LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN P HONETICS. Introduction: Spoken Language Language can be spoken,...
-
Upload
jodie-potter -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
2
Transcript of LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN P HONETICS. Introduction: Spoken Language Language can be spoken,...
LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN
PHONETICS
Introduction: Spoken Language
Language can be spoken, written, manually signed, mechanically reproduced and synthesized by computer
Spoken language is the main way humans express themselves
Humans spoke before they wroteReason why linguists start with the study of
spoken rather than written language
Made to Speak
Made to Speak
Lungs: to supply air for speechTrachea /treɪkiə/: wide pipe Vocal cords: to produce vibrations for
speech sounds. Also known as “vocal folds”(found within the larynx /lærɪŋks/)
Tongue: to articulate vowels and consonants
Teeth: to provide place of articulationLips: to articulate vowels and consonantsNose: to provide nasal resonance during
speech
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 2.
Specialization for Language Contemporary Linguistics Analysis: p.
14-15
Organ Survival Speech
LungsExchange CO2
for O2
Air flow
Vocal Cords
Cover tube to lungs
Vibration
Tongue Move food in mouth
Articulation
Teeth Chew food Articulation
Lips Seal oral cavity
Articulation
Nose BreathingNasal resonance
Sound-Producing System: Features
Segments are produced by coordinating a number of individual articulatory gestures including: Jaw movementLip shapeTongue placement
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 18.
Sound-producing System
Sound is produced when air is set in motion
Sets of filters modify the sound in various ways Pharynx /færɪŋks/ (tube between larynx and oral
cavity) Oral cavity Nasal cavity
Sound-producing system
LungsVocal cords
(or vocal folds)Larynx (vocal folds
are within larynx)
(the velum is the soft areaTowards the rear of the roofof the mouth)
The Tongue
Primary articulation organIt can be:
Raised, lowered, thrust forward, retracted or rolled back
Five areas of the tongue: Tip, blade, body, back and root
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 23.
-DEFINITION-- PHONES & SEGMENTS
- IPA
Introduction to Phonetics
Thinking Phonetically
1. Exercise (p. 53)a) Find four words that show four alternative
spellings of the sound [f]b) Find six words that have the letter ‘a’
pronounced differently.c) Find four words in which different groups of
letters represent only one sound.d) Find two words in which two different sounds
are pronounced but not spelled out.
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 53.
Phonetics
Definition: The study of the inventory and structure of the
sounds of speech. Analyzes the production of all human speech
sounds, Regardless of language.
Approaches to Phonetics
Articulatory phonetics Studies the physiological mechanisms of speech
production
Acoustic phonetics Measuring and analyzing
the physical properties of the sound waves we produce when we speak
BEFORE WE GET STARTED
Read: Read: The Onederful Werld ov Words
CHALLENGE: CHALLENGE: Find words (end/parts of words) that are written the
same but that sound different.
Find words (end/parts of words) that are written differently but sound alike.
Phones
Definition: Speech sounds
Infinite or finite possibilities of sounds? Finite
The possibilities of sounds is limited by the vocal tract According to one estimate: 600 consonants and 200
vowels
Units of representation
Break up the flow of speech into individual sounds Segments (individual phones or speech sounds) Syllables
Cat Class Book Extra
Nota: Some writing systems are phonetic and syllabic
International Phonetic Alphabet
The IPA is a system of transcriptionRepresent each sound of human speech with
a single symbol « One sound, one symbol »
Important: Enclosed in square brackets [ ]
Explore the IPA
Go through pronunciation of different sounds: http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/consonants.html
(cons.) http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/vowels.html
(vowels)
Nota bene: Sometimes two phonemes need to be used to represent a vowel.
IPA Chart
IPA - Transcription
Broad transcription Uses a relatively simple set of symbols to represent
contrasting segments but does not show all phonetic detail
Narrow transcription Show phonetic detail using an elaborate set of
symbols
Here are fonts that you will need to see the IPA symbols:
Alphg___.ttf Alphonet.ttf
IPA - Diacritics
« Marks added to a phonetic symbol to alter its value in some way »
Example: a circle under a symbol to indicate voicelessness.
See your IPA chart http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/diacritics.html
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 635.
For help with phonetics
Linking sounds to symbols:IPA Help, SIL Internationalhttp://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/index.htmlhttp://www.sil.org/computing/speechtools/ipahelp.htm http://www.cambridgeenglishonline.com/Phonetics_Focus/ http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#
Identifying articulatory features:Interactive Sagittal Section, Daniel Hall, University of
Torontohttp://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy
* a bit confusing
Practice transcribing:
Canadian, American & British Dictionaries
When checking your transcription, be careful: Remember that you are transcribing something that you
have actually heard … so sometimes you just might be right!
Always check if this is an American or British dictionary. Even if it is American, it doesn’t mean that the
transcription is the same as what would be typically used in Canada.
Boat: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/boat http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/boat
Contemporary Linguistic: p. 38-
40
The Onederful Werld ov Words
Beware if heard, a dreadful word.That looks like beard and sounds like bird.
Watch out for meat and great and threat.They rhyme with suite and straight and debt.
/hɜrd/ /mit/ /swit/ /wɜrd/ /greɪt/ /streɪt/ /bɪərd/ /θrɛt/ /dɛt/ /bɜrd/
Glottal States
Sound-producing system Glottal States Contemporar
y Linguistics: p. 20.
Sound-producing system Glottal States
Glottis: Space between the vocal foldsVocal folds may be positioned in a number
of ways to produce different glottal states
Glottal States: Voicelessness
When the vocal folds are pulled apart.The air passes directly through the glottis.
Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiceless.
Put your fingertips to your larynx. Fish Sing House
Glottal States: Voicing
When the vocal folds are brought together, but not tightly closed.
Air passes through and causes them to vibrate.
Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiced.
Put your fingertips to your larynx. Zip Vow
Or any vowel
Glottal States: Whisper
Whispering is voiceless. No vibration of the cords.
The vocal cords are almost completely closed (though slightly apart at the back).
Glottal States: Murmur
Known as a breathy voiceMurmuring is voiced
Vibration of the vocal cords
Vocal folds are relaxed to allow air to escape to produce a breathy effect.
Voiced or Voiceless?
[p] [B] [b][t] [H] [d][k]
[g][f] [h] [v][s] [z][i]
Look up these sounds on your
chart, then try to produce
them. Then note whether
they are voided or voiceless.
IPA: Voiced and Voiceless
[p] & [b] [t] & [d] [k] & [g] [f] & [v] [s] & [z] Etc.
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#
Exercise 3: Voiced or Voiceless?
a) Ex: Thoughb) Thought c) Formd) Viewe) Zoomf) Silkg) Panh) Boat
a) /ox/ Voiced (vowel)b) /t/ voicelessc) /m/ voiced *d) /u/ voicede) /m/ voicedf) /k/ voicelessg) /n/ voicedh) /t/ voiceless
(Contemporary Linguistic analysis: An Introduction – O’Grady et al., 2009)
Voiced & Voiceless
Contemporary Linguistic analysis: An Introduction – O’Grady et al., 2009
Table 2.12 (p. 33) (consonants and glides) 1st of pairs on IPA chart (left) – voiceless 2nd of pairs on IPA chart (right) - voiced English Nasals - voiced Glides - voiced Usually English liquids (‘r’ & ‘l’) are voiced
*but can also be voiceless Vowels
CONSONANTSVOWELSGLIDES
Sound Classes
Challenge
CONSONANTS
GLIDES (semi-consonants or semi-vowels)
VOWELS
Nota: Fill in the missing information with information given in book.
Challenge
Nota: Fill in the missing information with information given in book.
Sound classes: CONSONANTS
Articulatory difference: May be voiced or voiceless May be made with either a complete closure or a
narrowing of the vocal tract The airflow is either blocked momentarily or restricted
so much that the noise is produced as air flows past the constriction.
Consonants cannot be the nucleus of a syllable Ex: “cup”
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html
[b] & [s]
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 21
Sound classes: VOWELS
Articulatory difference: Vowels are produced with little obstruction in the vocal
tract and are usually voicedAcoustic Difference:
Vowels are more sonorous (acoustically powerful) Perceived as louder and longer lasting Ex: “happy”
Vowels can be the nucleus of a syllable.
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html
/u/
Sound classes: GLIDES
Shows properties of both consonants and vowels
May be thought of a rapidly articulated vowel (auditory impression they produce)
Produced with an articulation like that of a vowel
Glides can never be the nucleus of a syllable
Aka. Semi-consonants, semi-vowels
Place of Articulation
Articulation Organs : Tongue
Primary articulation organIt can be:
Raised, lowered, thrust forward, retracted or rolled back
Five areas of the tongue: Tip, blade, body, back and root
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 23.
Consonants: Place of Articulation
Also called points of articulationEach point at which air stream can be
modified to produce a different sound is called a place of articulation
Places of articulation are found at the lips, within the oral cavity, in the pharynx /færɪŋks/ and at the glottis /glɒtɪs/.
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 24
Consonants: Place of Articulation
Consonants: Place of Articulation
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html
Let’s Start Filling out our Chart
Place of articulation: Bilabial
/baɪleɪbiəl/
Any sound made with closure or near-closure of the lips is said to be labial.
Bilabial: sounds involving both lips Example: [p], [b] & [m]
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html
Place of articulation: Labiodental
/leɪbioʊdɛntl/
Any sound made with closure or near-closure of the lips is said to be labial.
Labiodental sounds involving the lower lip and the upper teeth
Example: [f] & [v]
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html
Place of articulation: Dental and Interdental
/dɛntl/
Dental: Sounds produced with the tongue placed against or near the teeth [t], [d], [s] & [z] (in European French) Example: European French (temps, dire, sept, zizi)
Interdental: Produced with the tongue between the teeth [θ] & [ð] Example: The words thing & this
Place of articulation: Alveolar
/ælviələr/
Sounds produced when the tongue touches or is brought near to the alveolar ridge
Example: [t], [d], [n], [ɹ], [r], [ɾ][s], [z] & [l]
Spanish “r” = [r] http://www.uiowa.edu:80/~acadtech/phonetics/spanish/
frameset.html (Vibrante)
Place of articulation: Alveopalatal & palatal
/ælvioʊpælətl/
Alveopalatal area: Just behind the alveolar ridge the roof of the mouth rises sharply
Alveopalatal consonants: [ʃ], [ʒ], [ʧ] & [ʤ] Example: Show, measure, chip & judge
Palatal glide: [j] Example: Yes & yours
Place of articulation: Velar
/vilər/
Velum : Soft area towards the back of the mouthVelar: Sounds produced with tongue touching or
near this position [k], [g] & [ŋ] Example: Call, guy & hang
Labiovelar: Sounds produced with tongue raised near the velum and the lips rounded at the same time [w] like in wet
Place of articulation: Uvular
/juvjələr/
Uvula: Small fleshly flap of tissue that hangs down from the velum.
Uvular: Sounds produced with the tongue touching or near this position. None in English European French « r » = [R]
Place of articulation: Pharyngeal
/fərɪndʒiəl/
Pharynx: Area of the throat between the uvula and the larynx.
Sounds made through the modification of the air flow in the pharynx by retracting the tongue or constricting the pharynx [ʕ] Example: The Arabic letter « ع » like in Jesus
Place of articulation: Glottal
/glɒtl/
Sounds produced using the vocal folds as primary articulation [h] Example: Hog, heave
Same or Different Place of Articulation?
Exercise 5 (O’Grady):
a) [s] : [l]b) c) [p] : [g]d) [l] : [r]e) [m] : [n]f) g) [f] : [h]h) [w] : [j] (…)
Answers:
a) sameb) c) differentd) samee) differentf) g) differenth) different
Manner of Articulation
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 26
Manner of articulation: Oral vs Nasal
Oral: Velum is raised cutting of the airflow to the nasal passages
Nasal: Velum is lowered to allow air to pass through the nasal passages
Both consonants ([n] [m] [ŋ]) and vowels ([ã] [õ] etc.) can be nasal and are generally voiced Example: Sun, sum, sung No nasal vowels in English French: “in” “an” “on”
Manner of articulation: Stops
Stops are made with a complete closure either in the oral cavity or at the glottis
In English: Bilabial, alveolar and velar oral and nasal stops [p], [b], [m], [t], [d], [n], [k], [g], [ŋ] & [ʔ] Examples: Glottal stop in the sound [ʔ] like in the
expression uh-uh (meaning “no”) or like in some British dialects [ʔ] is heard instead of a “t” (example: bottle)
Manner of articulation: Fricatives
/frɪkətɪv/Fricatives: Consonants produced with a
continuous airflow through the mouthPart of a larger class called continuantsEnglish fricatives:
[f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ] & [h]
Manner of articulation: Affricates
/æfrɪkɪt/ or /æfrɪkeɪt/
Affricate: Non-continuous consonant that show a slow release of the closure.
Affication: A process in which palatalized stops become afficates [ʧ] & [ʤ] Example: Church & Joke
Manner of articulation: Liquids
Different variants of « r » and « l »
Lateral: Varieties of « l » As laterals are articulated, air escapes through the
mouth along the lower sides of the tongue
English « r » Curling the tongue tip back into the mouth or by
bunching the tongue upwards and back in the mouth
Manner of articulation: Liquids (continued)
English « r » “Retroflex” [ɹ] or [r] = Curling the tongue tip back
into the mouth or by bunching the tongue upwards and back in the mouth Example: car & ride Transcribed as [r] in textbook
Flap [ɾ] = Tongue tip strikes the alveolar ridge as it passes across it Example: North American pronunciation of bitter &
butter
Manner of articulation: Voice Lag & Aspiration
Lag: After the release of certain voiceless stops in English, you can hear a lag or brief delay before voicing the following vowel Aspiration: Since the lag in the onset of vocalic
voicing is accompanied by the release of air
Transcribed with a small [h] Examples: pat [phæt], tub [thʌb] and cope [ khoxp] Examples of unaspirated: spat [spæt], stub [stʌb]
and scope [ skoxp]
Glides
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 33
Manner of articulation: Glides
Glide: Very rapidly articulated non-syllabic segment
Jod or y-glide [j]: Palatal glideW-glide [w]: Tongue raised and pulled back
near the velum and with lips protruding or rounded.
[M]: Voiceless (labio)velar fricative glide Example: When, where, which (but not in witch)
Let’s Practice
Tell me the place of articulation and the manner of articulation of these sounds:
p tbhCBG
Voiceless bilabial plosive Voiceless alveolar plosive Voiced bilabial plosive Voiceless glottal fricative Voiced velar nasal Voiceless dental fricative Voiced post-alveolar fricative
Vowels
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 34
Vowels
Vowels: Sonorous, syllabic sounds made with the vocal tract more open than it is for consonants and glide articulation
Produced by varying the placement of the body of the tongue and shaping the lips
Can be altered by protruding or rounding the lips, by lowering the velum to produce nasal vowels or by constriction.
Vowel Qualities
The placement of the body of the tongue: Vertical: high – mid – low
Horizontal: front – central – back
The shape of the lips: Rounded – Unrounded
The lowering of the velum: Nasal vowel
The degree of the vocal tract constriction: Tense – Lax
IPA Vowel Chart
Tongue Placement
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html
Vowels: Simple vowels & Diphthongs
Diphthongs
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html
Vowels: Diphthongs
American vs. English:
http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/diphthongs.html
Vowels: Tense and lax
Review
Lets write these words out phonetically:
NoteMyEbbDegree
CoatClutchBoxBowlBoyAttic
/noʊt//maɪ//ɛb//dɪgri/
/koʊt//klʌtʃ//bɒks//boʊl//bɔɪ//ætɪk/
Write the spelling of the following transcription
/ʍɛn praɪd kʌmz dɪsgreɪs kʌmz
bʌt wɪθ ðə hʌmbl ɪz wɪzdʌm/
/prɒvɝbz əlɛvɪn tu/
When pride comes, disgrace comes, but with the humble is wisdom. (Proverbs 11:2)
♥ David ♥
David’s father (Anglophone) calls him: /deɪvɪd/
His mother (Francophone) calls him: /de:vəd/
Explain his mother’s pronunciation in comparison to his dad’s (the English pronunciation).
Note: In French, we say /david/
Carole
Carole is a Francophone learning English. Wanting to ask for the /Hit/She asks for the / Hqt /
Explain her pronunciation. What happened?
Review : Battle of the Linguists
Write these words out phonetically:
LEARN ABOUT DIFFERENT WAYS TO MARK PROSODIC PROPERTIES OF SOUNDS.
PITCH: -TONE -INTONATION
Suprasegmentals
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 40
Prosodie: Like a Song
Listen: Could there be different meanings?
/naɪs drɛs/
How would you say these sentences? Nice dress. Nice dress! Nice dress?
Suprasegmentals
All phones have suprasegmental (or prosodic) propertiesPitchLoudnessLength
http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/suprasegmentals.html
Suprasegmentals: Pitch
All humans have the ability to control the level of pitch in their speech By controlling the tension of the vocal folds and the
amount of air that passes through the glottis Tense vocal folds + greater air pressure = higher pitch
There are two kinds of controlled pitch movements: Tone and Intonation
Suprasegmentals: Pitch - Tone
Tone language: A language where differences in word meaning are signaled by differences in pitch Ex: Mandarin
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-_P_H9gMmo
Suprasegmentals: Pitch - Tone
Register tones: Level tones that signal meaning differences Some tone language have 2 or 3, even 4 tones Ex: High tone, middle tone, low tone
Marked with diacritic [´] for high tones [`] for low tones
Contour tones: Ex: Mandarin
Rising pitch Falling pitch
Suprasegmentals: Pitch - Intonation
Intonation: Pitch movement in spoken utterances that is not related to differences in word meaning
Often does serve to convey information Terminal (intonation) contour
Final intonation at the end = signals that the utterance is complete
Non-terminal (intonation) contour Rising or level intonation at the end = often signals
incompleteness
Suprasegmentals: Pitch - Intonation
Different intonation rules depending on English speaker:
Ex: “Exact change, please” (West Indian bus driver)
How would we say it in Canada?
Discourse and language education, Evelyn Marcussen Hatch (1992)
Suprasegmentals: Length
Length: Vowels and consonants whose articulation takes longer relative to that of other vowels and consonants
Marked with diacritic: [:] or IPA colon
Nota: Not the same as English long and short vowels Ex: Hat [hæt] & hate [hejt]
Suprasegmentals: Stress
Some vowels are perceived as more prominent than others Ex: [thɛləgræfɪk] = [ɛ] and [æ]
Vowel nuclei that are more prominent than other are [ɛ] and [æ]
Suprasegmentals: Stress
Stress: A cover term for the combined effect of pitch, loudness and length
Marked by diacritics: [´] for the most prominent or primary stress [`] for the second most prominent or
secondary stress Examples in book (p. 38) Examples in www.dictionary.com
MY TRICK: Rapper Stress Test
Suprasegmentals: Stress
http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~krussll/138/sec3/stress.htm
Suprasegmental/Prosodic properties
Pitch: Tone: Pitch movement that is related to
differences in word meaning. Intonation: Pitch movement that is not related
to differences in word meaning.
Stress: (an) export vs. (to) export (an) object vs. (to) object
Let’s Practice: Suprasegmentals
Mark the PRIMARYand secondary stresses on the following words:
James Bond is sent to Jamaica to investigate the
sudden disappearance of the island’s Governor and his
assistant. When he arrives, 007 begins to suspect that
the Governor’s absence is in some way linked to Dr No,
the reclusive owner of a remote island which lies
between Cuba and Jamaica.
Let’s Practice Transcribing
http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/practice/prelim.htm
Let’s go to “Some longer words” As I read them aloud you will transcribe them in
groups of two I will then ask for someone to come an transcribe
them directly on the website We will then check the Transcriber’s “This is what I
have …”
Review: Suprasegmentals
What is pitch?What is the difference between tone and
intonation?What is a tone language?How is length marked?What is a common word for stress?
Review : Battle of the Linguists
Write these words out phonetically:
Speech Production
Contemporary Linguistics:
p. 46
Speech Production
Is not a series of isolated eventsComplex
Articulatory organs are operating independently of each other
Many fine adjustments are carried out very rapidly as we speak.
As a consequence, speech production often results in the articulation of one sound affecting that of another sound
Speech Production: Coarticulation
Coarticulation: More than one articulator is active
Example:
The sound [pl] [pl] = [p] (bilabial- no tongue) + [l] (alveolar– with
tongue) Resulting in the tongue moving to the
alveolar ridge (early) during the pronunciation of [p]
Speech Production: Processes
Processes: Articulatory adjustments that occur during the production of connected speech
Result in : A more efficient articulation A more distinct output
Speech Production: Processes
Making articulation more efficient Example:
Bank = [bæŋk] [æ] (oral vowel) + [ŋ] (nasal consonant) Anticiption of the nasal consonant [ŋ] results in the
nasalization of the vowel [æ]
Key = [k] (velar) + [i] (Front, high and tense) Results in a more palatal [k]
Speech Production: Processes
Other examples:
Parade = [pəreɪd] More efficient articulation results in the dropping of
the unstressed vowel [ə] = [preɪd] [p] (voiceless stop) + [r] (voiced lateral) =
Voicelessness carried to [r]
Speech Production: Processes
Making articulation less efficient Lengthen consonants and vowels when they are asked
to repeat a word Example:
« It’s Fred. » « Did you say ‘red’? » « No, it’s ‘Fffreeed’! »
Greater articulatory effort, but …Results in a more distinct form that is easier
to perceive
Speech Production: Processes
Adding a segment Example:
« Stop screaming! » « What? Stop dreaming? » « I said, ‘Stop sc[ə]reaming!’ »
Speech Production: Common Articulatory Processes
Assimilation: A number of different processes that are the result of
the influence of one segment on another A sound becoming more like another nearby sound in
terms of one or more phonetic characteristics
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Regressive assimilation: Assimilation in which a sound influences a preceding segment (e.g., nasalization in English)
Progressive assimilation: Assimilation in which a sound influences a following segment (e.g., liquid-glide devoicing in English)
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Assimilation - Nasalization Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant is
caused by speakers anticipating the lowering of the velum
Example: Can’t [khænt] [æ] + [n] = nasalized [æ]
Regressive assimilation or progressive assimilation?
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Assimilation - Voicing assimilationDevoicing:
Example of Please [pliz] [p] (voiceless) + [l] (voiced) = devoiced [l]
Voicing: Example of[af] (off or over) in Dutch
Afbellen (to cancel): [f] (voiceless) + [b] (voiced) = [vb] (both voiced)
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Assimilation – Flapping A Process in which a dental or alveolar stop
articulation changes to a flap [ɾ] articulation Example:
Butter, writer, fatter, wader & waiter Example : “I bought it” [ajbɑtɪt]
[ɑ] (stressed vowel) + [t] (dental consonant) = [ɾ] (flap)
Flapping is considered a type of assimilation since it changes a non-continuant segment to a continuant segment
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Dissimilation: The opposite of assimilation. It results in two sounds becoming less alike in articulatory or acoustic terms.
Results in a sequence of sounds that are easier to articulate and distinguish Example: Fifths [fɪfθs]
[f] + [θ] + [s] = [fts]
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Deletion: Is a process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts
Occurs in everyday rapid speechIn English, the schwa [ə] is often deleted
when the next vowel in the word is stressed Examples: parade, corrode, suppose
[preid], [krowd] & [spowz]
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Epenthesis: Is a process that inserts a syllabic segment within an existing string of segmentsExample: warmth [wormθ]
[wormpθ]Example: Something [sʌmθɪŋ]
[sʌmpθɪŋ]
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Examples:Warmth [wormpθ] = [m] + [p] + [θ]Length [lɛŋkθ] = [ŋ] + [k] + [θ]Prince [prɪnts] = [n] + [t] + [s]Tenth [tɛntθ] = [n] + [t] + [θ]
Nota: In English the epenthesized consonant are all
non-sonorant, have the same place of articulation as the sonorant consonant to their left, and have the save voicing as the non-sonorant consonant to their right
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Metathesis: Is a process that reorders a sequence of segments
Often results in a sequence of phones that are easier to articulate
Common amongst children Examples:
Spaghetti = pesghetti [pəskɛɾi] Prescribe = perscribe [pərskraɪb] Prescription = perscription [pərskrɪpʃən]
Speech ProductionCommon Articulatory Processes
Vowel reduction: A process that moves the articulation of a vowel (typically unstressed vowel) to a more central position
In English: Reduction of a full vowel to a schwa [ə] Example:
Canada [khænədə] (stressed vowel = æ) Canadian [khənejdiən] (stressed vowel = ej)
African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
Listen and write down what you notice: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zqohw8nR6qE
Discussion
General: Double negatives; Omission of certain auxiliary verbs;
African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
Phonetically: Final “ng” /ŋ / = / n /
Ex. “Tripping ” = [trɪpɪn])Exception: not in one syllable words like
“sing”
African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
Phonetically: May not use dental fricatives in some
instances: /θ/ & /ð/ word-initially / θ / (same) word-initially / ð / = /d / Word-medially or final / θ / = /t/ or /f/
ex: “month” = [mʌnt] Word-medially or final / ð / = /v/
ex: “smooth” = [smu:v]
African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
Phonetically: Word-final devoicing of /b/, /d/ & /g/ (ex: “cub” =
[kʌp]) Reduction of diphthongs (into monophthongs):
/aɪ/ = /a:/ /ɔɪ/ = /ɔ:/ (ex: “boil” = [bɔ:l] )
Diphthongation: Simple vowel = diphthong (ex: “coach” =
[koɪtʃ])
African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
How do you think speakers of AAVE would pronounce the words:
Teaching AAVE
Fox News and Black English – Ebonics: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_KKLkmIrDk
Hooked on Ebonics: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leau1eGZW7Q
Education of AAVE (African American Vernacular English) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FS2nEmglo6c
CANADIAN RISING
CANADIAN SHIFT
FAST SPEECH
And the Canadian Accent?
Canadian English
Canadian rising: /a/ becomes/ y / in Canadian English (in /yx/
and /yɪ/ )Canadian Shift:
/c/ & / o / = / o / / è/ & /ɪ/ = / è/ & /A/
Go to chart and see if they are close and if they have the same features.
Contemporary Linguistic: p. 38-
40