Supplement, I, 808: "grison, homme a cheveux gris")according to the Vocabulistain Arabico (ed. Schiaparelli, Florence, 1871),' hence

el cano el notario (al-kdtibin Dozy, Supplement,II, 442, notaire, though the usualmeaning of al-katib is a writer, a scribe, a secretary (Lane, Lexicon, Book I,2091); "also a learnedman was so called by the Arabs, because, in general, he who1In modern Moroccan ibani=vieillard; Henri Mercier, Methode moderned'arabeparlUmarocain,Grammairearabe (Rabat, 1945), p. 196.

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86 Libro Conplido En Los Juizios De Las Estrellasknew the art of writing was possessed of science and knowledge; writers amongthem were few.")The mistranslation el cano occurs only once in the Castilian text; elsewhere elnotario alone is used. The Latin translation omits both the nisba and the titleof al-kdtib.Nallino in his Albatenii Opus Astronomicum (Milan, 1903-1907), ii, xi, givessome information on the Latin translations and states that the work was com-posed before 428 H. (the year began on 24 October 1036 A.D.), and not after454 H. (the year began on 16 January 1062), according to Heinrich Suter, DieMathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke (Abhandlungen zurGeschichte der Mathematik, x [1900], pp. 100, 214, and in the NachtrdgeundBerichtigungen zu "Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihreWerke"(Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik, xiv [1902], pp. 172-173.In his excellent work, Las Matemdticas en la Biblioteca del Escorial (Madrid,1929), p. 19, D. Jose A. Sanchez Perez states:AlUBenabirichal l Xaibani el Cdtib el Magrebi(Abulhasdn). Es este un celebreastronomoy un gran astrologojudiciariopersa que floreci6a mediados del siglo XI.MuchosautorescomoNicolasAntonio,Casiri,Menendezy Pelayo,Rodriguezde Castroy Amadorde los Rios le suponenespafiol,err6neamente. oncompagni e equivoca am-bien al suponerlodel sigloIX; Nallinoha demonstrado ue su granobrade Astronomiano pudohacerlaantes de 1036ni despuesde 1062.2

There is no evidence whatever that Ibn abi-r-Rigal was a Persian, or Hispalen-sis (Sevillian) as stated by Casiri in his BibliothecaArabico-hispanaEscurialensis,Vol. I (1760), p. 362, No. CMXVIII,and by Wuestenfeld, or "arabe toledano"according to Rico y Sinobas, Los Libros del Saber de Astronomia, Vol. v, part 1,p. 278 (perhaps on the authority of Nicolas Antonio, BibliothecaHispana Vetus,II, 390: "Ali Aben Ragel Toleti sub Almemone seu Hah-Menone Rege, Fer-dinandi I. aetate, qui regnarecoepit in Castellanis anno undecimi saeculi secundosupra tricesimum, astrologico studio celebris," etc.), or "wahrscheinlich ausCordova gebtirtig," according to Suter, op. cit., p. 100. In his article on Ibnabi-r-Rigal in the Encyclopediede l'Islam, II, 378, Suter changed his opinion to"on ignore s'il est originairede l'Espagne ou du Nord de l'Afrique."In view of the nisba "al-Maghrebi," our author considered himself and wasconsidered as belonging to the western part of the Muslim world; had he been,

aAdditionalnformation nderthe sameheading:- Astrologiaudiciariay comentarioeAhmedAbenhasan.ManuscritoArabe um.9043 e Casiri. This is an inexactabbreviation f Casiri'sLatin"PoemadeAstrologiaudiciariaquodediditAli BenAlragialCordubensis:djectis n idemCommen-tariisAhmadiBen AlconphudConstantiensis ispani,qui septimoEgiraeseculoenituit:Nazm'Alib. Abi-r-Rigdl l-Qurtubi;arhAhmadb. al-Qunfiidh." his may have been the sourceof Suter's"wahrscheinlichus Cordovagebirtig.")- De iudiciisastrologiae. raducidodel castellanoy estedel arabe,escritoporAbolhazenAly Abenragel.ManuscritoJ-II-17. El "explicit" sta fechadoen1460.ManuscritoJ-II-7, del siglo XV. El primero raducidopor Alvaroy el segundopor Gil deTebaldos. Additionaldetails n NicolasAntonio,BibliothecaHispanaVetus, I, 81; 82, n. 2; 83, 84,85.) - AlbohazenHaly ilii Abenragelibri de iudiciisastrorum,umma uraet diligenti tudiode ex-tremabarbarieindicati, c latinitatidonati,perAntoniumStupamRhaetum raegalliensem,asilea,1551;410pags.El libro esta divididoen ochopartesy no contieneuna solafigura.La edicionm4santiguase hizoen Venecia,1485.


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Libro ConplidoEn Los Juizios De Las Estrellas 87in addition to that, a native of Spain (Al-Andalus), his nisba would have beenamplified by "al-Andalusi." The only purely Andalusian characteristic appearsin the manuscript Berlin 5892, which gives him the title al-wazir al-kdtib (cf.Nykl, El Cancionerode Aben Guzmdn(Madrid-Granada, 1933), p. xx, concerningthe title al-wazir in the days of the Reyes de Taifas).Brockelmann in GAL, Supplement I, 401, adds the nisba "al-Qairawani"andstates, in accordance with Suter, "hatte vielleicht an al-Kfihi's Beobachtungenin Bagdad (378/988) teilgenommen, lebte zeitweilig am Hofe des ZiridenMu'izzb. Badis al-Mansir (406-54/1016-22) in Tunis und starb nicht vor 432/1040."Two of the author's linguistic characteristics are Maghrebi. They may haveinadvertently slipped into his manuscript, but were faithfully reproduced by thecopyists of the Umumi manuscript (fol. 170) and of the India Officemanuscript:wa naqulu and, though the correct form and aqulu appears most of the time.The only peculiarity, frequently found in Ibn Quzman, is the use of the accusa-tive instead of the nominative in the sentence (Umumi fol. 82): fa-in kdnamakdna n-nuhufsi sa'dan. A careful study might disclose other syntactical andlexical peculiarities which would warrant the conclusion that the author was anative of Morocco (perhaps of the 'idwat al-Andalus in Fas), who may havevisited Spain, and like Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi was rather proud of being a nativeof the western part of the Muslim world. This would also be borne out by thephrase "e ningunos de los sabios non se acuerdan con ella, e mayor miente losde partes de occidente" (wa qalla min al-'ulamd' man ya'malu bihi wa siyyamdahlu l-Maghrib: "and few scholars follow this opinion, especially among thoseof Maghrib"; p. 32; Umumi 26a, Paris 19a).Steinschneider, Die hebrdischentbersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Judenals Dolmetscher(Berlin, 1893), pp. 579-580:

Ibnabi'l-Ridjal .. ist einerderberUhmtesten strologendesMittelalters;dieQuelleniiberihn sind mehrals zahlreich, Note 301: Zusammengestelltu Baldi3p. 60] aber imAllgemeinenehrwenigkritisch;man hat sogardie PrUfungdes Hauptwerkesvernach-3Full itle:"Vitedi matematicirabirattedaun'operanedita i Bernardinoaldi," tc., ntheBullettino di Bibliografia e di Storia delle Scienze Matematichee Fisiche of Baldassarre Boncompagni,v (1872), 493-508. ConcerningPrince B. Boncompagnicf. Enciclopedia taliana.- MonsignorBernardinoaldiwasbornat Urbino, n5 or6 June1553;died10October617.Fromhismanu-script De le tite de' Matematici, wnedby Boncompagni,Steinschneiderelectedthe articlesonMashallah,Al-Ferghani,Al-Kindi,Abf Ma'sar,Thabit b. Qurrah,Al-Battani,Al-ManSur, bnHaitham,Ali b. Ridwan,Ali b. abi-r-Rigal,z-Zarqali,abirb. Afla*,Al-Bitriui, ndtreatedthemwithhisaccustomedrudition. e correctly ejectsBaldi's tatementhat Ibnabi-r-Rigalwasa Persian,ndmakes he distinctionetweenhepoetandtheastronomercf.Note9 infra).He alsoquotesauthorswhoclaim hatIbnabi-r-Rigalasa nativeof Toledo.Thenameof thePortugueseranslatorcf.Note8 infra)sgivenasJosefbenGhedaljaranco.In thesame olume,p.343-401,heresatranslationfanarticle yProfessorermann ankel,entitledStoriadellematematicheresso li Arabi;additionalbibliographyo it is givenby G.BouchonBrandelynVol.VI 1873), p.65-68.Professor ankel eviews,ather ritically,n Vol.v, p. 297,HeinrichSuter'sbookGeschichteermathematischenissenschaftenZUrich, 872).This reviewmayhavepromptedSuterto workhardon the excellentmonograph,Die MathematikerndAstronomender AraberundihreWerke,published n 1900.The first modernpioneer n this field was FrangoisWoepcke1826-1864) hoseifeandwork s describedn the Bullettino,I (1868),119-206, y E.Narducci.


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88 Libro ConplidoEn Los Juizios De Las Estrellaslassigt, das Ubrigens wegen der zahlreichen, allerdings in den Ausgaben wunderlich ent-stellten angefuihrtenAutoritiiten fir die arabische Literaturgeschichte benutzt werdenkonnte. [Note 302: Ich nehme Anstand, mein Register ohne Controlle des arabischenOriginals mitzuteilen.] Ich kann auf verschiedene, sich daran knUpfendeForschungen hiernicht eingehen und gebe nur die Resultate eines frUiherenArtikels, mit Weglassung einigesZweifelhaften. [Note 303: Baldi, p. 57 ff. u. 91, 95.] Abu 'l-Hasan Ali ibn abi 'l-Ridjdl(vulgo AbenRagel Albohazen,Haly, etc.), vielleicht spanischer Abstammung, lebte gewissin Afrika (um 1010-20)4 .... Ali ist der Verfasser eines astronomischen Werkes Al-Bdri'5(das Ausgezeichnete, lateinisch: Completus)ms. Brit. Mus. 1347 (p. 623) und India Off.735, woraus ich (l.c. p. 95) nur einige Stellen nach Mitteilung O. Loth's veroffentlichte;ein Fragment findet sich vielleicht in ms. Esc. 918 (Cas. I, 362). Das Werk ist in VII1Tractate geteilt, der VIII. (Electiones) ist fast nur ein Plagiat einer Abhandlung dariibervon Zael (Sahl b. Bischr). [Note 304: Baldi, p. 67 ff.] Dieses Werk wurde auf Befehl AlfonsX. spanisch ibersetzt und beendet 1256 von Jehuda b. Mose (Musca, Mosca) Kohen,dem Arzte. Ein Exemplar dieser tYbersetzungexistirt in Madrid; den Prolog und einigeandere Stellen giebt Rico y Sinobas im V. Bande der "Libros del Saber de Astronomia."6Die spanische tYbersetzungwurde wiederum auf Befehl Alfons' ins Lateinische Ubersetztvon Aegidius de Thebaldisaus Parma und dem Protonotarius Petrus deRegio (Real). Dieselateinische tUbersetzungerschien Ven. 1485, 1525, latinisirt von Ant. Stupa, Basel, 1551,1571. Tr. IV-VIII einer tYbersetzung n einem spanischen Dialect (an der portugiesischenGrenze, nach Nb.7 2031) in hebr. Lettern8 enthalt Ms. Bodl. Uri 435 (geschr. 1410-12).Die latein. {tbersetzung wurde wahrscheinlich dreimal ins Hebr. ibersetzt, namlich vonSalomoDavin aus Rodez."

F. Wuestenfeld, Die ibersetzungen Arabischer Werke in das Lateinische seitdem XI. Jahrhundert (Gottingen, 1877), pp. 89-91:tiber den Verfasser 'Ali ben Abul-Rigal ist nur so viel bekannt, dass er aus Sevillagebiirtig und ein guter Dichter war;9Proben von ilm stehen in einem Diwan spanischerDichter im Escurial Codex 436; ein einzelnes seiner Gedichte Uber Astrologie ist com-4 No authority s given for this statement.Steinschneiderhould have said "NordAfrika"andspecificallyTunis.5The title is givenin Hebrew etters.6The passages are: Vol. v, part 1, pp. 256-257; 258-259; 269-270; 277-278; 283-285; 289-290;not in the Prologue.Onp. 44there s a longpassageon the astronomicalongressnToledo n 1258-62A.D.J. DominguezBordona n a briefarticle"El 'Librode los Juiciosde las Estrellas' raducidoparaAlfonsoel Sabio" n the Revistade la BibliotecaArchivo MuseodelAyuntamientoe Madrid,viii(1931),171-176,brieflydescribeshe bookandquotes he passageonMercurio, otknowinghat thisand otherpassageshad alreadyappearedn Rico y Sinobasas statedabove.His transcriptionon-tains severalerrors.7Neubauer,Cataloguef HebrewManuscriptsf theBodleianLibrary Oxford,1886).8Thebeginning f Part IV reads hus:"Y aqui conpiecAs nacengas y conteense n ista partidasnacencas* y a crianga* y ylies y alcodcodey os juizosdas cincocasas. This is a translationof theArabic(Umumi):"wahuwal-auwalumin al-mawalid, ihi at-tarbiyaw'al-hailagw'al-kadkhudahw'al-kalamalakhamsatabuyitin" ("it is the firstof nativities; t contains he [chapters] oncerningthe bringingup, and al-haildg, ndal-kadkhuddh,nd the discourseconcerninghe fivehouses").Furtherdetailson pp. 597and 1003.9Thisstatement s dueto a misapprehension.n Casiri, , 127,No. ccccx.xxvi concernsMutam-madb. 'Asakir'sKitdb awsi' at-tawsi, i nazmil-muwasaahdt,extus et Ordo Odarum cf. Nykl,Hispano-Arabicoetry,p. 340),which ists 28poetswhocomposedmuwassa.as.The poetlistedunderNo. 26, Ibn abi-r-Rigalal-Isbili,has nothingto do with ourauthor.The latter'sonly poeticeffortknown s the urgtza(poem n the meterragaz)on astronomy, f. the followingnote.


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Libro ConplidoEn Los Jnizios De Las Estrellas 89mentirt von Almed ben Hasan Ibn el-Kunfud,l0 gest. im J. 571, welcher sein Buch demAbu Jahja, einem Wezire des Mutawakkil, dedicirte, Catal. Codd. or. bibl. Bodl. Vol. in,pag. 282, worunter demnach nicht der Chalif von Bagdad verstanden werden kann, wohlaber el-Mutawakkil 'Omar Ibn el-Aftas, Sultan von Badajoz.11 Nach der hebraischentbersetzung ware der Vorname des Verfassers nicht Abul-Hasan, sondern Abul-Husein;12nach dem Vorkommen im Arabischen und Lateinischen ist aber Abul-Hasan das Richtige;Exemplare des Arabischen Originals sind in London Catal. Mus. Brit. No. 623 undCatalogue of the library of the Indian Office, by O. Loth, No. 735. Die tberreichung derCastilischen tYbersetzungan den Konig Alfons X. durch Jehuda ben Musa fand im J. 1256statt und bald nachher erfolgte die tbertragung ins Lateinische durch Aegidius.

Symon de Phares,'3 Recueil des plus celebresastrologueset quelques hommesdoctes aict par ... du temps de Charles VIII,e publie d'apres le manuscrituniquede la BibliothequeNationale par le Dr Ernest Wickersheimer Paris, 1929), p. 184:Haly Abenragel, excellant docteur, subtil et parfond en la science de astrologie, fut en-viron ce temps, [i.e., A.D. 1125] lequel, comme appert en la somme qu'il a faicte de astrol-ogie, estoit l'un des grans qui fust ou monde en son temps, au moins que l'on sceust, lequela traicte sur toutes les parties de astrologie bien compendieusement et grandement et plusque nul devant luy aye este, quant a la partie judicative et recueillit en icelle somme l'op-pinion de cinquante deux docteurs, tous grans et clers hommes, qui furent devant lui enPerse et en Mede et en Grece, en Arabie, es Indes, en Ytalye, en France et autre part, dontles noms d'aucuns s'ensuyvent. C'est assavoir Algar14. . . et plusieurs autres espars parsa dite somme, que je laisse pour cause de brevete. Cestui Haly Habenragel est le docteurplus complect qui plus amplement escripvit es jugemens particuliers de astrologie quetous ceulx qui ont este devant lui, comme dit est, et fut translate son livre par l'ordonnancede ce noble roy de Castille et d'Arragon,Alphonce, excellant astrologien, de langue arabicqen lengue hyspanique et depuis mis en latin par deux souverains clers et notables hommesde l'empereur. Fist autres plusieurs notables livres, tables et traictiez et, entre les autres,en fist ung "qui dictus est Liber secretorum tellarum,"ouquel est contenue la division desfaces, selon l'ordre des signes.Concerning these "other books" Suter, in the Nachtrdge, states: "In seinemHauptwerk: :Liber completus in iudiciis astrorum zitiert Abenragel zwei eigeneSchriften, welche nicht mehr vorhanden zu sein scheinen: 1) Liber signalium seunotarum; 2) Tabulae solvendi nodos et exponendi adspectus, beide astrologischenInhalts (vergl. Steinschneider, Vite di matem. arab. di B. Baldi, con note, p. 78des "Estratto" v.J. 1873).15The first-named appears under the title Libro de las Sennas in the translationand Kitdb ar-rumuz in the Arabic manuscripts. The second-named one does notseem to appear in the Castilian translation of the first five parts of the original.In the division of the complete work into eight parts our author has a famous

10Full information on this subject is given in Les Manuscrits arabesde l'Escurial, p. 9: Almad b.Hasan(b. 'All) lbn al-Qunfudhl-QustantlnI, ied810/1407-08;Brockelmann,GAL, I, 241;Suter,op. cit., 170, No. 422; Encyclopediede l'Islam, ii, 378.11Cf. A. R. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry and its Relations with the Old Provengal Troubadours(Baltimore, 1946), pp. 171 ff.12 In Hebrew letters.13Died about A.D. 1499.'4 List taken from De judiciis astrorum,evidently the Venice 1485 edition.'5Cf. Note 3 supra.


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Libro ConplidoEn Los Juizios De Las Estrellaspredecessor in the person of Abfi Ma'sar, whom he frequently quotes and whoseKitdb al-madkhal al-kabiris also divided into eight parts.In this particular both of them were preceded by Iulius Firmicus Maternus,author of Matheseos Libri VIII, published by W. Kroll and F. Skutsch (Leipzig,1897, 1913).To a non-specialist Abu Ma'gar's book would appear more learned and morescientifically written. The reason why Ibn abi-r-Rigal's book had a wider appealand enjoyed more popularity is to be sought in its containing a wider range ofspecific situations on which an astrologer's advice would be sought by super-stitious Europeans during the sixteenth century.

THE TRANSLATORIn his aforesaid work D. Jose A. Sanchez Perez writes under the title lehuda:Existe bastanteconfusion espectoal nombrecompletode estetraductordela escueladeAlfonsoel Sabio.Tanto Rico y Sinobasal editar "Loslibrosdel saber de Astronomia"como el R. P. Fray Felix Perez-Aguado en su estudio "Las Academias hebreas en Espara"(La Ciudadde Dios, tomos xxix, xxx y xxxI) presentan como distintos a dos personajesl6quelos denominan:ehudaAbenmusa, ehudaAbenmosca,ehudaBarmossehha-Cohen,lehuda el Coheneso, alfaqui del rey, y Iehuda fi de Mose fi de Mosca. Me inclino a pensarque fueran una sola persona llamada lehuda AbenmusaAbenmoscael Coheneso, a cual eraalfaqui del rey. - Astrologiade Ali benRagel, traducidapor lehuda benMusa; revisadaporEgidio de Tebaldoy Pedro de Regio. Manuscrito J-II-7, folios 3 a 162. - Haly Abenrageldejudiciis astrologiae,Alvarointerprete.Manuscrito J-II-17. En el folio 1 dice que "Iuda hijode Musa lo tradujo del arabe en espafiol y Alvaro de espanol al latin." Como se ve, en am-bos manuscritos, que se refierena la Astrologiade Ali Benabirichal,se le denomina lehudaAbenmusa. Con este mismo nombre traduce del caldeo y del arabe varias obras astro-nomicas por encargo de Alfonso el Sabio.1'Con el nombre de lehuda Abenmoscaes el tra-ductor del Lapidario de Alfonso X."Concerning the foregoing statement a few precisions are necessary. In theLapidario, Ic, 2, the translator is called "Yhuda Mosca el menor," whereas thetranslator of Al-Bdri' is called "Yhuda fi de Mosse Alcohen, su alfaquin e sumercet"; in CruzesA-5 we find "Hyuhda fy de Mosse al Choen Mosca, su alfa-

quim et su merced"; in the explicit: "Ihuda su alfaquim, e su mercet, fy de mossealchoen"; in the Astronomia, I, 153; "Hyuda el Cohemso alhaquim"; in the As-tronomia, III, p. x: "Juda fi de Mosse Alcohen su alphaqi et su mercet"; ibid.,p. xiii: "su phisico."Since alphaqi, alfaquim= al-bakim, corresponds to phisico, it would seem that"et su mercet" should be corrected to metge(physician).On the whole, Yhuda had a good knowledge of Arabic, but not of the deeperMuslim disciplines, such as Qur'an exegesis, jurisprudence and genealogy, and16Thismayhavebeen due to Phares,op.cit., 201:"Yhuda, iliusMusce,IIe de ce nom,fut en cetemps[i.e.,in 1267] ouverain strologienA a courtduditroy Alphonce t, parsoncommandement,translatae livre de ce tresnotabledocteurHaliAbenragel, e languearabique n languematernellehispanique.Cestuifut moultappreciepoursa souffisance udit illustreroy Alphonce."17This statementwouldneedamplification n the basisof NicolAsAntonio,op. cit., ii, 82, n. 2;83, 84, 85, 104.

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Libro ConplidoEn Los Juizios De Las Estrellascared little about the correct vocalization of proper names. This is proved by histranslating the nisba "as-Saibani," which designates an Arab tribe, by el cano,and reading Nunegent instead of Nawbakht, Atenohy or Atunehy instead of An-Nawbakhti, Azarony instead of Al-Birufin, Abnefarfan instead of Ibn al-Farruk-hdn, Nofil instead of Thd'ufil, Almaaz instead of Al-Mu'izz, and so forth.His translating sahm as-sa'dda by partefortuna indicates his finding difficultiesin renderingtechnical terminology into Castilian. For that reason he occasionallyuses the correct Latin form pars fortunae and even whole phrases, given himpossibly by one of his colleagues.Steinschneider in Die hebriischen Cbersetzungen,p. 979, considers Jehuda b.Moses (Mosca el menor?) Kohen, "Arzt in Toledo," as the author of all thetranslations from Arabic into Castilian in Alfonso X's workshop, and quotes thestatement "que era mucho entendudo en la arte de Astronomia e sabie e entendiebien el aravigo e el latin"; this latter statement appears to be exaggerated. Fur-ther study of the text will throw more light on this aspect of Yhuda's merits as atranslator.Castro in his Espaia en su historia, p. 496, note 2: "No se si el don YhudaMosca, a quien en 1266 dan una casa en Jerez "por mandado del rey" es Yehudael Coheneso o su padre (ver Baer, Die Juden im chrisilichenSpanien, I, 58-59)."The preamble of Yhuda's translation is an excellent example of his perfectknowledge of the art of flattery. He knew that the king had a passion for bookson astronomy and astrology, hence brought him the Libroconplido,recommendedit highly and was forthwith commissioned to translate it.El noblerey don Alfonso .. qui sempredesquefueen este mundo amoe allegoa ssilas scienciase los sabidoresen ellas, e alumbro cumplio a grantmenguaqueeraen losladinospor defallimientode los libros de los buenos philosophose priuados;porqueYhuda,fi de Mosse Alcohen,su alphaquine su mercet,fallandotan noble libro,e tanacabado,e tan conplidoen todas las cosasque pertenecen n astronomia, omoes el quefizoAly, fi de AbenRagel,pormandadodel antedichonuestrosennor,a quiDios de uida,traslato o de lenguaarauigaen castellana.

Yhuda's method seems to have been dictating from the Arabic to a scribe andpossibly revising the translation somewhat before it was finally copied in itsdefinitive form.The pioneer translator could not hope to render all the nuances of the highlycultivated literary Arabic in the rustic spoken Castilian, and frequently had tohave recourse to picturesque neologisms, approximations and explanatory redun-dant phrases. At present there are two desiderata: a critical Arabic text of Al-Bdri' on the basis of the best available manuscripts, and then its translationinto modern Castilian, before Yhuda's effort can be fully appraised and evalu-ated. In its present form it must be looked upon as a specimen of the aljamiadoliterature written in Latin characters.Yhuda abbreviates and changes conveniently when he is at a loss to find afitting word. He does not want to lessen his reputation by appearing to bestumped. At times he adds explanatory phrases when he feels that they areneeded for the better understanding of the context. The complete study of this

91


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92 Libro ConplidoEn Los Juizios De Las Estrellasaspect of his work would require several years of patient labor on the basis of acritical edition of the Arabic text.

From what Yhuda says in the passage quoted above no indication can begathered as to where or how he found the book and what made him to think sohighly of it, but there is no doubt that the king had an implicit faith in Yhuda'sjudgment, and entrusted him with the task of rendering it into the vernacular,fully confiding in his physician's ability to accomplish the difficult assignmentsatisfactorily. It is doubtful that either Alfonso or his astronomical experts couldfully understand the exact meaning of Yhuda's often strangely twisted phrases.The translators into Latin acquitted themselves of their task in a surprisinglyless confused manner than one could expect.As an example let us quote the beginning of the passage on Jupiter (al-muS-tari):Ivpiter es planeta de la egualdad, e de la comunaleza, e del bien, a del ameioramientol,e del entendimiento, e del seso e piedat que es temprado e egual; e fortuna por catamientoe por corporalayuntamiento. Significa el bien, e la meioranca, e la ley, e la simplicidat, e lacastidat. Endereca e non danna, puebla e non yerma. Aborrece Saturno e sus naturas,tornal e uiedal de sus malos fechos. Es de fermoso parecer e de apuesta persona, obediente,manso, fiel, leal, piadoso. Manda el bien e muestra lo; e uieda el mal e aborrece lo. Ayudaa los pobres e gouierna a los que lo an menester; e uerdaderoen sos fechos e en sus dichos,de buen solaz e de buen amor, e de buena amiztat e uerdadera.

The Arabic text reads:Kawkabu l-'adli w'al-khairi w'a$-$alahi w'al-'aqli w'al-fahmi w'al-'ilmi li-annahumu'tadilun muqta$idun sa'dun bi n-nazari w'al-mugama'ati, dalilun 'ala 1-khairi w'a$-al&ahiw'an-nuski w'al-wara'i w'al-'ibadati; yu$lihu wa la yufsidu, ya'muru wa la yak-hrabu;yunkiru 'ala zuhalin tabi'atahu wa yarudduhu 'an Zulmihiwa istitatihi wa gawrihi;gamilu l-manzari, lasanu l-hai'ati, ah.ibu huda wa baha wa sakinati wa waqari wara'fati wa ralmati; ya'muru bi l-ma'rffi yanha 'an il-munkari wa yarfa'u ahla s-san'atiwa yasuddu faqata dhawi l-iftiqari w'al-faqati; ?adiqul-lahgati karimu 1-mu'asaratiw'al-mawadda. (Umumi 19).Compare the following English translation with Yhuda's Old Castilian:Star of justice and goodness and righteousness and reason and understanding and for-bearance and knowledge, because he is balanced and moderate, of good omen in look andcohabitation (?), indicator of good, righteousness, ascetic behavior, continence and wor-ship; improves and does not corrupt, builds and does not destroy; disapproves the natureof Saturn and restrains him from his tyranny, wrong-doing and injustice; is of beautifulappearance, handsome form, possessor of good guidance and beauty, gentleness, and god-liness; commands the right and forbids evil, exalts working people and provides for thepoor and the needy; is truthful in his words, noble in his social relations and love.The beginning of the passage on Saturn (zu.al):Saturno es la planeta uieio grant, cansado; planeta de despreciamiento, e de cuydados,e de tristezas, e de enfermedades luengas. Su natura es fria e seca. Semeia a melanconiaques gouierna de todas las umores; e ninguna de las vmores non se gouierna della. Es secoe enuidioso, tiene luenga sanna. De poca fabla, non quiere conpanna, quiere estar senneroe apartado. A profundos asmamientos e sotil memoria. Piensa e cata en las cosas antiguas.Non a entendimiento ligero; es mintroso e traidor.


10/22

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Libro ConplidoEn Los Juizios De Las Estrellas 93The Arabic text reads:Al-kawkabu as-Saikhu 1-kabiru 1-haramu, kawkabu 1-mahanati w'al-humimi w'al-ghumimi w'al-amradi 1-mutatawalati. Tabi'atuhu barida yabisa tasbahu 1-mirrat as-sawda' allati tamudduha t-taba'i'u kulluha wa la tamuddu hiya say'an minha. Wa huwagafin'8 basfd tiaqfd, nazru l-kalami; yuhibbu l-waldata w'al-khalwata, ghawamida1-fikari; amiqu n-nazari daqiqu 1-fitnati; ahiburawiyati wa nazari fi 1-umfiri1-qadimati;laisa lahu badihatun; kadhdhab, ghaddar. (Umumi 18).Star [resembling]a very old, decrepit old man; star of contempt, anxieties and worriesand prolonged illnesses. His nature is cold, dry; it resembles melancholy [saiidade]whichis strengthened by all humors, yet does not strengthen any of them at all. It is tyrannical,envious, hateful, sparing of words; loves to be alone in solitude, and abstruse thoughts;has a deep insight and subtle intelligence. Can relate and discourse on things of old; hasno spontaneity [intuition]; is a great liar and traitor.The Latin translation of these two passages in the Venice 1485 printed editionclearly shows that it has been made on the basis of the Castilian:Iuppiter est planeta equalitatis: communitatis: melioramenti: intellectus: sensus etpietatis: quia temperatus est et equalis: et fortuna per aspectum et corporalem coniunc-tionem: significat bonitatem: meliorationem: legem: simplicitatem et castitatem: dirigitet non dannat: populat et non destruit. Abhorret Saturnum et eius naturas: prohibet etretrahit eum a suis malis operibus. Est formose apparentie et composite persone: mansue-tus: fidelis: legalis et pietosus: precipit et ostendit bonitatem: prohibet et abhorret malum:adiuuat pauperes: gubernat quibus expediens est: veridicus in dictis et factis suis: boni so-latii et amoris: bone ac vere amicicie et sine fraude:Saturnus est planeta senex magnus fessus: vilipensionis: anxietatum tristitiarum etlongarum infirmitatum: natura eius frigidaet sicca: assimilatur melancolie que gubernaturde omnibus honoribus [corrected on the margin: humoribus] et nullus de ea: siccus est etinuidus: longam tenet iram: pauca loquitur: non vult societatem: stare vult solus etseparatus: profundas habet opiniones: memorie subtilis: cogitat et inspicit in rebus anti-quis: non habet agilem intellectum: timorosus est et proditor.In the last line timorosus is a mistranslation of the Castilian mintroso. In the

Notes to the Castilian text I have pointed out a number of passages illustratingwhat has been said above concerning Yhuda's method of meeting the greatdifficulties he was constantly encountering and which he certainly did not an-ticipate when he glibly promised to make the translation in accordance withthe Arabic saying al-gahil gasir (the ignorant is daring).Wuestenfeld, op. cit., xviii, mentions the Basel 1551 edition (cf. Note 2) andadds on p. 91: ". ... deutet schon dieser Titel darauf bin, dass nicht etwa derarabische Text dabei verglichen, sondern nur der lateinische Ausdruck ver-bessert ist, um die vielen von den t)bersetzern gebrauchten spanischen, fran-zosischen und italienischen Worter und Wendungen zu beseitigen." This state-ment is based on a misapprehension, traceable to Stupa's prefatory remarks, ascan be seen from the following examples of Stupa's text:Ivpiter est planeta aequalitatis, communitatis, commendationis, intellectus, sensus &pietatis: quia temperatus est & aequalis, & fortuna per aspectum & corporalem coniunc-tionem, significat bonitatem, correctionem, legem, simplicitatem & castitatem: dirigit et18Confusion etween he verbsgafd (to tyrannize),andgaffa (to dry).


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94 Libro ConplidoEn Los Juizios De Las Estrellasnon damnat, populat & non destruit. Abhorret Saturnum & eius naturas, prohibet &retrahit eum a suis malis operibus. Est formosae apparentiae & compositae personae,mansuetus, fidelis, legalis, pius. Praecipit et ostendit bonitatem & abhorret malum,adiuuat pauperes, gubernat quibus commodus est, ueridicus in dictis & factis suis, bonisolatij & amoris, bonae ac uerae amicitiae & sine fraude.Saturnus est planeta senex, magnus, fessus, paruae aestimationis, anxietatum, tristi-tiarum, et longarum infirmitatum. Natura eius frigida et sicca, assimilatur melancholie,que generatur de omnibus humoribus, et nullus de ea. Siccus est, inuidus, longam seruatiram, pauca loquitur, non cupit societatem, stare uult solus et separatus, profundas habetopiniones, memorie subtilis, cogitat et inspicit res antiquas: non habet agilem intellectum,timet multum et est proditor.

Stupa did improve the Latin somewhat, but some of his improvements dis-figured the meaning, for example: "generatur" instead of gubernatur; pius insteadof pietosus (piadoso= misericors). The Arabic mugdma'atun may mean corporalayuntamiento (coitus, commerce charnel), but also "combining with someone andaiding him to do a certain thing," hence "combining, coming together, gettingtogether."Of special interest is the rendering of the Arabic karlmu l-mu'daarati w'al-mawadda by de buen amor e de buena amiztat e uerdadera (cf. Juan Ruiz andBreviari d'amor: "amors veraye").It is very unfortunate that only five parts of the whole work have come downto us in Castilian. From the contents of the nmissing three parts we can judgethat we could have learned a good deal about the contemporary habits and rulesof hygiene.19 This deficiency can be remedied by the study of the Latin transla-tion and its comparison with the Arabic text.

19Part vII has 103 chapters dealing with variegated subjects: 2. When to begin work. 5. Aboutentering the bath (.ammdm). 6. Haircutting. 7. Blood-letting and leech-applying. 8. Cutting of nails(manicure). 10. Accumulating and obtaining of wealth, and wiping out debts. 11. Buying and selling.12. Selling of farm produce. 13. Loans. 14. Borrowing. 15. Moving from one dwelling to another.16. The art of chemistry. 18. When to begin teaching jurisprudence (fiqh) and matters of religion(din). 20. Founding of cities and dwellings. 21. Bringing forth waters, rivers and digging canals.22. Purchase of landed property. 23. Cultivating landed property. 24. Exploiting water mills (sessicasmolinarum). 25. Planting trees and crops. 26. Leasing of land. 27. Renting of masqaf and surety onproduce. 28. Driving the devil (saitdn, duende) from the house. 30. Getting a child. 31. Nursing. 32.Weaning. 34. Circumcision. 35. Presents. 36. Sending of messengers. 37. Letter writers. 38. Meals.39. Drinks. 40. Getting a physician. 41. Preparing the bath. 42. Extracting the dead baby frommother's womb. 44. Treatment of the sick. 45. Abdominal pain. 46. Treatment of eyes. 47. Takinglaxatives. 48. Taking astringents. 49. Snuffing medicine, vomiting, gargling. 50. Buying of slaves.51. Freeing of slaves and prisoners, and keeping horses. 52. Buying of beasts of burden and cattle.54. About marriage. 55. Election concerning war. 56. Purchasing war material (weapons). 57. Aboutfighting and peace. 58. Destruction of fortresses. 59. Producing war material for fighting the enemy.60. Partnership and (business) matters between two persons. 61. Pursuing a fugitive slave. 62. Con-fession of a thief and of a spy. 63. Hunting in mountains and plains (deserts) and in sea. 64. Playingdice, chess and the like. 65. Sexual desire. 67. About last will. 68. Concerning inheritance. 70. Choosingthe time for travel. 71. Pleasure trip. 72. Elections for him who wants to return from his trip quicklyand safely. 73. Secret trip. 74. Travel on water. 75. Purchase of a vessel, entering it, and sailing it.76. Launching the ship. 77. Teaching of science and literature ('ilm wa adab). 78. Teaching of singingand other forms of entertainment. 79. Starting on a journey. 81. Contracts of governors. 82. Contractsfor collecting taxes, country property, mayordomos. 83. Contract of judgeship. 84. Election concern-ing contracting of viziers, secretaries, office clerks. 85. Election of governors or substitutes. 86. Con-


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Libro ConplidoEn Los Juizios De Las Estrellas 95ARABICMANUSCRIPTS

In 1864 Moritz Steinschneider wrote in the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgen-ldndischenGesellschaft xvIIm, 155):Wenn ch erston dieserStelle von Ali Ibn (Abi'r)Ragal oderRigal (dJ(.1) spreche,so geschieht es nur aus dem ausserlichen Grunde, dass ich erst durch Christmann aufdiese Quelle gefiihrt worden, und dass ich die chronologische Reihenfolge nicht fur sowesentlich hielt, um ihrentwillen alle Verweisungen an verschiedenen Stellen der Ab-handlung nochmals zu revidiren.... Als ein Mann aus dem Magreb20wird er von Abr.Zakut... genannt.Das Werk, welches uns hier interessirt, ist: "Albohazen Haly filii Aben-Ragel liber dejudiciis astrorum" in 8 Bichern, auf Befehl Alfons des X, zuniichst von Jehuda b. Mosesins Spanische und von Andern ins Lateinische ibersetzt, und zwar benutzte ich die Aus-gabe Basel 1551. Diese tbersetzung ist nicht ohne Zusiitze geblieben, denn die Stelle"AbrahamJudaeus dixit etc." (1.VIII c. 33 zu Ende, p. 400) ist offenbarden astrologischenSchriften des Ibn Esra entnommen. Das Original ist ohne Zweifel das bei I.CH.21 II, 4,

n. 1063 genannte r.'lkl , l, dessen Anfang >L\d g,sJl , J manhier im "Prooemium Interpretum" suchen muss, niimlich in den Worten: "Dixit autemHaly.... Gratias uni Deo victorioso." Die Hs. des Tippo (p. 104, n. xiv), welche nur41 Kapp.enthaltensoil, ist wohlnurein Fragment?Verschiedencheint.^JIj tl.I 22bei Casiri I, 362, n. 918 in 4 Biichern. Sollte Jemand eine arab. Hs. unseres Werkes kennen,so wUrdeer mich durch Angabe derselben sehr verpflichten.

By the last sentence Steinschneider evidently meant "a complete manuscript."He does not say where he obtained the information concerning the "Hs. desTippo" which is taken from Charles Stewart, A Descriptive Catalogue of theOriental Library of the late Tippoo Sultan of Mysore23(Cambridge, England,1809), p. 104:' 'Large Quarto, Niskh Character. The most excellent Rules ofAstronomy; being a very diffuse work on Astrology, Geometry, and Geomancy,in Forty-one chapters. Author, Aly Ibn al Rijal." Jean R. Watson, Assistantcerningone who wishesto travelwith the king.87. Entry of Sultansin the assemblyof ministers.88.Howa person houldhandin a petitionto the Sultan.89. Preparingo bea Sultan.90.Teachingof crafts.91. Teaching he handlingof arms.92. Teachinghowto swim.94. Thingsthat earnpraiseand commendationorone.95. Choosing ppointments ndasking avors.96. Aboutfriendship ndlove. 98. Horseracing.100.What the hours are indicating.102.Times in which the obtainingofwishes s to be hopedfor. 103. Howto know whena thingwillhappen.20me-ma'rebn Hebrew etters.21 OnHadjdjiKhalifaandhis Kashfaz-zunun, ditionof Fligel (Leipzig,1835-1858),cf. Encyclo-p6diede 'Islam, i, 216-218.The full title of the work s Kashfaz-zunuinanasdmi -kutubw'al-funiin(Removingof doubtsconcerninghe titles of booksand names of disciplines).The secondvolumecontains he lettersbd-gim nd waspublishedn 1837.Al-bdri'i akcdman-nugums translatedbyFluegel: iberexcellens eastrologiaudiciaria.The nameof the author s giventhus:as-saikh All b.abi-r-Rigal s-SaibanI, l-katib.The bookis describedas "alargebook,celebrated ndrespected";thenfollows he incipit n the thirdperson:gama'aihi ma'dni ilm in-nuzgmwaghard'ibasrdrihdmin kutubiulamd'ihd aaddfa laihi md ntakhabahuilratuhu(shouldread:antagathu.; Yhuda'stranslation: nnasque)wa athbatashouldread:athbatat)alaihitagribatuhu,tc. Then he mentionsthat Ag-ihabAbmadb. Timurbagamadea brief condensation f it (lakhkhaqahu)hichhe namedAl-barqs-sdti' flamingightning, ulmendiffusum).This bookis mentionedalso on p. 43.2Correctedn ZDMG,xxv (1871),427:al-mawdlZd.

23OnTipU Sultan,cf. Hastings,Encyclopediaf Religion ndEthics, x, 69; Tippoo n EncyclopediaBritannica, xvI, 44, under "Mysore;" Encyclopediede l'Islam, iv, 824.


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96 Libro ConplidoEn Los Juizios De Las EstrellasKeeper of the Indian Office Library writes me: "The explanation of the mistakein Stewart's catalogue is fairly obvious. He or one of his munshis looked at theend of the list of contents and saw that it ended with a Chapter 41."

When in 1877 Otto Loth published A Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts oftheIndia Office,he put in square brackets at the end [Tippu], but it is not certainthat Steinschneider was aware of the fact that this manuscript and Stewart 104were identical, when he later published a few extracts from it.What seems to have aroused his doubts as to the Escorial manuscript being adifferent work was Casiri's statement "tetrabiblus": "Codex literis Cuphicis24exaratus, isque mutilus, que continetur Tractatus amplior de Astrologia Geneth-liaca tetrabiblus, inscriptus Liber ceterisartepraestans\ \j ~ .J1 1. auctoreAbilhassano Ben Abi Alragelo (tJl . ~\3t.tr! i) Hispalensi, Astrolo-gorum aetatis suae principe: quod opus, ut Sectae Mahometanae dissonum, &Regibus maxime injurium, ex Regis Marochani Zaidani, atque Antistitum de-cretis proscriptum est Marochi die 3. Gemadi posteriori anno Egirae 905. Christi1499."25Steinschneider's appeal does not seem to have reached the British Museum,where in the Catalogus Codicum Manuscriptorum Orientalium qui in MuseoBritannico asservantur.Pars secunda, codices arabicosamplectens(London, 1846)a complete manuscript of Al-Bdri' is described under No. MCCCXLVII: "Codexchartaceus in 4 to., pp. 373: exaratus A.H. 1172, A.D. 1758. Abu-l-Hasan 'Ali IbnAbi-l-Rijal el Shaibani. Opus magnum de Astrologia, octo partibus \^. com-prehensum. Tit. c9MJL.~'\~0\ ~ t "Liber excellens de judiciis astrorumet horoscopis."The above information was available to Steinschneider since 1877, thirteenyears after his appeal in the ZDMG, xvIII.26 Shall we assume that already thenhis interest in this work was on the wane?In 1898 Brockelmann lists in GAL, I, 224, four manuscripts: Brit. Mus. 1347,India Office 735, Paris 2590, Stewart 104, unaware of the identity of India Officeand Stewart.27Two years later, Heinrich Suter in Die Mathematikerund Astronomen, etc.,under the title El-bari' fi aaikdmel-nugum ("das vollkommenste Buch iiber dieUrteile aus den Gestirnen") lists Brit. Mus. 1357, India Office 735, Escurial 918,Paris 2590, and two additional ones: Berlin 5892, Algier 1516.Nallino, op. cit., ii, xi, refers to the Paris manuscript with the remark: "Adeonegligenter exaratus est hoc caput in codice Arabico Parisiensi, ut nullam ex eoutilitatem capiendam existimaverim," quotes Suter's monograph, but makes noreference to Brockelmann. For the first five parts, however, this manuscriptcould not be declared as being entirely useless.

24Not the Cuphic, but Maghrebi handwriting is meant.2 The correct date is 995 H.26 Wuestenfeld's book was also published in 1877.27 In the second edition (Leiden 1943), p. 256, four other manuscripts are added: IJamid. 826/7,Zawiyat SIdi Hamza (Besppris, xvIII, 88), Alex. Uisab 43, Rampir I, 682.


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Libro Conplido En Los Juizios De Las EstrellasSuter in his article on Ibn Abi-l-Ridjal in the Encyclopedia of Islam (Englished., ii [1916],356, and French edition [1927], II, 378) makes the vague statement:"I1 existe encore en arabe dans differentes bibliotheques (Berlin, Paris, Brit.

Mus., Ind. Office, Escurial, etc.)," likewise without any reference to Brockel-mann, but in the bibliography mentions his own monograph containing moreprecise information, as stated above.Sarton in his Introductionto the History of Science (Washington, 1927), I, 715-716, gives the reference to GAL, I, 224.Espasa, I, 372, under Aben Ragel (Ali) says without giving any references:"Astrologo arabe del siglo XI, autor de un libro de hor6scopos, que fue traducidoal latin con el titulo De judiciis seu fatis stellarum. Tambien escribi6 De revolu-tionibus nativitatum.En la biblioteca del Escorial existen varios manuscritos deeste sabio arabe." It seems that this information is based on Nicolas Antonio,op. cit., i, 390: "eoque libro vixit, quo posteris Apotelesmaticam sive iudiciariamastronomiam amantibus prodesse voluit. Is dicitur De iudiciis seufatis stellarumVenetiis editus ab Erhardo Radelz anno 1485. Basileae apud IHenricumPetri.Interpretatus quisnam fuerit ex Arabico, nondum legi. Hispane etiam conversumfuisse ab anonymo, etc."It would seem that Steinschneider (1816-1907),28who was eighty-two when thefirst volume of Brockelmann's GAL was published in 1898, had lost interest inexamining the four (really three) manuscripts listed therein, in addition to theEscorial fragment. He may have become aware of the magnitude of the under-taking. Without trying to diminish his unsurpassedmerits as a bibliographer, it isclear that his chief strength was in the Hebrew, Latin, and Greek, not in Arabic.29In the Supplement to the GAL, I, 401 (Leiden, 1937) Brockelmann lists theEscorial manuscript Casiri, I, 362, No. 918, known already to Steinschneider;Rabat 465 (Bibliogheque de l'icole Superieure de langue arabe);30Alger 1516(Grande Mosquee d'Alger, catalogue of M. ben Cheneb);31Berlin 5892, Heidel-berg ZS VI 214; Caetani 64, 222; Fstih 3417, Damaid Ibr. 843; Kopriilii 922;'Umumi 4654, NO 2766, 2779, Welieddin 2253-60; extracts: Fatih 3416, BesirAga 434, Qara Mustafa P. 382,32and states that Ibn abi-r-Rigal used k. al-Bzzdag, "d.i. die persische Ubersetzung von Vettius Valens' Anthologie."Thanks to the good offices of friendsand colleagues it was possible to assemble

28Forhisveryinteresting iography f. TheJewishEncyclopedia,i, 486.29This is provedby his ncorrectocalizationsn hisDie arabischenObersetzungenusdemGriech-ischen (CentralblattfiurBibliothekwesen,Beiheft xni [Leipzig, 1893]). For example, p. 79: "Sirr al Israr,Secretum Secretorum, die Pseudopolitik (Sijdsa) ist ein Werk, worin einige Spuren des Neoplaton-ismus durch eine starke Dosis Aberglauben fast verloscht sind." Correct vocalization, especially ofproper names, is extremely difficult, even for the Arabs, as evidenced by Casiri, Joao de Sousa, andothers.30To be corrected: Bibliotheque Generale du Protectorat, Institut des Hautes-itudes Marocaines.

s' To be corrected: Bibliotheque Nationale d'Alger.2For details concerning the Istanbul manuscripts cf. Max Krause, "Stambuler Handschriftenislamischer Mathematiker," in Quellenund Studien zur Geschichteder Mathematik, Astronomie undPhysik, Band II, Heft 4, pp. 437-532 (Berlin, 1936).

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98 Libro ConplidoEn Los Juizios De Las Estrellasthe most important data on all the above-mentioned manuscripts.33Five ofthem could be examined on the basis of photostats: British Museum, IndiaOffice, Paris, Umumi, Escorial. Likewise the Leiden manuscript of Abfi Ma'sar'sKitab al-madkhal al-kabir. Karl Dyroff's work on the part of this manuscript,published in F. Boll's Sphaera34hows, as was already said, that the task of pro-ducing a critical text of Al-Biri' on the basis of the five manuscripts mentioned,and possibly also Berlin, Caetani, and Alger, would by no means be an easy taskand would requirea patient labor of several years, even if one were to limit one'sself to the first five parts, corresponding to the Castilian version. The remainingthree parts of the Arabic text would have to lean on the Latin translation, com-paring the available manuscripts with the edition printed in Venice (A.D. 1485)and that of Basel (A.D. 1551) in a "latinized" form.Three of the Arabic manuscripts examined by me begin with a Table of Con-tents of the first five parts: India Office, Umumi, Paris. They seem to go backto the same original, especially the two first-named ones, but the Table ofContents is not as detailed as that which appeared in the original used byYhuda b. Mosse. The most authentic of the three seems to be the Umumi, whichis also the oldest, as regards the first four parts. The description of the Berlinmanuscript in Ahlwardt's catalogue would point to a greater completeness.The British Museum manuscript begins very promisingly, but after fol. 30shows a great carelessness of the clumsy copyist who was wielding a rather heavy

33 A. S. Fulton, Keeper of Oriental Printed Books and manuscripts at the British Museum; Jean R.Watson, Assistant Keeper, India Office Library; Professor Louis Giacomo of the Institut des Hautes-Etudes Marocaines, Rabat; Professor Francesco Gabrieli, Rome; Madame M.-R. Guignard, Biblio-thecaire du Cabinet oriental, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris; Professor Philippe W. Margais, Uni-versite d'Alger, Professor Dr Hellmut Ritter, Editor of Oriens; Miss Johanne Vindenas, Librarian ofthe Oriental Institute, the University of Chicago.34Neue griechischeTexte und Untersucht,ngenzur Geschichteder Sternbilder,mit einem Beitrag vonKarl Dyroff (Leipzig, 1903), pp. 482-539.For further pertinent information and bibliography the following works could be consulted:A. Bouche-Leclercq, L'Astrologie grecque(Paris, 1899); Cataloguscodicumastrologorumgraecorum, neleven volumes (Brussels, 1898-1934); Ioannis Hasfvrti Medici ac Astrologi praestantissimi De cog-noscendiset medendismorbisex corporumcoelestiumpositione libri IIII (Venice, 1584); Lvcii BellantiiSenensis mathematici ac physici De astrologicaveritate liber quaestionum, Astrologiae defensio contraloannem Picvm Mirandvlanvm;Gabrielis Pirovani philosophi De Astronomiae veritate dialogvs ab-solvtissimvs(Basel, 1554); William Lilly, An Introduction to Astrology(London, 1852), first publishedin 1647; Jos. Blagrave, Introduction to Astrology in three parts (London, 1682); William Lilly, AnEasie and Plain Method Teachinghow to Judge upon Nativities (London, 1658); Dariotus Redivivus,ora briefeIntroductionconducingto theJudgementof the Stars (London, 1653); CharlesBurman, TheLivesof thoseEminent AntiquariesElias Ashmole,Esq. and Mr. William Lilly, writtenbythemselves London,1774); Ebenezer Sibly, The OccultSciences: A Complete llustration of the CelestialScienceof Astrology,in four parts (London, 1778-1788). Sibly seems to lean on Lilly, and the latter, who was a good Latinscholar, appears to follow the Liber completus.Good bibliographical information can be found in anunpublished Harvard Ph.D. thesis (1932) by George O. S. Darby, An AstrologicalManuscript of Al-fonso X, dealing with Picatrix. Against astrology: William Rowland, Judiciall AstrologieJudiciallyCondemned London, 1652). On its influence in literature: Benedetto Soldati, La poesia astrologicanelquattrocentoFlorence, 1906); R. P. Iacques de Billy, S.J., Le Tombeavde l'Astrologie vdiciaire (Paris,1657), mentions Aben Ragel on pp. 123, 129, speaks of Hylech, Alcochoden, Atazir, Almuten, Anni-modar, Algebutgthar, Albumazar, Alphonsus Rex Castellae.


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Libro ConplidoEn Los Juizios De Las Estrellas 99reed pen (qalam). Thereafter, at least four different hands are discernible, as ifthe manuscript had suffered damage and had to be patched up. In the Umumimanuscript a similar patching up appears between fol. 92b and 98a. In the Parismanuscript a different hand begins on fol. 158b. The preceding folios show dam-age along the margins,as stated in the Cataloguedesmanuscrits arabesof McGuckinde Slane (Paris, 1883-1895): "Les feuillets du ms. ont souffert par l'humidite."The India Office (i.e., Stewart 104) is written by the same copyist throughoutin an even naskhi hand. It is blurred in many places making a large number oflines nearly illegible. The copyist was not an Arab but a Hindu Muslim whoknew Persian, and was weak in literary Arabic. His master may have given himthe permission to abbreviate or leave out such parts of the manuscript whichwere not of special interest in the Mysore milieu. Thus, for example, chaptersXXXVII-XL in the second part are left out entirely; lacunae, abbreviations, anddiscrepancies are numerous.The Escorial fragment is well described in Les Manuscrits arabesde l'Escurial,decritsd'apresles notes de Hartwig Derenbourg,revueset completeespar Dr. H. P. J.Renaud, tome ii, fasc. 3: Sciences exactes et sciences occultes (Paris, 1941), underthe new No. 923, p. 30.The description does not mention the fact that in 778 H. the work was givento the Gdmi' aS-Surafa' in Marrakes by the builder of the mosque amir al-mu'minin 'Abdallah b. Muhammad as-sarif al-Hasani as a perpetual waqf neverto be taken out of the khizdna (treasury). But in the beginning of the monthGumada II, 995 H. it was looked over by the amir al-mu'minTnAba l-'AbbasAhmad al-Manuiir, who found it filled with astrology, hence contrary to theIslamic law. Therefore he declared the waqf null and void and had the book re-moved from the treasury.Dates of the principal Arabic manuscripts:

1. Umumi 4654 (parts 1-4), note of ownership 868 H.2. Welieddin 2253 (parts 5-8), 654 H.3. Escorial 918 (923), 995 H.4. Paris 2590: XVIIth century A.D.5. India Office 735 (Stewart 104), 1122 H.6. British Museum 1347: - 1172 H./1758 A.D.7. Alger 1516: two different hands, 1174 and 1197 H.8. Caetani 222: 1220 H.9. Berlin 5892: circa 1250 H./1834 A.D.Further details are obtainable in the catalogues mentioned. After fi a.kdman-nuigm the British Museum and the Berlin manuscripts add: w'at-tawali'which may be an imitation of Al-Qummi's work (357/964), cf. GAL, I, 223.MADISON, WISCONSIN

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