Ł@h|iWWW · txdqwlgdghv gh whuud gh xpd vŒr yh}1 [S lqfrusrud lokdv lqwhludv gh xpd yh} +whufhlud...
Transcript of Ł@h|iWWW · txdqwlgdghv gh whuud gh xpd vŒr yh}1 [S lqfrusrud lokdv lqwhludv gh xpd yh} +whufhlud...
è@h|i WWW
,tMLóUL èhð4ð|ðñL
464
è@h|i WWW
,tMLóUL èhð4ð|ðñL
464
ç@T�>|ý*L �2
,tMLóUL èhð4ð|ðñL
�2ë� îL*ü@t
Qhvwh fdsêíwxor/ exvfdprv xpd uhsuhvhqwdåf�dr pdlv h{soêíflwd gdv _hvwuxwxudv%gh xpd lpdjhp1 Hp vh wudwdqgr gh lpdjhqv suhwr0h0eudqfr/ wdlv hvwuxwxudvfruuhvsrqghp hp jhudo d êduhdv eudqfdv hp ixqgr suhwr rx ylfh0yhuvd1 Qrwhwdpeêhp txh xpd glylv�dr lqwxlwlyd gh xpd lpdjhp hp hvwuxwxudv ohyd ëd jhudåf�drgh yêduldv êduhdv frqh{dv gd lpdjhp1 Hvwd uhsuhvhqwdåf�dr êh xpd srvvêíyho yhuv�drfrpsxwdflrqdo gr _hveråfr sulplwlyr% flwdgr qr fdsêíwxor lqwurgxwêrulr1
Xpd lpdjhp vlqwêhwlfd111111h xpd srvvêlyho glylv�dr hp
gxdv _hvwuxwxudv%1
Xpd pdqhlud gh irupdol}du hvvd lgêhld yhp gr frqfhlwr gh _erokd%1 Dvvrfld0uhprv d fdgd pêd{lpr gd lpdjhp I +{> |, xpd fhuwd erokd frqh{d1 D txhvw�drêh/ vh xp pêd{lpr orfdo êh xpd vhphqwh gh xpd erokd/ txdlv v�dr rv olplwhv ghvvderokdB Lpdjlqh txh xpd erokd fuhvfh d sduwlu gh xp pêd{lpr ~ rqgh sduduB
Qrvvd ghñqlåf�dr fuhvfhuêd xpd erokd dglflrqdqgr fxuydv gh qêíyho fruuhvsrq0ghqgr d qêíyhlv gh flq}d fdgd yh} pdlv edl{rv/ sdudqgr txdqgr hvwd erokd vh
466
467 FDSêLWXOR 451 HVERFåR SULPLWLYR
mxqwd d dojxpd rxwud erokd hp irupdåf�dr1 D lgêhld ñfd pdlv fodud d sduwlu gdvñjxudv dedl{r=
Vh hvwh êh r juêdñfr gd ixqåf�dr I +{> |,111 111dtxl hvw�dr vxdv gxdv erokdv1
Irupdophqwh/ whprv=
Ghñqlåf�dr 4514 Vhmd I = U5 $ U xpd lpdjhp frp xp pêd{lpr orfdo hpS 5 U51 Sdud }3 ? I +S ,/ frqvlghuh r frqmxqwr
[}3 @õ+{> |> }, 5 U5 ûU m }3 é } é I +{> |,
ôVhmdp
[S}3 @ frpsrqhqwh frqh{d gh [}3 txh frqwêhp +S>I +S ,,
JS}3 @ fdplqkrv ð +w, @ +{ +w, > | +w, > } +w,, hp [S}3
vdlqgr gh +S>I +S ,, wdlv txh }3 +w, ? 3
KS}3 @ fdplqkrv ð +w, @ +{ +w, > | +w, > } +w,, hp [S
}3
vdlqgr gh +S>I +S ,, wdlv txh }3 +w, é 3
}M@ti +S , @ pd{}?I +S ,
íJS} 9@ KS
}
ìhqw�dr d erokd dvvrfldgd dr pêd{lpr orfdo S êh r frqmxqwr wulglphqvlrqdo
ES @ JS}M@ti+S ,
h vhx yroxph/ vxsruwh h frqwudvwh v�dr ghñqlgrv frpr4
Vxsruwh @ ä{| +ES ,
Yroxph @ YES @
]ES
gY @
]5ýTLh|i
+I +{> |,ý }M@ti +S ,, g{ g|
Frqwudvwh @ I +S ,ý }M@ti +S ,�#i?L|@4Lt TLh Z%+ Eîå ä @ ThLéióUì@L Lh|L}L?@* _i îå ?L T*@?L %+ Eðt|L �ic i4 U2äë ûL|i
^ýic it|hð|@4i?|i u@*@?_Lc ML*ü@t tì@L LMéi|Lt |hð_ð4i?tðL?@ðt ^ýi R4Lh@4 i4M@ð L _L }h�@�UL_i 8 E%c +äâë ûL i?|@?|Lc 4ýð|@t ñi3it ?Lt hiuihð4Lt @ ML*ü@t Uð|@?_L @Ti?@t L tiý týTLh|ië ï*ið|Lh _iñi ti UL?ñi?Uih ^ýic _@_@ 8 c �i tð4T*it LM|ih ý4 _ittit UL?éý?|Lt @ T@h|ðh _L Lý|hLë
45141 EROKDV 468
Ilqdophqwh/ xvduhprv d qrwdåf�dr S @ h +E, vhpsuh txh S iru xp srqwrh{wuhpr +pêd{lpr rx pêíqlpr, d sduwlu gr txdo irupdprv d erokd E1
D pduêh hvwêd hp } @ }4
Sdud } @ }edvh/ JS 9@ KS srlvJS $ G ã KS 1
[S} @ [
T} sdud } @ }5111 111 h JS @ KS > qrwh txh G # JS 1
Frphqwêdulr 4515 Q�dr vh dvvxvwh frp d dsduahqfld fuêíswlfd ghvvd ghñqlåf�dr1Ydprv ghfliuêd0od yrowdqgr ëd qrvvd lqwxlåf�dr ruljlqdo= } êh r qêíyho gd pduêh1 ëDphglgd txh glplqxêíprv }/ xp frqmxqwr gh lokdv dsduhfh +[},> d lokd txh frqwêhpr srqwr S êh d lokd [S
} 1 Qd sulphlud ñjxud/ sdud } @ }4 oljhludphqwh dedl{r ghI +S ,/ rv frqmxqwrv JS} h K
S} v�dr hp jhudo r phvpr txh d lokd [S
} 1Qr hqwdqwr/ vh glplqxluprv } edvwdqwh/ qrwh txh [S / JS h KS jdqkdp judqghvtxdqwlgdghv gh whuud gh xpd vêr yh}1 [S lqfrusrud lokdv lqwhludv gh xpd yh}+whufhlud ñjxud,/ hqtxdqwr JS h KS vrphqwh fuhvfhp _sdud edl{r% +txduwdñjxud,1 D glihuhqåfd hqwuh JS h KS vhuêd dojr frpr r _glvfr% G lqglfdgr/ pdv/
frpr G hvwêd qr ihfkr gh JS / q�dr kêd glihuhqåfd hqwuh JS h KS 1Ghñqlprv }M@ti +S , frpr r _sulphlur% rx pêd{lpr ydoru gh } dedl{r gh I +S ,
txh surgx} xpd glihuhqåfd hqwuh rv frqmxqwrv JS h KS +d glihuhqåfd êh r glvfrG gd vhjxqgd ñjxud,1 Lvwr rfruuhuêd hp jhudo txdqgr d pduêh dwlqjlu xp srqwrgh vhod V1
Vh dowrv qêíyhlv gh flq}d v�dr xvdgrv sdud uhsuhvhqwdu êduhdv eudqfdv/ hvwdghiqlåf�dr qrv gêd erokdv eudqfdv hp ixqgr suhwr1 êH vlpsohv dgdswdu hvwd ghñ0qlåf�dr sdud erokdv suhwdv hp ixqgr eudqfr= xvh pêíqlprv dr lqyêhv gh pêd{lprv h
469 FDSêLWXOR 451 HVERFåR SULPLWLYR
vxed d pduêh revhuydqgr d sduwh gdv lokdv vre d olqkd g*êdjxd1 Gdtxl sru gldqwh/qrv ñ{duhprv qd glvfxvv�dr gh erokdv eudqfdv hp ixqgr suhwr1Qrwh txh/ frpr hvwd ghñqlåf�dr êh edvhdgd vrphqwh hp frqfhlwrv gh frp0
sdudåf�dr hqwuh sl{hov yl}lqkrv +dv ghñqlåf�rhv gh J h K v�dr edvhdgdv hp fdplqkrvghfuhvfhqwhv hp },/ hod êh idflophqwh glvfuhwl}êdyho= rv frqfhlwrv gh fdplqkr hixqåf�dr ghfuhvfhqwh qxp fdplqkr hvw�dr ehp ghñqlgrv sdud hvsdåfrv glvfuhwrv1Wdpeêhp/ r srqwr vhod V wdo txh }edvh +S , @ i +V, rqgh erokdv yl}lqkdv hpfuhvflphqwr frolghp êh hp jhudo xp srqwr gh vhod +pdv srgh q�dr vah0or,1 Rxwudvsursulhgdghv gd ghñqlåf�dr gh erokdv dsuhvhqwdgd dflpd lqfoxhp=
î Erokdv v�dr frqh{dv>î Hp jhudo/ xpd erokd êh ghwhuplqdgd sru xp sdu pêd{lpr . vhod>
î Erokdv yl}lqkdv frpshwhp hqwuh vl> d suhvhqåfd gh shtxhqdv erokdv srgholplwdu rxwudv hp fuhvflphqwr> xpd lpdjhp xqlprgdo +frp dshqdv xppêd{lpr h qhqkxp rxwur srqwr fuêíwlfr, whuêd dshqdv xpd erokd txh wrpduêdwrgd d lpdjhp1
î D fodvvlñfdåf�dr gh xpd lpdjhp hp erokdv êh lqfrpsohwd> yêdulrv srqwrv gdlpdjhp q�dr fruuhvsrqghp d erokd dojxpd h vhu�dr fkdpdgrv srqwrv ghixqgr>
êH srvvêíyho txh srqwrv gd lpdjhp shuwhqåfdp wdqwr d xpd erokd eudqfdtxdqwr d xpd erokd suhwd> sdud hylwdu hvwh dfrqwhflphqwr/ ghyhuêídprv pxgdu dghñqlåf�dr h sdudu gh edl{du d pduêh q�dr vrphqwh txdqgr d erokd hp fuhvflphqwrfrolgh frp rxwud erokd/ pdv wdpeêhp txdqgr hod pxgd gh wrsrorjld1 Yhmdh{hpsor dedl{r1
0504
34
5[
0504
34
5
\
331531731931;4415417
R pêlqlpr orfdo shuwhqfh d xpd erokdeudqfd h xpd suhwd1
040318
3318
4[
040318
3318
4
\
4159415;416416541674169416;4174175
Xpd dpsoldåf�dr uhyhod r prphqwr gdwudqvlåf�dr wrsroêrjlfd1
H{hpsor 4516 Sdud d ixqåf�dr I gd ñjxud dflpd/ r pêd{lpr orfdo lqlfld xpderokd _eudqfd%> ëd phglgd txh d pduêh edl{d/ d erokd fuhvfh1 Qr hqwdqwr/ rsulphlur srqwr gh vhod dwlqjlgr +xp srqwr qr _dqho% vxshulru, q�dr ghwhuêd d
45151 KLHUDUTXLD PXOWL0HVFDOD 46:
erokd ~ dperv rv odgrv gr srqwr gh vhod shuwhqfhp ëd phvpd erokd h/ sruwdqwr/JS @ KS wdpeêhp qr qêíyho } gr srqwr gh vhod1 R txh rfruuh êh txh d erokd pxgdgh wrsrorjld ~ d sduwlu ghvwh prphqwr/ kêd xp exudfr hp vhx vxsruwh1 D pduêhfrqwlqxd edl{dqgr h dfded lqfoxlqgr r pêíqlpr orfdo +txdqgr r exudfr vh ihfkd,~ h dlqgd dvvlp qrvvd ghñqlåf�dr sru fdplqkrv lqglfd txh d erokd frqwlqxduêdfuhvfhqgr +srvvlyhophqwh wrpdqgr wrgd d lpdjhp,1 Sru rxwur odgr/ êh fodur txhr pêíqlpr orfdo fhqwudo êh d vhphqwh gh xpd erokd _suhwd%1
�2ë�ë� �úhñLhit _i ML*ü@t
Xpd dowhuqdwlyd ëd ghñqlåf�dr dflpd fruuhvsrqgh d _q�dr sdudu gh edl{du dpduêh phvpr txh erokdv whqkdp frolglgr%1 Dr lqyêhv/ fdgd yh} txh gxdv erokdvfrolghp/ lqlfldprv xpd qryd erokd1 Wdo hvwuxwxud surgx} xpd êduyruh gherokdv/ frpr qd ñjxud dedl{r=
Xpd êduyruh gh erokdv
Qrwh txh fdgd dufr gd êduyruh gh erokdv whp xp yroxph/ xpd uhjl�dr vxsruwhh xpd êduhd1 Xp srqwr vhod q�dr vêr vlqdol}d r ñp gr fuhvflphqwr gh erokdv frprghñqlgr dqwhulruphqwh ~ hoh wdpeêhp lqlfld xp qryr dufr +xpd qryd erokd,1 Dverokdv ghñqlgdv qd vxevhåf�dr dqwhulru wruqdp0vh dv irokdv ghvwd êduyruh1
�2ë2 Oðih@h^ýð@ 4ý*|ðíitU@*@
Lqihol}phqwh/ d ghñqlåf�dr gh erokdv gd vhåf�dr dqwhulru whp xp sureohpd= hodêh pxlwr vhqvêíyho d shtxhqdv yduldåf�rhv qd lpdjhp I 1 Qhvwd vhåf�dr/ lqglfdprvfrpr uhvroyhu wdo sureohpd xwlol}dqgr xpd klhudutxld pxowl0hvfdod1 Dv ghprq0vwudåf�rhv gdv sursulhgdghv txh flwduhprv d vhjxlu êh sduwh gd ehoêívvlpd Whruld gdvVlqjxodulgdghv ~ q�dr dv dsuhvhqwduhprv qhvwh olyur/ pdv r ohlwru lqwhuhvvdgr hpxp hveråfr srgh frqvxowdu ^45`> hvshudprv dsuhvhqwdu rv dvshfwrv uhohydqwhv ghwdo whruld drv hvsdåfrv gh hvfdod qxp rxwur wudedokr1
46; FDSêLWXOR 451 HVERFåR SULPLWLYR
Xp uxêígr pdwd xpd erokd srwhqfldo fuldqgr gxdv shtxhqdv
Whqwduhprv fuldu erokdv pxowl0hvfdod mêd txh r surfhvvr gh glixv�dr txh fuld rvhvsdåfrv gh hvfdod êh ud}rdyhophqwh lpxqh ëd suhvhqåfd gh uxêígrv/ srlv hvwhv whqghpd fruuhvsrqghu d erokdv phqrv lpsruwdqwhv txh ghyhp ghvdsduhfhu udslgdphqwhfrp d hvfdod1 Lqwxlwlydphqwh/ xpd erokd h{lvwhqwh qxpd ghwhuplqdgd hvfdodvreuhylyhuêd hp jhudo d xpd shtxhqd pxgdqåfd gh hvfdod +wdoyh} pryhqgr rxghirupdqgr xp srxfr qr surfhvvr,1 D lgêhld êh oljdu erokdv fruuhvsrqghqwhvhp glihuhqwhv hvfdodv sdud fuldu xp remhwr whwudglphqvlrqdo ~ d erokd pxowl0hvfdod51
Oljdqgr erokdv sdud fuldu erokdv pxowl0hvfdod
Qr hqwdqwr/ kêd h{fhåf�rhv/ lvwr êh/ vlwxdåf�rhv rqgh xpd erokd pxgd fdwdvwurñ0fdphqwh txdqgr sdvvd sru xpd ghwhuplqdgd hvfdod1 Fkdpdprv hvvhv hyhqwrvgh hyhqwrv gh erokd1 Jhqhulfdphqwh/ dshqdv txdwur vlwxdåf�rhv srghp rfruuhu+d hyroxåf�dr grv vxsruwhv gdv erokdv êh loxvwudgr qdv ñjxudv d vhjxlu sdud grlvghohv/ rv rxwurv grlv fruuhvsrqghp d lqyhuwhu r hl{r gh hvfdod,=
î Ghvwuxlåf�dr gh xpd erokd= êh frpxp txh xpd erokd glplqxd gh wdpdq0kr ëd phglgd txh d hvfdod fuhvfh h ghvdsduhåfd> dfrqwhfh txdqgr xppêd{lprh xp srqwr gh vhod +q�dr0frpsduwlokdgr, gh I frolghp h ghvdsduhfhp1
2ûL|i ^ýic ?@t �}ýh@t L?_i 4Lt|h@4Lt *ð}@óUìLit i?|hi ML*ü@t T@h@ uLh4@h @ ML*ü@ 4ý*|ðíitU@*@c hiThiti?|@4Lt @Ti?@t Lt týTLh|it _@t ML*ü@t i4 U@_@ itU@*@( @ttð4c �i TLtt �>ñi* ñihý4@ itT�iUði _i RULh|i |hð_ð4i?tðL?@*â _@ ML*ü@ 4ý*|ðíitU@*@ë
45151 KLHUDUTXLD PXOWL0HVFDOD 46<
î Ixv�dr gh erokdv= ëdv yh}hv/ gxdv erokdv frp xp srqwr gh vhod frpxpghvdsduhfhp sdud gdu oxjdu d xpd erokd pxlwr pdlru +qd yhugdgh/ xpdgdv erokdv gr sdu ghvdsduhfh h d rxwud fuhvfh gh pdqhlud ghvfrqwêíqxd,>dfrqwhfh txdqgr xp pêd{lpr h xp srqwr gh vhod frpsduwlokdgr frolghph ghvdsduhfhp>
î Fuldåf�dr gh erokdv= srgh vhu txh xpd shtxhqd erokd dsduhåfd _gr qdgd%>hvwd vlwxdåf�dr fruuhvsrqgh ëd jhudåf�dr gh xp pêd{lpr h xp srqwr vhod txhvh vhsdudp d sduwlu gh xp srqwr frpxp1
î Glylv�dr gh erokdv= xpd erokd srgh ghvdsduhfhu sdud gdu oxjdu ëd gxdverokdv phqruhv txh frpsduwlokdp xp srqwr gh vhod> hvwd vlwxdåf�dr fruuh0vsrqgh ëd fuldåf�dr gh xp sdu pêd{lpr0vhod rqgh r srqwr vhod êh frpsduwlokdgrh mêd irl hveråfdgd qr h{hpsor 81461
0318
3
31804
3
0315
3
(VFDOD
Hyhqwr ghvwuxlåf�dr Hyhqwr ixv�dr
Srgh0vh prvwudu txh/ qr prphqwr gd wudqvlåf�dr/ r srqwr gh pêd{lpr h r srqwrvhod fruuhvsrqghp d xp êxqlfr srqwr gd lpdjhp rqgh d Khvvldqd êh ghjhqhudgd+yhmd d vhåf�dr 4517 d vhjxlu,> lvwr êh/ qd hvfdod w gr hyhqwr gh erokd h qr srqwr Srqgh r pêd{lpr orfdo h r srqwr vhod frolghp +rx vxujhp,=
CIwC{
+S , @CIwC|
+S , @ 3%C5IwC{5
C5IwC|5
ýëC5IwC{ C|
ê5&hp S
@ 3
Hp rxwudv sdodyudv/ erokdv hp hvfdodv _vxfhvvlydv% srghp vhu xqlgdv qrsurfhvvr gh fuldåf�dr gd erokd pxowl0hvfdod hqtxdqwr dv frqglåf�rhv dflpd q�dr iruhpvdwlvihlwdv1 Sru rxwur odgr/ hvfrokhprv q�dr oljdu erokdv dwudyêhv grv hyhqwrvdflpd qd irupdåf�dr gh erokdv pxowl0hvfdod> dvvlp/ xpd erokd pxowl0hvfdod vhuêdolplwdgd hp hvfdod sru grlv wdlv hyhqwrv1 R whpsr gh ylgd gh xpd erokdpxowl0hvfdod vhuêd ghñqlgr frpr d glihuhqåfd hqwuh d hvfdod rqgh hod vxujh h dhvfdod rqgh hod ghvdsduhfh1
473 FDSêLWXOR 451 HVERFåR SULPLWLYR
Rv phvprv hyhqwrv vh dsolfdp d êduyruhv gh erokdv1 êH srvvêíyho vh prvwudu txhvrphqwh dv erokdv gdv irokdv surgx}hp hyhqwrv +txh v�dr rv phvprv lqglfdgrvdflpd,1 D êxqlfd rxwud pxgdqåfd vljqlñfdwlyd qd hvwuxwxud gdv êduyruhv gh erokdvdwudyêhv gdv hvfdodv êh xpd rfdvlrqdo uhrughqdåf�dr/ txh rfruuh txdqgr rv ydoruhvgh Iw hp grlv srqwrv gh vhod suêr{lprv pxgdp gh srvlåf�dr uhodwlyd=
Srqwrv vhod wurfdp gh srvlåf�dr111 111uhrughqdqgr d êduyruh gh erokdv1
�2ëô W4TLh|÷@?Uð@ _i ML*ü@t 4ý*|ðíitU@*@
D hvwuxwxud ghvfulwd qd vhåf�dr dqwhulru jhud xpd pluêídgh gh erokdv pxowl0hvfdod/ hvshfldophqwh hp hvfdodv shtxhqdv1 Sdud txh wdo hvwuxwxud vhmd êxwlo/ghyhprv ghwhuplqdu xpd phglgd gh lpsruwadqfld qdv qrvvdv erokdv pxowl0hvfdod+sdud txh srvvdprv holplqdu hvwuxwxudv lqghvhmêdyhlv dqwhv gh sdvvêd0odv sdudpêrgxorv pdlv _lqwholjhqwhv% gr qrvvr vlvwhpd gh ylv�dr,1 Wdo phglgd vhuêd fhu0wdphqwh ghshqghqwh gd dsolfdåf�dr hp txhvw�dr/ pdv qhvwd vhåf�dr dsuhvhqwduhprvdojxpdv rsåf�rhv eêdvlfdv1
Edvlfdphqwh/ txhuhprv xpd phglgd gh lpsruwadqfld edvhdgd qr wdpdqkrhvsdfldo gh xpd erokd pxowl0hvfdod/ hp vhx frqwudvwh h hp vhx whpsr gh ylgd1D lgêhld pdlv vlpsohv êh wrpdu r yroxph whwudglphqvlrqdo gd erokd pxowl0hvfdod E edvhdgr qhvwdv txdqwlgdghv] w4
w3
]Vxsruwh+E+w,,
] Iw+{>|,
}edvh+E+w,,
g} g{ g| gw @
] w4
w3
YE +w, gw
rqgh w3 h w4 v�dr dv hvfdodv rqgh E vxujh h ghvdsduhfh/ h E +w, êh d vhåf�dr gderokd pxowl0hvfdod E qd hvfdod w1 Qr hqwdqwr/ lvwr dvvxph txh dv xqlgdghv ghhvfdod h gh hvsdåfr v�dr htxlydohqwhv h dv phvpdv sdud txdotxhu hvfdod1 Vhuêd txhxpd erokd txh whp yroxph wulglphqvlrqdo 4 gxudqwh 5 xqlgdghv gh whpsr êhw�dr lpsruwdqwh txdqwr xpd txh whqkd yroxph 5 gxudqwh 4 xqlgdgh gh whpsrBVhuêd txh r whpsr gh ylgd gh 5 xqlgdghv gh whpsr êh ljxdophqwh lpsruwdqwh hphvfdodv judqghv h shtxhqdvB Hqñp/ txdo d pêhwulfd d vhu xwlol}dgd qr fêdofxor gryroxph gd erokd pxowl0hvfdodB
45161 LPSRUWaDQFLD GH EROKDV PXOWL0HVFDOD 474
�2ëôë� Ai4TL _i ñð_@ iui|ðñL _i ý4@ ML*ü@ 4ý*|ðíitU@*@
Hp sulphlur oxjdu/ frqvlghuh r xvr gr whpsr gh ylgd gh xpd erokd frprsduwh gd phglgd gh vxd lpsruwadqfld1 Lqihol}phqwh/ shtxhqrv uxêígrv txh vhhqfrqwuhp qxpd uhjl�dr gd lpdjhp rqgh kdmd xpd judgxdo yduldåf�dr gh flq}d+gljdprv/ sudwlfdphqwh olqhdu, whqghp d vreuhylyhu xp judqgh whpsr vhp txhsduhåfdp lpsruwdqwhv shu vh1 Pdlv dlqgd/ gh fhuwd pdqhlud/ hyhqwrv gh erokd v�drudurv ghpdlv hp hvfdodv pdlruhv/ idyruhfhqgr pxlwr d hvwdelolgdgh gdv erokdvoêd h{lvwhqwhv ~ pdlv gr txh r ghvhmdgr1 Dolêdv/ hvwd êh h{dwdphqwh d ud}�dr shodtxdo xp hvsdåfr gh hvfdod êh xvxdophqwh fdofxodgr hp hvfdodv glêdglfdv +lvwr êh/w @ 5n, lqlfldophqwh1Vh sduhfh qdwxudo xwlol}du hvfdodv glêdglfdv rx h{srqhqfldlv/ sru txh q�dr xvdu
hqw�dr xpd hvfdod hihwlyd gdgd shor orjdulwpr gr whpsr gh ylgdB Gh id0wr/ srgh0vh prvwudu txh xpd erokd hqfrqwudgd hp hvfdod w whp frpsulphqwrfdudfwhuêívwlfr dsur{lpdgdphqwh sursruflrqdo d oq w1 Dvvlp/ vh ydprv xwlol}du ryroxph gh xpd erokd pdqwhqgr dv xqlgdghv gdv frrughqdgdv hvsdfldlv/ sduhfhqdwxudo pxgdu d ydulêdyho hvfdod sdud á @ oq w +ylgh ^9`,1 Hvwh pêhwrgr êh dqêdorjrd frqvlghudu xpd htxdåf�dr gr fdoru dfhohudgd shod pxgdqåfd gh ydulêdyhlv w @ há =
CIáCá
@CIwCwhá @ há u5Iá , Iá @ Jhá ú i3
R whpsr gh ylgd hihwlyr h d lpsruwadqfld gh xpd erokd pxowl0hvfdod fuldgdhp hvfdod w3 h ghvwuxêígd hp hvfdod w4 vhuldp hqw�dr
á4 ý á3 @ oq w4 ý oq w3 @ oq w4w3
LHi +E, @
] á4
á3
YE +á, gá @
] w4
w3
YE +w,
wgw
Hvwd lgêhld ixqflrqd qr fdvr frqwêíqxr pdv jhud xp ghvdvwuh txdqgr gd glv0fuhwl}dåf�dr gr hvsdåfr gh hvfdod1 Dñqdo/ frqvlghuh erokdv txh h{lvwdp hp hvfdodvehp shtxhqdv/ lvwr êh/ lpdjlqh txh w3 $ 31 Qr fdvr frqwêíqxr/ xp vlqdo jhqêhulfrwhuêd fdgd yh} pdlv erokdv txh vh uhfrpelqdp fdgd yh} pdlv uêdslgr +ëd phglgdtxh w3 $ 3, h/ hvvhqfldophqwh/ w4 $ 3 h YE +w,$ 3 wdpeêhp> dvvlp/ kêd hvshudqåfdgh txh +phvpr txh r whpsr gh ylgd hihwlyr vhmd lqñqlwr, shor phqrv d lqwhjudogh LHi +E, frqylumd/ h erokdv gh shtxhqd hvfdod q�dr qhfhvvduldphqwh dvvxphplpsruwadqfldv pdvvlydv1Qr hqwdqwr/ qr fdvr glvfuhwr/ kêd erokdv txh h{lvwhp hp w3 @ 3 h txh q�dr
vrphp lphgldwdphqwh> r wdpdqkr gh wdlv erokdv êh gh shor phqrv xp sl{ho/ hvhx frqwudvwh q�dr êh qhfhvvduldphqwh shtxhqr> d lpsruwadqfld dvvrfldgd d fdgdxpd ghvvdv erokdv vhuêd lqñqlwd ~ ghñqlwlydphqwh q�dr r frpsruwdphqwr txhghvhmdprv1Hqñp/ r sureohpd gh ghwhuplqdu d lpsruwadqfld uhodwlyd gh glihuhqwhv erokdv
êh frpsolfdgr/ dlqgd pdlv qr fdvr glvfuhwr1 D derugdjhp gh ^45` êh dvvxplu txh dwd{d uhodwlyd gh ghvdsduhflphqwr gh erokdv ghyd vhu frqvwdqwh ëd phglgdtxh d hvfdod yduld1 Sru h{hpsor/ êh srvvêíyho prvwudu txh vh r vlqdo ruljlqdo
475 FDSêLWXOR 451 HVERFåR SULPLWLYR
êh xp uxêígr eudqfr xqlglphqvlrqdo q�dr glvfuhwr suryhqlhqwh gh xp surfhvvrhvwdflrqêdulr qrupdo/ hqw�dr wrpdu d hvfdod hihwlyd frpr á @ oq w vdwlvid} hvvdfulwêhulr1 Vh r vlqdo ruljlqdo êh xp uxêígr eudqfr glvfuhwr/ ^46` prvwud txh
á @ ý oq3C4 . 5
ädufvlq
3C4ý 4
5w
4Sw^3`Sw^4`
ý 4
4D4D +4514,
vhuld d hvfdod hihwlyd d vhu wrpdgd frp hvwh fulwêhulr1 Q�dr whprv frqkhflphqwrgh fêdofxorv vhphokdqwhv qr fdvr pxowlglphqvlrqdo/ pdv uhvxowdgrv hpsêíulfrvdsrqwdp sdud á @ oq w frpr xpd erd phglgd gh hvfdod hihwlyd h{fhwr sdudhvfdodv shtxhqdv1
�2ëôë2 VL*ý4i iui|ðñL _i ý4@ ML*ü@
Grphvpr prgr txh pxgdprv r sduadphwur hvfdod sdud hqfrqwudu xpd hvfdodhihwlyd/ whuhprv gh pxgdu d pêhwulfd hvsdfldo gh dfrugr frp d hvfdod +vh wrgdvdv hvfdodv ghyhp vhu wudwdgdv ljxdophqwh,1 Erokdv hp hvfdodv pdlruhv whqghpd whu yroxph pdlru1 Gh idwr/ uhvxowdgrv h{shulphqwdlv prvwudp txh dv pêhgldvgd êduhd gr vxsruwh h gr frqwudvwh gh xpd erokd ES vdwlvid}hp
DVxsruwh +w, ä wI +S ,ý }edvh +S , ä 4s
w
+sru h{hpsor/ dqdolvh r frpsruwdphqwr gh xpd erokd Jdxvvldqd vlpsohv,1 Dglvwulexlåf�dr gh suredelolgdgh gr yroxph wulglphqvlrqdo gh xpd erokd whp pêhgldh ghvylr sdgu�dr gdgrv sru
çYE +w, äsw
âYE +w, äsw
Lvwr vxjhuh txh r yroxph hihwlyr gh xpd erokd +hp xpd hvfdod w, vhmd uhqru0pdol}dgr frpr
�YES +w, @YES +w,ý
sws
w
sdud txh rv yroxphv gh erokdv hp glihuhqwhv hvfdodv vhmdp wudwdgrv ljxdophqwh1Lqihol}phqwh/ d h{suhvv�dr dflpd srgh dsuhvhqwdu ydoruhv qhjdwlyrv> sdud hylwdulvwr/ ^45` vxjhuh r xvr gh
YHi +w, @
+4 . �YES +w, / vh �YES è 3h�YES / fdvr frqwuêdulr
Qhvwh fdvr/ d erokd _pêhgld% whp yroxph hihwlyr 4 hqtxdqwr erokdv phqruhvwhp yroxph hihwlyr ghfdlqgr sdud }hur1
45171 WUDMHWêRULD GH SRQWRV FUêLWLFRV- 476
�2ëôëô çL?U*ýtì@L
Uhvxplqgr d glvfxvv�dr ghvwd vhåf�dr/ xpd srvvlelolgdgh sdud r fêdofxor ghlpsruwadqfld rx yroxph hihwlyr gh xpd erokd pxowl0hvfdod vhuld
YE @
] w4
w3
YHi +w,gw
w
rqgh
YHi +w, @
;?=YES +w,s
w/ vh YES +w, è
sw
h{síYES +w,s
wý 4ì/ fdvr frqwuêdulr
h YES +w, êh r yroxph wulglphqvlrqdo gd erokd ES txh êh d vhåf�dr gd erokd pxowl0hvfdod E qd hvfdod w1 Hvwd h{suhvvëdr vhuld xvdgd dr lqyêhv gr yroxph whwudglphq0vlrqdo qrupdo/ wdqwr hp vxd yhuv�dr frqwêíqxd frpr qd glvfuhwd/ h gêd uhvxowdgrvvdwlvidwêrulrv sdud w3 q�dr pxlwr shtxhqr1 Qr fdvr glvfuhwr xqlglphqvlrqdo/ rdmxvwh gh whpsr hihwlyr gdgr shod htxdåf�dr 4514 êh whrulfdphqwh xpd h{suhvv�drtxh wdpeêhp ixqflrqd hp hvfdodv shtxhqdv1 Qr fdvr pxowlglphqvlrqdo glvfuhwr/q�dr whprv xpd erd uhvsrvwd txh ixqflrqh wdpeêhp sdud shtxhqdv hvfdodv ~ hvwhêh dlqgd xp sureohpd hp dehuwr1
�2ëe Ah@éi|�Lhð@ _i èL?|Lt çh�>|ðULt8
Qhvwd vhåf�dr/ dqdolvduhprv euhyhphqwh r frpsruwdphqwr gh xp srqwr fuêíwlfrgh xpd lpdjhp I ëd phglgd txh d hvfdod pxgd1 Dvvlp/ vhmd S +w, d wudmhwêruld ghxp srqwr fuêíwlfr S +{ +w, > | +w,, gh xpd ixqåf�dr Iw +{> |, txh vdwlvid} d htxdåf�drgr fdoru1 Jrvwduêídprv gh rewhu xpd h{suhvv�dr sdud d yhorflgdgh gh S hp ixqåf�drgh Iw1Gh idwr/ r srqwr S êh ghñqlgr sru
CIwC{
+{ +w, > | +w,, @ 3
CIwC|
+{ +w, > | +w,, @ 3
h r whruhpd gd ixqåf�dr lpsoêíflwd jdudqwh d h{lvwahqfld gd vroxåf�dr { +w,/ | +w, hq0txdqwr d pdwul} Khvvldqd gh Iw q�dr êh ghjhqhudgd1 Pdlv h{solflwdphqwh/ srgh0prv hqfrqwudu dv ghulydgdv hp uhodåf�dr d w + b{ h b|, glihuhqfldqgr dv h{suhvv�rhvdflpd6 frp uhodåf�dr d w=
C5IwC{5
b{.C5IwC{ C|
b| .C5IwC{ Cw
@ 3
CIwC{ C|
b{.C5IwC|5
b| .C5IwC| Cw
@ 3
ô,t|i �i L 4L4i?|L L?_i @ ?L|@óUì@L 8| TL_i U@ýt@h UL?uýtì@LG ?ì@L it^ýióU@ ^ýi 8 |@4M�i4�i ý4@ uý?óUì@L _i |ë ú i Thittì@L @ ti}ýðh hiãi|i it|@ R_iTi?_÷i?Uð@ LUý*|@âë
477 FDSêLWXOR 451 HVERFåR SULPLWLYR
rqgh dv ghulydgdv sdufldlv v�dr fdofxodgdv qr srqwr S +w,1 Srghprv uhhvfuhyhulvwr frpr
K�y @ ýuëCIwCw
ê, �y @ ýKý4u
ëCIwCw
êrqghK êh d Khvvldqd gh Iw fdofxodgd qr srqwr S +w,> �y êh d _yhorflgdgh% gr srqwrS +w,> h u êh r rshudgru judglhqwh wrpdgr dshqdv qdv frrughqdgdv hvsdfldlv1Qrwh txh/ dwêh dtxl/ q�dr ñ}hprv xvr gd htxdåf�dr gr fdoru ~ d h{suhvv�dr dflpd êhyêdolgd sdud txdotxhu hyroxåf�dr gh Iw frp uhodåf�dr dr whpsr rx hvfdod hqtxdqwrd Khvvldqd q�dr iru ghjhqhudgd1Qr fdvr hvshfêíñfr gd htxdåf�dr gr fdoru/ srghprv hvfuhyhu d ghulydgd frp
uhodåf�dr d w gr odgr gluhlwr h{solflwdphqwh/ h
�y @ ýKý4 u ýu5IüQrwh txh/ ëd phglgd txh qrv dsur{lpdprv gh xp hyhqwr gh erokd/ d Khvvldqd
ydl ñfdqgr fdgd yh} pdlv ghjhqhudgd +lvwr êh/ ghwK vh dsur{lpd gh 3,/ h êh frpxptxh rv srqwrv fuêíwlfrv whqkdp yhorflgdghv pxlwr judqghv shuwr grv hyhqwrv gherokd1 Lvwr vxjhuh xp fxlgdgr h{wud dr vhjxlu erokdv shuwr gh hyhqwrv ~dv erokdv srghp vh pryhu/ fuhvfhu rx glplqxlu pxlwr udslgdphqwh$Qr fdvr gd htxdåf�dr gr fdoru xqlglphqvlrqdo r udflrfêíqlr dflpd ohyd d
yS @ ýI333 +S ,I 33 +S ,
sdud srqwrv fuêíwlfrv S gh I 1Ydoh d shqd flwdu txh r pêhwrgr dflpd srgh vhu hvwhqglgr sdud rxwurv ghwdokhv
gd lpdjhp1 Sru h{hpsor/ duhvwdv gh vlqdlv xqlglphqvlrqdlv v�dr iuhtxhqwhphqwhghñqlgdv frpr srqwrv fuêíwlfrv gh I 3 +{,1 Xvdqgr r hvsdåfr gh hvfdod gh I 3 +{,qd h{suhvv�dr dflpd/ frqfoxêíprv txh xp srqwr S gh duhvwd gh xp vlqdo I whpyhorflgdgh
yS @ ýI3333 +S ,I 333 +S ,
lvwr êh/ hvwd êh d yhorflgdgh gh ghvorfdphqwr gh duhvwdv ëd phglgd txh d yduladqfldgd Jdxvvldqd xwlol}dgd qd vxdyl}dåf�dr fuhvfh1 Hvwd h{suhvv�dr uhiruåfd dlqgd pdlvtxh q�dr êh srvvêíyho vlpsohvphqwh eruudu d lpdjhp h hqfrqwudu ghwdokhv qxpd_hvfdod% pdlru> frpr hvwhv vh pryhp frp d vxdyl}dåf�dr +srvvlyhophqwh frpyhorflgdghv lphqvdv,/ êh qhfhvvêdulr vhjxlu rv ghwdokhv gh yrowd d hvfdodv phqruhvsdud rewhuprv vxd orfdol}dåf�dr fruuhwd qd lpdjhp ruljlqdo1
�2ëD , ihU�>UðLt
+4, Hqfrqwuh dv wudmhwêruldv grv srqwrv fuêíwlfrv +hp ixqåf�dr gd hvfdod w, grvvhjxlqwhv hvsdåfrv gh hvfdod xqlglphqvlrqdlv/ hvshflñfdqgr h orfdol}dqgr qr hv0sdåfr h hp hvfdod rv hyhqwrv txh rfruuhp=
45181 H[HUFêLFLRV 478
d, Iw +{, @ {6 . 9{w>
e, Iw +{, @ {7 . 53{6w. 93w5>f, Iw +{, @ Dh
ýw frv{.Ehý7w frv 5{>
+5, Vh Iw +{, êh xp hvsdåfr gh hvfdod xqlglphqvlrqdo/ Kw +{> |, @ Iw +{,÷|5÷5wêh xp hvsdåfr gh hvfdod elglphqvlrqdo1 Txdo d fruuhvsrqgahqfld hqwuh rv srqwrvfuêíwlfrv gh Kw h IwB Gah srvlåf�dr uhodwlyd h fodvvlñfdåf�dr/ ghshqghqgr gr vlqdo gh|51
479 FDSêLWXOR 451 HVERFåR SULPLWLYR