Lhagang Tibetan of Minyag Rabgang Khams:...

Asian and African Languages and Linguistics No.10, 2016

Lhagang Tibetan of Minyag Rabgang Khams:Vocabulary of Two Sociolinguistic Varieties

Suzuki, HiroyukiIKOS, Universitetet i Oslo / National Museum of Ethnology

Sonam WangmoIKOS, Universitetet i Oslo

The Lhagang dialect is one of the dialects belonging to the Minyag Rabgang dialectalgroup of Khams Tibetan, spoken in Lhagang Village, Kangding County, GanziPrefecture, Sichuan Province, China. Because of intense language contact betweena local Khams (Lhagang Tibetan) and Amdo, pastoralist immigrants’ mother tongue,a new sociolinguistic variety of Lhagang Tibetan has been generated. This articleprimarily provides a contrastive word list of two sociolinguistic varieties LhagangTibetan, Lhagang-A and Lhagang-B. The latter is a local variety transmitted byinhabitants generation by generation, whereas the former is a dialect based onLhagang-B, which undergoes a rapid language change because of the language contact.A wordlist includes ca. 1400 words of both the varieties.

Keywords: Khams Tibetan, Minyag Rabgang dialectal group, sociolinguistics, dialectology

1. Introduction2. Phonological overview of the Lhagang A and B varieties

Contrastive word list of the Lhagang A and B varieties

1. Introduction

This paper aims to provide a contrastive word list (including ca. 1400 entries) ofLhagang Tibetan, spoken in the central area of Tagong Village (henceforth LhagangVillage), surrounding Lhagang Monastery, in Kangding County, Ganzi TibetanAutonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China. According to the claim of Suzuki(2009), Lhagang Tibetan belongs to the Minyag Rabgang group of Khams Tibetan,1

which is a dialectal group spoken in the Minyag area of which the centre is Dartsendo.This group is classified into two subgroups: northern (or archaic) and southern (or

Suzuki, Hiroyuki & Sonam Wangmo. 2016. “Lhagang Tibetan of Minyag Rabgang Khams: Vocabulary oftwo sociolinguistic varieties”. Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 10: 245–286. [Permanent URL:http://hdl.handle.net/10108/85072]1 It is called Middle Route (Zhonglu in Chinese) dialects by sKal-bzang ’Gyur-med (1985). Suzuki (2009) onceproposed to rename it Minyag, but because of the identical name to the Minyag language belonging to the Qiangicbranch of Tibeto-Burman, Suzuki (2014) recommends the use of Minyag Rabgang or Minyak Rabgang instead.

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innovative), represented by the Lhagang dialect and the Rangakha (Xinduqiao) dialectrespectively. This viewpoint is also supported by a study of a native speaker ofLhagang (Lha-mo-skyid 2010). However, the linguistic situation in Lhagang Village iscomplicated: there are at least four varieties spoken, as reported by Suzuki & SonamWangmo (2014b).

Fig.1&2 Geographical position of Lhagang Village (=marked) 2

Tibetan dialects spoken in Lhagang Village1. Lhagang-A

variety of the Minyag Rabgang group of Khams heavily influenced by Amdo2. Lhagang-B

variety of the Minyag Rabgang group of Khams transmitted by ‘Lhagang 13households’

3. Gongrimavariety of the archaic nomadic group of Amdo, spoken in northeast of Lhagang

4. Yichangvariety of the archaic nomadic group of Amdo, spoken in northwest of Lhagang

The first two dialects are a member of the Minyag Rabgang dialectal group of KhamsTibetan, whereas the last two are a member of the archaic nomadic dialectal group ofAmdo Tibetan. This situation means that the inhabitants of Lhagang Village use one ormore types of these varieties in one village, which is peculiar to Lhagang.

Background of Lhagang Village and the language useIn order to understand the above-mentioned linguistic situation, we shall explain

a sociolinguistic background in Lhagang Village and the language use there. Thedescription here is based on Sonam Wangmo (2013: 28–30) and Suzuki & SonamWangmo (2014a, 2015).

2 These maps were designed with Googlemaps (https://www.google.co.jp/maps/; accessed on 25th June 2015).

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Suzuki, Hiroyuki & Sonam Wangmo: Lhagang Tibetan of Minyag Rabgang Khams

In 1930, Lhagang Village was a nomadic settlement with only 13 households.Local people call the households Lhagang Rawa bCugsum (Lha-sgang Ra-babCu-gsum) ‘Lhagang 13 households’. Even though they identify themselves as’brog-pa ‘pastoralist’, we assume that their descendants speak a variety of the MinyagRabgang dialectal group of Khams Tibetan, which can be genetically close to otherdialects spoken by rong-pas ‘farmer’ in such villages as Pasu and Baisang in XinduqiaoTown.

Today, this former nomadic area is a booming village compared to other villagesin the vicinity, a development that was brought about by tourism, business, andgovernment policy. One of the most dramatic changes in Lhagang village happenedin 2004, under the policy of ‘The new rural construction’, which led many localpastoralists, who are Amdo-speakers, to sell their domestic animals for new houses,and they came to dwell in Lhagang village together with pastoralists from othervillages. Suddenly the population of Lhagang village increased double.

The varieties Lhagang-A and Lhagang-B are not perfectly regarded as anindependent dialect from each other, because Khams-speakers in Lhagang cangenerally use both of them; the difference between them is merely attested in thepronunciation, and the grammatical construction is highly similar; hence, we canregard them as one dialect with two sociolinguistic varieties. On the other hand, thevarieties Gongrima and Yichang are originally spoken by the pastoralists living inGongrima and Yichang hamlets respectively. Recently, a part of them has chosen tosettle in the village, thus now their language can be frequently heard there. Even thenomadic variety of Amdo Tibetan has regional differences, which are so minute thatwe need a prudent observation to analyse them.

2. Phonological overview of the Lhagang A and B varieties

This paper deals with a description of the vocabulary of the Lhagang dialect ofKhams Tibetan, including two sociolinguistic varieties, A and B.3 Lhagang-B isthe most traditional local variety transmitted by the inhabitants (Lha-sgang Ra-babCu-gsum), and Lhagang-A is regarded as a variety developed with great influence byAmdo-speaking people through everyday communications mentioned above.

The main difference between Lhagang-A and Lhagang-B is attested in word formsas well as their phonetic realisation (see the word list in the end of the paper);however, almost all the features attested in the phonological system, includingconsonants, vowels, and suprasegmentals, are common to Lhagang-A and Lhagang-B.

2.1. Phonemes and suprasegmentalsThe basic description of the phonology of Lhagang-A is provided by Suzuki (2006,

2007a: 134–140). The phonemic inventory (consonants and vowels) as well as tones of

3 A preliminary description of word forms of Lhagang-A was included in Suzuki (2007b:123-152).

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the Lhagang Tibetan is as follows:

Consonantismlabial alveolar retroflex palatal velar glottal

pre- post-plosive asp. ph th úh ch kh

vl. p t ú c k P

vd. b d ã é gaffricate asp. tsh tCh

vl. ts tCvd. dz dý

fricative asp. sh ùh Ch xh

vl. F s ù C x hvd. z ý , H

nasal vd. m n ő N

vl. m˚

n˚

ő N

liquid vd. l rvl. l

˚semivowel vd. w j

(asp.: voiceless aspirated; vl.: voiceless non-aspirated; vd.: voiced)

Lhagang-B lacks /ch, c, é/; the others are common to B. The principal differencebetween A and B is found in the system of initial consonant clusters.

Vocalismi 0 W u

e @ 8 o　 E 　 O

　　 a A

The contrasts short/long and plain/nasalised are attested.No difference between A and B.

SuprasegmentalsA four-way pitch distinction in word tone functions. The following phonemic signs

precede a word form:¯ : high level [55/44] ´ : rising [24/35] ` : falling [53/31] ˆ : rising-falling [132]

For monosyllabic words, the tonal contrast is only two-way: high and low. It isevident only at the beginning of a syllable, and a tone-falling at the end of a syllabledoes not function as a phonological contrast.

No difference between A and B is attested; however, the representation of tones is

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quite different between them, and this is one of the phonetic features with which nativespeakers distinguish the one from the other. See the word list at the end of the paper.

2.2. PhonotacticsThe phonotactics in a syllable of Lhagang-A and Lhagang-B is basically common to

each other, described by using the manner of Suzuki (2005) as follows:CCiGVC

However, phonemes which are able to appear at a preinitial (C) and a final (C) positionare different depending on the variety (A or B). Lhagang-B has a more limited choice onthem than Lhagang-A. In Lhagang-B, only preaspirations and prenasals can appear at apreinitial (C), whereas various oral consonants other than them also appear in Lhagang-A. Note that Lhagang-A allows two preinitials to appear simultaneously in a few cases.Regarding the final (C), Lhagang-A allows some oral consonants and nasals as well asa glottal stop to appear, while Lhagang-B only has a glottal stop.

Suprasegmentals appear as a word-tone, not as a syllable-tone.

References

Hua, Kan (ed.). 2002. Zangyu Anduo Fangyan Cihui. Lanzhou: Gansu Minzu Chubanshe.

sKal-bzang ’Gyur-med. 1985. “Zangyu Batanghua de yuyin fenxi”. Minzu Yuwen 2. pp.16–27.

Lha-mo-skyid. 2010. Mi-nyag sa-khul-gyi kha-skad-kyi khyad-chos-la rags-tsam gleng-pa. Lanzhou: NorthwestUniversity of Nationalities, Graduate Thesis.

Sonam Wangmo. 2013. Lhagang Monastery in Myth, History and Contemporary Society. Oslo: Universitetet iOslo, M.Phil. Thesis.

Suzuki, Hiroyuki. 2005. “Tibettogo onsetu koozoo no kenkyuu”. Journal of Asian and African Studies 69. pp.1–23.

———. 2006. “Tibetto-go Tagong [Lhagang] hoogen no tokutyoo to hoogen bunrui”. Nidaba 35. pp.39–47.

———. 2007a. Sensei Minzoku Sooroo Tibetto-go Hoogen Kenkyuu. Kyoto: Kyoto University, doctoral disserta-tion.

———. 2007b. Sensei Minzoku Sooroo Tibettogo Hoogen Kenkyuu: Tibettogo Hoogen Bunruigoi Siryoosyuu. Ky-oto: Kyoto University, reference material of the doctoral dissertation.

———. 2009. “Introduction to the method of the Tibetan linguistic geography — a case study in the Ethnic Corridorof West Sichuan —”. In Yasuhiko Nagano (ed.) Linguistic Substratum in Tibet — New Perspective towardsHistorical Methodology (No.16102001) Report Vol.3. Suita: National Museum of Ethnology. pp.15–34.

———. 2014. “Brief introduction to the endangerment of Tibetic languages: special reference to the the languagesituation in Eastern Tibetan cultural area”. The Journal of Linguistic Studies Vol.19 No.3. pp.281–301.

Suzuki, Hiroyuki & Sonam Wangmo. 2014a. Lhagang [Tagong] Tibetan as a member of the Minyag Rabganggroup of Khams — a sociolinguistic description —. Paper presented at 47th International Conference of Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (Kunming).

———. 2014b. Language evolution and vitality of Lhagang Tibetan, a Tibetic language as a minority in MinyagRabgang. Paper presented at the workshop on the linguistic minorities of the Chinese Tibetosphere (Uppsala).

———. 2015. Quelques remarques linguistiques sur le tibétain de Lhagang, «l’endroit préféré par le Bodhisattva».Revue d’études tibétaines Vol.32. pp.153–175.

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Contrastive word list of the Lhagang A and B varieties

The entries of vocabulary are ordered following Hua ed. (2002), in which selecteditems are described here, as: Nouns (classified into several semantic categories, suchas Astrology & Geology, Body, Person, Animals, Plants, Food, Clothings, Housing,Instrumentals, Cultural objects, Space & Time), Numbers, Pronouns, Adjectives, andVerbs. Evident loanwords are indicated by † following a word with a footnote.

Astrology & Geology

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bsky ¯nã Nkha ¯n@

sun ´ői ma ´ői malight ´wo ze ´HoP

moon ˆHda wa ¯Hda wastar `hkaH ma ¯hka: maweather `nã Ci ¯n@ Nocloud `húı kha ¯húıthunder ˆmã0P Hãa ´ïãuP

wind `wlõ kha ¯HlOrain ˆtChE Hba ¯tChW

rainbow ˆődýaH m˚tsho ´ődýa

snow `kha wa ´kha wahail `she wa ¯she: rafrost ˆpa mu ´pa modew ˆzi ma ´zi: tChW

fog `hm˚

uP pa ¯m˚

uP paice ˆőtCha ra ¯tCha rofire ˆme ´mesmoke ˆtu mu ´tu muair `wlõ `kha HwuP

steam `wlO pa ¯HlO padrought ˆthE pa `sha tshiPflood `tChW loP `tChW ChAP

world ˆndza Hli ˆndzã liearth　 `sha tCha ¯shamountain ˆr@ ´r@valley ˆlõ pa ´lõ mbacliff ´kE:P pa ´úAP

rock ˆpúAP / ´púAP Hdo ´úAP r@mountain cave ˆpúAP khõ ´úA: khõ

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Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bcave `tõ ¯po Hõriver　 `tChW wo ¯tChW

lake　 `m˚tsho ¯n tsho

sea　 ˆHéa m˚tsho ´Hdýa n tsho

pond　 ˆHdzi wo `tChW khOP

ditch　 ¯tChW ri ¯tChW rAP

well　 `tChW tõ ¯tChW tõroad　 ˆlAm ´lãflatland ˆnde thA ¯htsa thA

soil　 `sha ¯shafield　 ¯sha ýi ¯sha ý@

farming area ˆroN pa ´ýı mbapastoral area ˆmãok pa ´ïãõ shafarming and pastoral area ´rõ ma mãoP ´ýı ïãõ mastone `Hdo ¯Hdosand ˆtCi ma ´tC@ madust `thE: wa ´thE Hamud ˆndam baP ´ndã mbawater ¯tChW ¯tChW

wave ˆHba: Hl@p `Hba HlAP

spring `tChW miP ¯tChW miPhot spring `tsha tChW ¯tsha tChW

forest ˆnA:P wuP ´nA: wograssland `hpON ¯htsamineral `hte Hdo `hteP

gold　 `xshe `hseP

silver　 `HNW `HNu:

copper　 ˆzAN ´zA

iron　 `htCAP ¯htCAP

diamond ¯Hdo ˆpha lam ¯Hdo Hdýe pha lãlead　 ˆýa ői ˆýa őurust　 `xtsaH ¯htsaaluminum `ha jAN ¯ha jAagate ˆHz@ ¯Hz@

brass ˆrAP ´rAP

pig iron `úho ¯úhocoal　 ˆHdo sho ´Hdo: shucharcoal `shi wa ¯she: waplace `sha ni ¯sha tChacity `m

˚khar úoN ´Hdzõ

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Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bstreet ˆdýa ù@N ´lãvillage ˆúoN tsho ˆúõ mbabridge ˆzam pa ˆzã mbahomeland `pha ju ¯pha ju:

Body

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bbody　 ˆl0 phõ ´Hzu: pohead　 ˆmgo wo ´Ngohair　 `húa ¯húaforehead `thoP pa ¯tho: baeyebrow ¯ĳmiP hpW ¯miP hpW

eye　 ¯ĳmiP Hdo ¯miPnose　 `hn

˚a `n

˚a

nostril `hn˚

a khoN ¯n˚

a khõear　 ´Hna ´Hna ődýoP

face　 `kha Hmu ¯kha Nocheek　 ˆïãam pa ¯ïãã Hdo / ¯Pa tshu ´mbo romouth　 `kha ¯khalip　 `kha pa ¯őtChW hpa / `kha hpamoustache `kha hpW `kha hpW

jaw ˆma ni ´ődýã mbaneck　 ˆmdýiN pa ¯hke mbW

shoulder `púha pa `úhA: paback `Héa ˆHdýA: ýochest ˆpúAN khoP ´úO thoP

breast ˆnW ma ¯nW mamilk　 ˆwo ma ´Ho mabelly　 `pho wa ¯pho wawaist　 `hkeP pa ¯hke: pabuttocks `hkW m

˚pho ¯hkW m˚phoP

thigh `wla ¯Hlaknee　 `pW mu ¯pu: mufoot　 `hkAN pa ¯hkO mbaarm　 `poN pa ´lAP pa / ´lA Naelbow　 ˆkúW mu ´úW ődýOP

hand　 ˆla, pa ´lA ,awrist　 ˆla: tshiP ´lAP hkefinger ˆmdzW kW ´ndzW ,W

palm ´la: m˚thi ´lAP htCu / ´lAP n thi:

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Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bthumb `m

˚the prõ ¯n the mowound　 ˆĳmaH kha ¯Hma khablood　 `kúhAP `úhAP

pulse　 `htsa ¯htsa wabrain　 ´xlEP pa ¯HlE: pabone　 ˆrW hpa ´rW hparib　 `hts@P ma ¯hts@ matooth　 `sho ¯shocuspid　 `m

˚tChi wa ¯őtChe watongue `htCi ¯htCepalate `hke ´ja hkE

throat ˆPo htCoP ¯hkE mbW

lung ˆHlo: wa ¯Hlo waheart `őı / `ői ¯őiliver `m

˚tCh@m mba ¯őtCh ı mbakidney `m

˚khE: ma ¯Nkha: magall bladder `m

˚úhi hpa ¯ïúhi hpastomach ˆúoN thoP ´úõ n thointestine ˆHéW ma ´HdýW maexcrement `hcAP pa ¯htCA ,aurine `htCı ¯htCifart　 ˆhtu:P ú@ ¯htCA: sh@

sweat `ĳNW tChW ¯HNu: tChW

sputum `lWP pa ´lWP pasaliva `kha tChW ¯kha tChW

nasal mucus `n˚

a tChW ¯n˚

a tChW

tear `ĳmiP tChW ¯miP tChW

pus `HnAP `HnA: thjadirt ˆú@P ma ´ú@ ma ődýe thivoice　 `hkEP Hãa `hkEP

corpse `phom po ´rolife　 `ùhoP ´m@ tshelife span ¯tshe ´m@ tshe ´rO thõ

Person

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bperson ˆm@ ¯m@

people ˆm@ mAN ˆm@ she:

Tibetan ˆpoP ba ´po: baHan Chinese ´Héa HgeP ¯Hdýa

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Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-BMongolian ˆshoP po ¯shoP poHui `kha tChe ¯kha tCheChinese-Tibetan ´Héa ma poP ¯Hdýa ma poP

foreigner `Ch@ Héa `Ch@ Hdýaadult ˆýuN pa ¯m@ ´tCh@ bochild `púhW kW ¯őA: őoP

baby ¯púhW kW ˆHmã mdýa ¯őA: őoP / ¯őA: őoP ´tChõ tChõold man ˆHgi pu ¯m@ ˆHgE: poold woman ˆHgi mu ¯m@ ˆHgE: momale　 ˆhce ý@ `htCe: hpafemale　 ˆpW mo ˆHgE: moboy　 `pho shar ¯pho hsa: ´lo tChõgirl　 ˆwo mo ´pW mumerchant `tshoN ba ¯tshõ mbadoctor `m

˚En ba ¯m

˚E mba

farmer ˆýiN pa ´rõ mbasoldier ¯ma: mu ¯HmA: mipastoralist ˆmãok pa ´ïão hpaherdsman ˆHdz@ k@ ´ïão hpacarpenter ¯Ci: zo ¯Ch ı Hzublacksmith ˆmga: ra ¯Nga wahunter ´r@ tAP pa ¯HNõ mbacook ˆtCE ma ´tCa mahero　 `hpAH wo `hpa woheroine `hpAH mo ´pW mu `hpa wounmarried person ˆm@ hcAN ¯khE: r@ mascholar ¯hpe tCha wa ´ji ,i ndo NkhE

translator ´lo htsa wa ¯hkEP HdýW xE

beggar `hú@ ma `hú@ mathief `hkW ma `hkW marobber ˆtCA, pa ˆtCA: pasick person ˆnAP pa ´na hpapersonal enemy ˆHãa ´Hãaking　 ˆHéa hpo ˆHdýa: boemperor ˆkoN ma ˆHdýa: boofficer ˆhúAN Ngi `hpõ mbolocal leader ˆmgo pa ˆNgo úhiPfriend ˆroP pa ´ro: pafellow ˆődýo roP ¯Hő@ mbu ˆïão NkhE

teacher ´ge Hge ¯Hge HgE

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Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Btailor ˆwzo pa ¯Hzo washoemaker `l

˚am ndeP ¯xE: ts@ lE: NkhE

stonemason ´Hdo wzo wa `Hdo Hzo NkhE

blind `loN pa ´ýa: Hgodeaf ˆwu mba ´Hõ mbafool `lWP Hgo `HlEP Hgolunatic person `m

˚őõ pa ¯őõ mbamute `hkuP pa ¯hkuP pahost　 ˆHdAP po ´HdA: poguest　 ˆmãon po ¯ïãõ mboacquaintance ˆNu Ci: pa Ńo Ćhe: NkhE

stranger ˆtCha meP Ńo ´m@ Che: xE

servant `ĳjoP pu `HjoP pomaid　 `ĳjoP mu `HjoP mograndfather ¯Pa wuP ¯Pa wugrandmother ´ma ma ´ma mafather　 ´Pa pha ¯Pa phamother　 ¯Pa ma ¯Pa maparents　 `pha ma ¯pha mason　 ˆpW ýW ´pW ý@

daughter-in-law `mnaH ma ¯Hna madaughter　 ˆpW mo ´pW moson-in-law　 ˆmAP pa ´pW thO

grandson `tsha wu ¯tsha wogranddaughter `tsha mu ¯tsha moelder brother ¯Pa Héa ¯Pa Hdýaelder sister ˆPa tCe ¯Pa tCeyounger brother ´ti ti†4 ´ti ti†5

younger sister ´mej mej†6 ¯me me†7

father’s brother `Pa khW `Pa khW

father’s brother’s wife `Pa ne ¯Pa nenephew `tsha wu ¯tsha wosibling ¯hpWn ïãi ¯hpW ïãimother’s brother `Pa ýAN `Pa ýO

mother’s brother’s wife ˆPa lAP ´Pa tCefather-in-law ¯Pa ýAN ¯Pa ýO / ¯Pa khW

4 < Sichuan Mandarin di di ‘younger brother’.5 Ditto.6 < Sichuan Mandarin mei mei ‘younger sister’.7 Ditto.

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Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bmother-in-law ¯Pa ne ¯Pa nefamily ˆwzaH pa ¯tCh@ tshorelative ˆőe wa `őe wa / ¯őe Hahusband `hci pa ´HgE: powife　 ˆna mu `HgE: mostepmother ˆma ĳja ˆma HjaP

stepfather `pha ĳja ˆpha HjaP

twins ˆm˚tshe: ma `n tshe: úhuP

Animals

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bdomestic animals ˆHéW zoP ¯khE: macattle ¯khE: ma ¯HlOox　 ˆHlAN pi ¯HlObuffalo ˆma xe ˆma heyak `ĳjaP Hgen ¯khE: ma / ¯HjAP HgE

female yak ˆmã@ ma ´ïã@

barren yak `hkã ma ¯hkã mamdzo8　 ˆmdzo Hgen `ndzofemale mdzo ˆmdzo mo ´ndzo mocalf　 ˆpi li ´pi: libull `pho zo, ¯HjAP HgE

cow ˆmo zoP ´ïã@ HgE

milk cow ˆwýun pa ¯Hýo: / ´ïã@ ´joP NkhE ¯khE: mapack animal `khE: ma `HdýAP hkE: ´őe: NkhE ¯khE: macow dung `htCu wa `htC@ wadried cow dung `PoN koN `htC@ wahorn　 ˆrA úoP ´ra tCoP

hoof `ĳmiP pa ¯Hő@: kaskin　 `hpaP pa ¯hpAP pabody hair `hpW ¯hpW

hair colour `hpW kha ¯hpW khatail　 `ĳNa ma ¯HNa mahorse `hta Hgen ¯htapony　 ¯hti: Hu `hti: tshistallion `hta pho ¯hta HgE

mare ˆHg8:P ma ¯Hgu: mahorse mane `ĳNo:P ma ¯ze

8 A hybrid between the yak and the cow.

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Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bhorse dung `hti liP ¯hti liPsheep `luP `luP

ewe ˆluP Hgen `luP

goat　 ˆra ˆra makid ˆri ,W ˆra malamb ˆlW ,W `lu:

wool　 ´pE: ¯pE:

goat dung ˆri ma ´ri: mamule　 ˆúim pa ˆúe:

donkey ˆpoN wo ´po Nocamel `ĳNa mo ¯HNa mopig　 `phAP Hgen ´phAP HgE

sow ´mo phAP ´phAP HgE

boar `pho phAP ´phAP HgE

piglet ˆphAP úhuP ¯phAP úhuP

dog　 ˆtCh@ Hge ¯tCh@

bitch ˆmu: tCh@ ¯tCh@ HgE

cat　　 ˆmoN ziP ´mõ dziPrabbit ˆri koN ¯r@ ,õchicken `FCja ´ko Ngocock `Cja pho / ¯pho Cja ´ko Ngohen `Cja mo / ¯mo Cja ´ko Ngochick ¯Cja úhuP ´ko Ngowing　 ˆCox pa ¯hCoP pafeather ˆïão ma ´Ca hpW

duck　 `tChW Cja ´jA: ts@

goose ˆNAN pa ´NO mbaherbivore ˆr@ tAP ´r@ tAP

carnivore `htCin z@n ¯htCE zE

tiger　 `htAP ¯htAP

lion　 `sheN Nge ¯sh ı Ngidragon `mã0P ´ïãuP

claw　 ˆHdaH mo ˆHba: momonkey ´P@ HéiP húu ¯Pa Hgi húu:

elephant ¯HlAN po tChin ¯HlO mbW tChewild ox `mbãoN ¯ïãoleopard `ziP ´HziPbear ˆtAm ´to:

brown bear ˆúiP mo ´úe: muwild boar ˆphAP HgoP ¯phAP Hgo

257


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bdeer　 `Cha wa ´Cha wagazelle ˆHgo wa ´Hgo wawild horse `hcAN `htCO

otter `ùh@m `hsaporcupine ˆphAP HgoP ¯phAP Hgomouse ˆtsi ki ´tsi ,imole `Pa ra ´Pa rajackal ˆm

˚phar `m˚pha r@

wolf　 `htCAN kW ¯htCO kW

fox　 ˆwa ˆwa mobird　 ˆFCi ,W ¯Ci: tsibird’s nest ˆFCja tshAN ¯Ci: tshO

eagle　 ˆHgoP `Hgo HA

vulture `HlAP ¯hl˚

A:

owl ˆwuP pa `HuP pabat ˆwuP pa ¯phA wu mu komagpie `hcaH ka ¯htCa ,a tCha mocrow ˆpho roP ¯pho ropheasant ˆr@ Cja ´ko Ngoparrot ¯PO wu ne tso ¯Pa wu ne tsocuckoo ˆkhu CuP ¯khW CuP

peacock `ĳma Cja ¯Hma Catortoise ˆrW HbE ´rW Hba:

snake　 `Hãi: ´Hãi:frog　 ´HbE: ba ´HbE: Hbatadpole ˆHéa mu ˆHgoP HdoP ¯htCa mõ Ngo: Hdofish　 ˆőja ´őainsect　 ˆmbW ´mbW

flea　 ˆHdý0 wa ¯Hdý@ walouse `Chi:P ma ¯Chi: manit　 ˆùo ma ¯hso mafly　 ˆãAN nAP `Hdýa: phW / `hku tChW

mosquito ˆmbW loN ´wu: za / `Hdýa: phW

spider ˆHdu / ˆHdum ´úo: ´ka: ra / ´HdýE: ´ka: racentipede `hkAN wéa ˆlAP wéa ¯hkO Hdýa ´lAP Hdýaearthworm `sha ődýuN ˆmbW ődýa ¯sha ődý@ ´m@ Hdýaant　 ˆúoP ma ´úõ ma ¯mbW

bee ¯HãoN mbW ¯mbW HãO

butterfly ¯púAP ´phe phe `ta phe: phe:

258


Plants

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Btree　 ˆHdoN po ¯htCO matrunk　 ˆHdoN hpu ¯Hdõ hkã mboroot　 `htsa wa ¯htsa waleaf　 ˆlo ma ´lo maflower ˆme toP ˆme toP

pit　 `tsh@ kW ´nO tshiPwillow ˆHéa htCAN `Hdýa htCO

cypress `ChuP pa ¯ChuP papine　 `hso ma / `hsop ma `thO Chiresin　 ˆthAN tChW ˆHãõ CO

birch ˆhtAP pa `htAP mabamboo `m

˚őuP ma ¯őu: mathorn `tshe: ma ¯tshe: mafruit ˆChi htoP ˆùwi ko†9

peach ˆkham pW ´thO ts@†10

pear ˆl@ ´li: ts@†11

tangerine ¯tsha lW ma ˆtC0: ts@†12

grape ˆHgWn mãW ˆphu: thAw†13

lotus ¯pE: ma ˆme toP ¯pE: macaterpillar fungus ¯ĳja htsa ˆHgWn mbW ¯Hja htsa HgW mbW

saffron ˆkW hkWm ¯kha tChe ˆCa hkãsugarcane ˆwW: ˆram Ci ˆCi: HãO

walnut `hta Hga ¯hta Hgatamarisk `hp8n pa ¯hpe: macrops ˆlo toP ˆlo toP

grain ˆmão riP ´za HdýW / ˆïãW riPrice　 ˆmãE: ´ïãE:

seed　 `sha wo `sha wuwheat ˆúu ˆúobarley `so wa ˆúooat ˆjW kW ˆju hpuhighland barley ˆne: ˆnE:

corn ˆma Hmu ˆlo toP ´j0 mivegetable `tshoP ma ¯No tshE:

9 <Mandarin shui guo ‘fruit’.10 <Mandarin tao zi ‘peach’.11 <Mandarin li zi ‘pear’.12 <Mandarin ju zi ‘orange’.13 <Mandarin pu tao ‘grape’.

259


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bradish ´lA: puP ´la puP

chili `Fu tsa ¯Fu tshaonion `tsoN ¯Hgo: pagarlic ˆHgox pa ¯Hgo: paginger ¯htCa Hga ¯se dýA†14

Chinese chive `ke HW `tCju tshaj†15

potato ´jA j0†16 ´jA j0†17

dried seed `ka ´kwa kwabean ¯ùre ma / ¯se: ma ¯hsE: masoybean ¯ùre ma `she Hbu ¯hsE: mabroad bean ˆHéa se ma ´Hdýa hsE:

pea ¯ùre ma ¯hsE: mapeanut ˆwa tam ´xwa ùe †18

sesame ˆtiN ïãW `ú@ ma†19

grass `htsa ¯htsamushroom `Cha mu ¯Cha moroot of pteridophyte ˆúo ma ´úo masunflower ´ői ma ˆme toP ´ői ma me toP

Food

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bfood `thuP pa ´za HdýW / ´ïãE:

porridge ˆmãE: tshaH ´ïãE: tshaflour ˆúo Hée ´úo Hdýe / `htsa úuP

bean flower `ùre Cje `htsa úuP

momo20 ´ko ődýa ˆmã thu†21

noodle ˆHéa thuP ´ka misteamed stuffed bun `Cja ˆmoP moP ´pAw ts@†22

dumpling `Cja ˆmoP moP ´tCAw ts@†23

breakfast ˆnAN tCa ¯Na tCalunch ˆHgoN tCa ´ta za

14 < Sichuan Mandarin sen jiang ‘ginger’. Cf. Mandarin sheng jiang.15 <Mandarin jiu cai ‘Chinese chive’.16 < Sichuan Mandarin yang yu ‘potato’. Cf. Mandarin tu dou.17 Ditto.18 <Mandarin hua sheng ‘peanut’.19 <Mandarin zhi ma ‘sesame’.20 A kind of steamed bun.21 <Mandarin man tou ‘steamed bun’.22 <Mandarin bao zi ‘steamed stuffed bun’.23 <Mandarin jiao zi ‘dumpling’.

260


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bdinner `HgO zE ´Hgõ zemilk tea ˆwo tCa / ˆHo tCa ´Ho tCameat　 `Cja `Chalean meat `Cja ma `Cha hkãoil　 ¯n

˚W ¯n

˚W

vegetable oil `n˚

AP mo ¯n˚

W

fat oil `tsh@l ¯tshi:butter ˆmA: ´ma:

yoghurt ˆýo ´ýocheese ¯tCW loP ˆtChW racream `pú@ `húimilk skin ˆwo kha ´Ho kha / `húi macheese cake `thWP `thWP

tsampa24 `htsam pa `htsã mbabeef　 `ĳjAx Cja ˆzO Chasausage ˆnAN úhol ˆHdýW masalt　 `tsha `tshasugar　 ˆwãõ ´HãO

crystal sugar `Ce ka ra ¯Che ma ka ravinegar ˆtshe ,W ´tshu:

Sichuan pepper `ĳja: ma ¯Hje: maegg　 ˆHgu Nã ´Hgo Nasoup `khW wa ¯khW waalcoholic drink `Pa rAP ¯tChO

hot water `tChW khiP ¯tChW tshatea　 ˆtCa ´tCatobacco ˆtu wa ´tu wamedicine `m

˚E ¯m

˚E

pig feed ˆphAP ze ¯phA: zehorse feed `hta tChi `hta tChAP

snuff `n˚

a tu ¯n˚

a tha

Clothings

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bthread `hkWP pa ¯hkWP bacloth ˆrE: ´re:

silk ˆta hkWP ˆta: hkWP

satin ˆku: tChe / ˆku: tChen ´ku tCh ı

24 Roasted highland barley flour.

261


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bcloth coat ˆrE: ko ´rE:

monk’s cloth ˆHze: Ca ˆHzE Cawoolen cloth ˆther ma ´Ngo n

˚a

cloths ˆko: ze: ´ko: zE

Tibetan robe ˆwo tChi ˆko: la / ´po: Hgocollar ˆkON wa ˆkõ wasleeve `phW thoN `phW thõbutton ˆïãW kW ´Hão ,W

trousers ˆtor ma ´to: maskirt `m

˚EP ĳjoP ´tCh0 ts@†25

skarf ˆmgo húi ˆhke húiPhat　 ˆýja mo / ¯ýja ¯ýabelt `hke: rAP `Hdu: thiPputtee ˆőa húi ´őE: ji HdA mbasocks `PW shuP ´wa ts@

shoes ¯l˚

ã ¯xEj ts@†26

boots ˆñéWP hta ¯ődýW htashirt `tshil len ¯tsh@ ji†27

fur-lined jacket ˆCwe suP `htsAP hpahandkerchief ˆlAP m

˚tCh@P ´HbA: Hda / ´lAP ChiP ïãacomb `húa Ci ¯húa ChiPcurtain ˆjol wa `úùhwã ljE†28

ornament ˆHéen tCha ˆHdýE tChatreasure ˆnor bW ´r@ mbo tChecoral `FCW rW ¯CW rWturquoise `ĳjW ¯HjWpearl ˆmW htiP ´mW tiPivory ˆpa sho ´pa shuamber `hpu: Ce: `hpu Che:

earrings ˆloN thuP ˆlO thuP

necklace `hke húi ´hke HdýiPring　 `Pa loN ¯Pa lõ / ´lAP húi:bracelet ˆlAx húi ´lAP húi:

25 <Mandarin qun zi ‘skirt’.26 < Sichuan Mandarin hai zi ‘shoes’.27 <Mandarin chen yi ‘shirt’.28 <Mandarin chuang lian ‘curtain’.

262


Housing

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bbranket ˆFChiN pa ¯Ch ı mbapillow `Ne mgo `Ngo őE:

mat `htsa mde `htsa HdE

cushion `Hden ˆHdE tC@

house ˆkhON ba ¯khO mbaroof　 `khON NgW ¯khO mba thoP rainn　 ˆmãon khON ¯ïãõ khO

eaves ˆkje m˚tChW ´khO ra

foundation ˆcAN hteN ¯khO mba ,@ `ýa rakitchen ˆtCa khON ´tCa khO

storied building `thOP khAN ¯khO mba ,@ ¯htsa thoP raupstairs `khAN htiP ¯htsa thoP

downstairs ˆCoP wýa `htsa ýastorehouse ˆmdzoP khAN ˆhka: picowshed ˆzoP ra ¯khE: ma hts@ shapigsty `phAP khAN ¯phA: tshO

stable `hta ra `hta rasheeppen ˆlW, ra ˆra hts@ shachicken coop ˆFCja tshAN ´Ca shO

brick ˆsha phAP `úwã†29

wall　 ˆhtsiP pa ´tCO

log　 ˆHdo, ma ¯Ch ıplank ˆChiN dýa `Ch ı leP

pillar `ka wa ¯ka wadoor　 ˆHgo ´Hgothreshold ˆHgo thi ´Hgo thifront gate ˆHéal Hgo `ta Hgowindow `hka: khoN ´HgA: khõstairs `hkE: ¯hkE: thoP

beam ˆHdoN ma ´Hdõ mastep `Hdo hkE ¯hkE: tshiPtent ˆkW: ´kW:

yak hair tent ˆHba ´Hbatwig fence ˆHgo: ra `Hgu: ragarden ˆro: wa ´Hdýa ratoilets `tChaH khAN ¯htCA: khO

29 <Mandarin zhuan ‘brick’.

263


Instrumentals

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bthing `ĳNu hpu ¯tCa khatable `tCo, htse ´úo: ts@†30

stool `pan te ´pã tibed ˆőja úh@ ´őE: úh@

chest `Hg@ ˆHgã mbW

cupboard ˆHg@ ïãõ ´lA n thibox ˆHg@ khoN ´CO Hgasoap　 ˆtA, tCiP ´ji: dz@

perfumed soap ˆú@ ýı ˆtA, Hdzi ´jA ődýaglass ˆChi: Hgo ¯Che:

mirror ˆChe: Hgo ¯Che: Hgobroom `FCh@, ma ¯őChA: malight `HloP ¯te†31

candle ˆla úo†32 ´lA: tsu†33

firewood ˆmbWP Ci ¯mbWP HdýW

live charcoal ˆshi ja ¯she: Hamatch ˆmW z@ ¯xo tshE / ´jA xo†34

incense `hpu: ¯hpu:

rubbish `Cha wde ¯Ca Hdidye `ptsho kha ¯tsho:

cooking stove `thaP kha ¯thOP kairon pot ˆzON ¯zO / ´zO khO

frying pan `tsha wlAN `tshE: No shasteam box ˆwlAN tshAP ´mõ Nkhacover `kha leP ˆkha leP

knife ˆkú@ ´ú@ladle `hcoP `kha Hdespoon ˆthWr ma `kha Hdegourd ladle `thow wW `htCoP

wooden bowl ˆtCa ne `Ch ı ,@ ph@ r@bowl ¯phW rW ¯ph@ r@plate ˆHder ma ˆphã dz@†35

chopsticks ˆza thW ¯khE: dz@†36

30 <Mandarin zhuo zi ‘table’.31 <Mandarin deng ‘light’.32 <Mandarin la zhu ‘candle’.33 < Sichuan Mandarin la zu ‘candle’.34 < Sichuan Mandarin huo cai or yang huo ‘match’.35 <Mandarin pan zi ‘plate’.36 <Mandarin kuai zi ‘chopsticks’.

264


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bbottle ˆtam mbi ´tã mbipot ˆHdza ma ´tã mbi tO mbaearthen jar `tChAN wen ˆHdza makettle ˆtCa: tem ´úha wutea filter ˆtCa ndza `Hdý0: hCe: pethermos ¯tChW ki ˆtham mbi ¯tChW khi: tã mbibucket `tChW, zi ¯htCA: ziwooden tray ˆýoN pa ˆHýõ mbabasket carried on the back `Hl8n pu ¯shi Hbususpenders ˆca loN ¯HdýAP m@ htCAP shamoney ˆtA:†37 ¯tA jA†38

capital ˆma htsa ˆma htsagoods `tshoN zo, ˆtshõ zoP

ruler ˆúhe htse ´úh@ z@

needle ¯khAp / ¯khAP ¯khAP

nail ˆndzer ma ¯htCA ndziscissors ˆtsen ndo ´tse ndoladder `hkE: ¯hkE:

umbrella ˆCo, HduP ¯hCoP HduP

lock　 ˆHgo htCAP ¯Hgo htCAP

key　 ˆHde miP ˆHde miPwheel ˆNkho: lo ¯tChi úhe Nkho lo†39

rod　 ˆHéuP pa ˆte Hgasaddle `hta Hga ¯hta Hgabelly band `Hlo `Hlo wastirrup ˆjoP ˆjoP htCehorseshoe `ĳmiP htCAP `HmiP htCAP

reins ˆùhA mdaH `hsa nda / ¯thu Ngowhip　 `hta htCAP `htCAP htsiring in a cow’s nose `n

˚a htCW ¯n

˚a htCW

thimble `htCiP mu ¯htC@P mopaste `hco ma ¯htsã mba khu wãglasses `Chi: miP ¯Chi: miPoxhide string ˆmãiN pa ´ïãı mbaship　 ˆkúW ziP ˆlu úhwãtrain ˆme Nkhor ´xo úhe

37 A fusion of the syllables of Mandarin da yang ‘money (old word)’.38 <Mandarin da yang ‘money (old word)’.39 The first two syllables: <Mandarin qi che ‘car’.

265


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bairplane `nã úW ¯FW tCi†40

bicycle `htCAP hta ˆNkho: lo ¯htCAP htatool　 ˆlA, tCha `tCa lAP

axe　 `hta re `hta rihammer `tho wa `tho wasaw　 `sho, le `shõ lidrill　 `xshor ¯hso wafile ˆmbW Hlej ´mbW: lespade ˆthoN hCol ¯thõ mbahoe　 ˆődýor ¯ku: maleather bag ˆHão wa `Hãu wacarrying pole ˆnd@ Cı ˆpjE tã†41

handle `jW wa ´lA ,a ¯ődý@ sharope ˆthAP ka ¯thAP pa / ¯thA xamanure ˆlWP ´n thõ jiPsickle ˆzo ra ¯zo: wawater conduit ˆwa kha ´wa khamillstone `tChW n thAP `HdAP paloom ˆn thAP úh@ `thAP n thAP htCechopper ¯CiN htCoP FCjeP ¯hta reconch ˆtoN hkar ´tõlance ˆmdoN ¯ndõtarget ˆmbej ´mbegun　 ˆme mdaH ´po:

bullet　 ˆmdi: wW ´nde HW

bow　 ˆ,ýW ´HýW

arrow ˆmdaH ¯ndagunpowder ˆme bdzi ´me Hdzi:poison ˆtu:P ´tuP

net　 ˆúa ja ´úagify ˆlAx htAP ¯phã mbonotebook ˆtep `pe ts@†42

quilt ˆő8: ze ¯phu ,E

prize ˆFCja HgaH ¯Hba: htAP

40 <Mandarin fei ji ‘airplane’.41 <Mandarin bian dan ‘carrying pole’.42 <Mandarin ben zi ‘notebook’.

266


Cultural objects

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bscript ˆji ke ´ji ,eletter `m

˚púh@ jıP ´ji ,e

alphabet `hsa Cje ¯ka kha ka Napicture ´r@ mo ´r@ mo / ¯pabook　 ˆji ke ´ji ,epaper ˆChoP kW ´Cho ,open　 `m

˚őW kW ´pi†43

ink ˆnAP tsha `n˚

a tshaschool `l

˚oP kúa ¯CO tha

knowledge ˆj8n tEn ´riP HnE:

speech `hkeP tCha `hkEP tChaTibetan language ˆpoP hkeP ˆpoP hkEP

Tibetan script ˆpo: jiP ˆpo: jiPname　 `mı `mıfamily name ˆre: mı ´rW:

mark　 `htAP `htAP HdýEP panewspaper ˆtshOx hpA ´pAw ú@

news `hsar őéWr `hsa ődýW

story ˆHgãoN htam `kha hpebiography `ĳnam thar `HnA tha:

proverb `htam hpe `htã hpejoke ˆkha m

˚tshAr ´HgE sha ¯shO ődýW

riddle ˆkAp tshiP ¯Pa khe: m@ khe:

voice `hkEP Ngo `hkEP NgA: pasong `HlW ĳjAN ¯HlWfolk song ˆla ,ýi ¯HlWdance ˆýAp púo ´úodrum `ĳNa ¯HNagong ˆNkhar ĳNa ¯Nkha Nabamboo flute `hsAN őı ¯shA Hlivertical flute `Hlı wW ¯Hlıbell　 ˆú@ Hãa ´ú@ Hbubig trumpet ˆHéa Hlı ´Hdýa Hlithangka44 ˆthAN kha ´thO Ngamask ˆmbAN Ngo ´mbA: mu

43 <Mandarin bi ‘pen’.44 Tibetan Buddhism picture.

267


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Breligion `tChu: luP `tChu: luP

doctrine ˆkúWm m˚thaH ´úW n tha

belief ˆtEP pa ´tE: badeity `l

˚a ¯l

˚a

female deity ˆl˚

a mo ¯l˚

a moghost ˆmãe ´ïãefemale ghost ˆmãe mo ´ïãe modemon ˆHdWP ´HdWP

kLu45 `xlW ¯HlWBuddha `shAN Héı ¯shA HdýE:

soul　 `ĳnam Chi: ¯Hlaspirit ˆwla ¯Hlarebirth `FChi ma ¯tshe ¯Chi masam

˙sara ˆNkho: wa `li: HdýW ïãE:

fortune ˆwloN hta ¯lE: la ˆúO HdýW

destiny ˆle: wa ¯lE: ˆjoP HdýW

charity ˆHge: wa ´lE: ka ´jA: mo ´Hã@ HdýW

evil omen `htE: Ne ¯hta ´NE mbalama `wla ma `Hla mareincarnated lama `púW hkW ¯húW hkW

Khenpo ˆm˚khEn po ˆNkhE mbo

monk ´Hge ndu pa ´úa banun `Pa ne ¯Pa ne ˆtCo moBon religion ˆw8n po ´põ mbohousekeeper `Hőe hpa ´HdAP pumonk living in the secular life ˆpEn loP ´úa loP

donor　 `pú@m bdAP ˆHdý@ HdAP

sorcerer `Pa tChoP `l˚

a pafortune teller ˆmo pa ´mo hta xE

hell　 `mőa wa ¯HőE HaYama　 `hCim mdýe ¯Pa khW ´tChu: Hdýamonastery ˆHgon pa ˆHgõ mbasutra hall ˆl

˚a khAN ¯n tshO xhA

guardian deity hall ˆmgon khAN ¯Cho: ma khA

meditation hall `m˚tshã khAN `n tshã ndu sha ¯khA mba

six-syllable mantra ˆma ne ´ma neincense `FshAN ¯hpu: hsA: patreasure vase ˆwWm pa ´pW mba

45 Spirit living everywhere in the nature.

268


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bpagoda `m

˚tChoP hte `őtChu htecremation ˆme tChoP ˆme l@ `hsAP pacone-shaped sweets `htor ma `hto: mamani stone pile ˆla ptsi `nda htsu: sha ődýo:

tomb ˆto hsha ´m@ ˆle: shastatue of Buddha `hkW ïãa `l

˚a tA ¯húW hkW hsO pa

butter lamp `m˚tChoP me ¯őtChu: me

khatak46 `kha ptAP ¯kha tAP

amulet box ˆka HW ´ka Hucaptive animal releasing `tshe thar ¯tshe tha:

sutra `tChu: ¯tChu:

beads ˆpúheN wa ˆúhe Hamodeler of Buddha statues `l

˚a wzo wa `l

˚a Hzo xE

vajra ˆHdo Hdýe ´Hdo Hdýemani wheel ˆma nı `Nkho Hlo ´ma ni `Nkho lodonation `Hbãın pa ¯Hdýı mba `htõ wastatus ˆko sha ´ko HnE:

power `ĳwAN tCha `HwA tChalivelihood `n tsho wa ¯n tsho wasalary `phoP ¯phoP

portion `hka: wa ¯hkE Hafactory ˆwzo úa ´Hzo úamarket `tshoN ra ¯tshõ HdýA: shabenefit `m

˚phEn thoP ´phE tho: htCiPuse ˆpcoP Hgo `P@ ői: toreason ˆHéW m

˚tshE ´HdýW n tshE:

reply `lEn tEj `lE ndEP

famine ´mW ke ¯mW gepain `HduN mNa `HduP tChe waerror ˆnu: ïúhWl ´no: shadanger ˆőin hka ´őe ka ˆjoP shadistinction `ĳjı wa ´m@ ïãa shaspace ˆwA: hsej ´pa: ma / ´kE: pa joP paauspicious `púa Ci ¯húa Chithank `pkaH ú@n tChe `kha tecrack ˆki: ùup ˆkE: hsWP

trace ˆHdýi: Cul ¯hkO Hdýi / ¯Hdýi:shadow ˆpú@ hsho ´ú@P hso

46 A kind of skarf.

269


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bcolour ˆmdox kha ´ndoP khadream `ĳm@ lã ¯Hmi lãheart `Fsham pa ¯sheidea ¯Fsham tshul ´úE HdýW

appearance ˆwzo hta ¯tCh@ ïãa htCiP reP

matter ˆtoN htAx ´tõ HdAP

means `wlo thAp ¯Hlo: thAP

temper ˆHéW tA, ´úõ thoP ji: mistrength `ChuP `ChuP

command `pkaH pOp `hka phaprison ˆptsoN khAN ¯htsõ khO

rumour `FCeP tsh@, ˆőE hCEP

barefoot ¯hkAN `Hdýen ma ¯hkO Hdýi: malining `Cux htCo, ´lA n thiweapon ˆn tshom tCha ˆú@: tA `Hdo: shovictory ˆHéal kha `khE: xE

country ˆHéal khAp ´Hdýa NkhA

experience ˆőAm mőoN ˆőA őõmeeting ˆtshoN ndux ¯tshõ ndW tshoP

distance ´kwA thAP ´pa: thAP

Space & Time

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bdirection `FChoP kha `kha ChoP

east　 ˆChar FChoP `Cha: ChoP

south `l˚

o FChoP `l˚

o ChoP

west　 ˆnWP FChoP ˆnW: ChoP

north ˆCAN FChoP ˆCA ChoP

middle `hc@l khu ¯htC@ xuside ¯Nãam ´zW khaleft　 `ĳjon FChoP ¯Hjo ,o maright `ĳji: FChoP ¯HjE: ,o mafront `Non FChoP ¯N@ tChoP

back ˆmdýiN ma ¯k@ tsaoutside `FCh@ la `Ch@ lainside ˆnAN ´nO tChacorner ˆzWr ´zWP

tip `htsej ¯htse: mosurrounding `Nkhõ juP ´zW khavicinity ˆőe ndAp ¯th@ ,@ ˆzW: ra

270


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bborder line `sha m

˚tsham ¯n tshãupper `htoP `thoP lalower `m

˚EP ˆýE: la

on　 `htAN `thoP launder ˆwoP ˆýE: laover　 ˆjEn tChiP ¯t@ thoP labelow ˆmEn tChiP ¯t@ mE tChEP

upwards `jar la ´t@ ˆja ladownwards `mar la ´ma:

upper half of the body ˆkhox htoP `kho htoP

lower half of the body ˆkhoP m˚

EP `kho m˚

EP

edge　 ˆm˚thaH ¯n tha / ´zW kha

bottom ˆý@p ˆýa: latime　 ˆtux tshoP ¯tChW tshoP

today ˆte: r@N ´ta riyesterday ˆkhar shAN `kha htsO

day before yesterday `khE: őin ¯khE: őı mbothree days ago `khE: ý@n ˆő@m ka ´ői ma ¯hsW `Nu: latomorrow `shAN ő@p ¯shO: őıday after tomorrow `HnAN őı ¯HnO: őıthree days later ˆHýi: ˆőin ka ´Hýi: őı / ´ői ma ¯hsW ¯k@ tsatonight ˆte HgoN ´to Hgotomorrow night `shAN HgoN ¯shO Hgolast night ˆmdaH HgoN ´ndO sho ´Hgõ modaytime ˆőin hka ¯ői: ýomorning ˆýo, pa ¯Na monoon　 `hpa za ¯hpa za khatwilight `ùhoP ´C@ úhEP

evening ´HgoN mo ´Hgõ monight `m

˚tshEn mo ¯n tshE: CheP

midnight ˆnam HgoN ¯n tshE: CheP

12 animal years ˆlo htAP ´lo htAP

mouse47 ˆC0 wa ´tsi ,iox　 `HlAN ¯khE: matiger `htA, ¯htAP

rabbit ¯ju ´ri ,õdragon ˆmã0P ´ïãuP

snake `Hãi: ´Hãi:

47 Each of the following animals represents a zodiac animal of the year.

271


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bhorse `hta ¯htagoat ˆluP ´ramonkey `púi ¯Pa g@ hú@ Hucock `FCja ´ko Ngodog `tCh@ ¯tCh@ HgE

pig `phAP ¯phAP HgE

date　 `tshi hpa ´ői ma1st day `tshe htCi, ¯tshe ba ´tA mbo2nd day `tshe ,ői: ¯tshe ba ¯Hői: pamonth ˆHda wa ´Hda wamorning `Na úo `Na moafternoon `FChe úo ¯Ch@ ïúheJanuary ˆHéa lo ´Hda wa ´tA mboFebruary ˆHda wa ˆHői hpa ´Hda wa ¯Hői: paDecember ´Hda ¯htCW ,ői hpa ´Hda wa ¯htCo: ői: pabeginning of a month ˆHda htoP ´Hda Ngomiddle of a month ˆHda hc@l ´Hda wa ¯htC@ xu laend of a month ˆHda mdýuP ´Hda ődýuP labirthday `hci hkar ¯htCe: xayear　 ˆlo ´loage　 ˆlo ´lorecent ˆőe tChEr ´ta ri ¯kha htsO

this year ˆta lo ˆta lolast year ˆna őı ´na nı loyear before last ˆHýi n@N lo ¯Hý@ nı lonext year `shAN lo ¯shO pheP

year after next ˆnAN lo ¯HnO pheP

in the past ¯nã `Na: mo `Hna Na mo lalong long ago `nã ti / `na ti `Hna: na lanow　 ˆta hta ´ta htafuture ˆHýiP ma ¯shO pheP HnO pheP

at the beginning ˆNgo ndzuP ¯x@ Ngo htsu:

spring `ptC@P ka ¯hCi xasummer `ĳjar kha ¯Hja: khaautumn `hton kha ¯htõ khawinter ˆHgun kha ´HgW khanew year ˆlo hsEr ˆlo hsa:

Winter Solstice ´Hgun ˆői mdo, ´HgW ői HdoP

Summer Solstice ¯ĳja: ˆői mdo, `Hja: ői HdoP

festival ´tu, tCh ı ´t0 tChe la

272


Numbers

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-B1　　 `tCi, ¯htCiP2　　 `Hői: ¯Hői:3　　 ¯hsõ `hsW

4　　 ˆHý@ ´Hý@

5　　 `ĳNa ¯HNa6　　 ´úuP ´úuP

7　　 ´Hd@ ¯Hd@

8　　 ´HdýeP ¯HdýEP

9　　 ¯HgW ¯HgW

10　　 ¯htCW ¯htCW

11　 ¯tCo htCiP ¯htCo htCiP12　 ¯tCo: ői ¯htCo: Hői:13　 ¯tCo: sõ ¯htCW hsW

14　 ¯tCu: wý@ ¯htC0 wý@

15　 ´tCo: HNa `htCo: HNa16　 ¯tCWP úuP `htC0 úuP

17　 ¯tCW Hd@ ¯htCW Hd@

18　 ¯tCW HdýeP ¯htC0 wdýEP

19　 ¯tCW HgW ¯htCW HgW

20　 ´ői CW ´ői ChW

21 ¯htsa htCiP ´ői ChW ´htsa htCiP30　 ¯shu tChW ¯shW tCW

32 ¯so: ői ¯shW tCW ¯sho: Hői:40　 ´ý@ htCW ´Hý@ htCW

43 ´ýe: hsõ ´Hý@ htCW ´ýe: hsW

50　 ¯ĳNa htCW ¯HNa htCW

54 ¯Na: Hý@ ¯HNa htCW ˆNa: Hý@

60　 ´úuP htCW ˆúu htCW

65 ´re: ĳNa ´úu htCW ´re: HNa70　 ´d@ tChW ˆHd@ tCW

76 ´du: úuP ´Hd@ tCW ˆtu: úuP

80　 ´dýaP tChW / ´éa tChW ˆHdýa htCW

87 ´éa Hd@ ´Hdýa htCW ˆtCa: Hd@

90　 ¯gW htCW ˆHgW htCW

98 ¯gW HdýeP ´HgW htCW ´ko: HdýEP

100　　 ´Hdýa / ´éa `Hdýa thâ mba101　 ˆHdýa: tAN `tCiP `Hdýa tA ¯htCiP880 ´bdýeP Hdýa: tAN ˆbdýeP htCW ´HdýE: Hdýa ˆHdýa htCW

1000 `htoN ¯htõ

273


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-B10000 `úh@ ¯úh@

100000 ˆmbWm ¯úh@ tsho: `htCW

1000000 ˆFCi: wa ¯úh@ tsho: ¯Hdýa10000000 `Fsha ja ¯úh@ tsho: ¯htõ úha100000000 ´toN tChWr ´tõ tChW htCiPhalf　 ˆFCheP ke ¯Chi: ,eseveral ˆNga re ´tCe me htCiPeveryday ˆő@ re ´őı ¯tshe: tshe:

each ˆre re `thã tChe te

Pronouns

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-BI　　 ˆNa Ńawe two (exclusive) ˆNa Hői Ńa Hői:we (exclusive) ˆNa tsho Ńa tshoyou (singular) ¯tChoP ¯tChoP

you two `tCheP Hői ¯tCho: Hői:you (plural) `choP tsho ¯tChuP tshohe / she `kho ¯khothey two ˆkho ői ¯kho Hői:they　 ˆkho tsho ¯kho tshowe (inclusive) Ńa ˆrAN tsho Ńa tshowe two (inclusive) Ńa ˆrAN Hői Ńa r@ tshoall　　 `tshON ma ˆtshO mamyself　 ˆNA: rAN Ńa rOother `N@ tsho `m@ tshothis　 ˆnd@ ńd@

these ˆnd@ tsho ńd@ tshohere　 `Pa na ńd@ n@

around here ˆnd@ ChoP ńd@ ChoP

these two ńd@ Hői hka ńd@ Hői: kalike this ˆnd@ ïãa ńd@ ïãathat ˆte ¯pha ruthat over there ˆte ¯pha ru pha ruthose ˆte tsho ¯pha ru tshothere ˆte na ¯pha ru naaround there ˆte ChoP ¯pha ru ChoP

like that ˆte hta ńd@ ïãa ¯z@: nawho (singular) `shW ¯shW

who (plural) `shW shW `shW tsho

274


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bwhat　 ¯tC@ t@ `tC@ t@where　 ˆkAN tW ˆka nawhen　 ˆkA tu ¯tChW tsheP ´kahow `tC@ ïãa ¯tC@ t@ reP tehow much `tC@ tsheP ¯tC@ tsheP

other ˆkha ka ¯khA: khA: tshoeach `sho sho ¯kho ´rO rO shu shu

Adjectives

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bbig ˆtChen po `tCh@ busmall ˆtChoN tChoN ´tChO tChowide (diametre) ˆHbom pu `Hbõ mbuthin (diametre) ´púh@N púha `úha mohigh `m

˚thon mbo `n thõ mbolow ˆmaH maH `Hma Hmalong　 ˆriN pu ´rı mbushort　 `thoN thoN ¯thO thofar　 ¯thAP ˆriN po `thA: rı mbunear　 ¯thAP ´őı po `thA: őe: shamiddle ˆmãiN pa ¯htC@ xu htC@ xubroad ´ýiN tChi wa ˆHdýa tCh@ bunarrow ˆto, tOP ˆHdýa tChO tChothick `n th0P po ´n thuP puthin ¯FùhAp FùhAp `hsAP hsAP

full ˆkON ˆkO tshaempty `htON ba ¯htõ mbamany ˆmAN po ´mA mbolittle ˆőõ: őoN ˆőO: őoround ˆHgom Hgom ˆHo: tA tAflat ˆl@: leP ´leP leP

pointed ˆmbu, mbuP ¯htse mobald ´mgo li ma ¯Ngo ri: malevel ˆbde mo ´úO m@

slanting ˆjo jo ˆjo shõhorizontal `m

˚púeP pa `pha r@ ˆúO Ho

vertical ˆHýuN pa `ma r@ ˆúO Hostraight ˆúAN mo ¯Hýı mbubent ˆkuP po ¯Ngo Ngoblack ˆnA:P nAP ˆnAP nAP

275


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bwhite `hka: bo `hka Hbured　 `Hma: bo `Hma Hbuyellow `she bo `she Hbugreen ˆldýAN khW ¯Hdý@ NkhW

blue `Non po ¯Nõ mbugrey `hca mdoP ¯thE: htCa ndoP

bright `hsE: mo ¯hsE: mushining ´woP thi thi ¯hsE: ri ridark ˆmWn nAP ˆnAP nAP

heavy ˆldý@l mo `Hdý@P molight (weight) ˆjAN mo ˆjO moquick ˆméox pa ˆődýoP paslow ´ka leP ˆka leearly `hNa mo ¯Na: tsheslow ¯ptCh@ `Ch@ xE

sharp `Hnon po ¯Hnõ mboclear ˆkAN mo ¯hsE: ma / ´tO mofat `Cha ˆHéA, pa ¯Cha ¯HdýA: pathin `Cha `hkam po ¯Cha ¯hkã mbudry `hkam po ¯hkã mbuwet ˆwlon pa ¯Hlu mbathin (hair) ˆùAP ùAP `hsAP hsAP

hard (object) `shA mo ¯ùa mosoft ˆhőı mo `ő@ mosticky ˆmdýar po `pha r@ `HdýA: pasmooth ˆődýa mu ¯ődýã mburough `htsuP po ¯htsuP buslippery ˆïãeP Hda `Hýi watight ˆtam po ˆtã mbuloose `l

˚on po ¯l

˚oP bo

correct `hőe ´reP

incorrect ˆnu ˆno: xE

true ˆbden pa ¯No mafalse ˆHdzWn ma ¯HdzW mauncooked ˆHdýen ma ¯Hnu mbanew `hsar ba ¯hsa Hbaold `HőiN pa ¯Hőı mbagood ˆjA:P mo ´jA: xE

bad ˆNin pa ´m@ őe: NkhE reP xE

weak ˆýin po ´m@ jA: pa

276


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bexpensive ´koN ˆtChin po ´kõ `tChe xE

cheap ´koN `khe: mo ´kõ `Hde moold (person) `Hgen po ˆHgE: xE

young ˆlo tChoN ˆlo tChõbeautiful ˆjA:P mo ´Hda sha ˆjA: mougly ˆmdza ői ´Hda sha ˆHdza NE

hot `tshaj tuP ´tsha xE

cold `őtCha:P mo ´őtChA őtChAP

warm (water) ˆúon ődýam ¯tshawarm (weather) ˆúon po ¯n@ ´úO mbocool `Fshe: mo ¯őtChAP ¯hsi hsi:difficult `hkaH Na `hka moeasy `l

˚a mo `htsa mo

fragrant ˆýim po ´ú@ ma ´ýı mbosmelly ˆú@ Nen ´Hdza NE

sour `hcWr mo ¯htCW Hbosweet ¯mNa: bo ¯HãO ´úo: NkhE

bitter `kha mo `kha mohot (chili) `kha tsha `kha tsha xE

salty `tsha khW `tsha kha xE

tasteless `tsha ődý@, ¯tsha ˆúo xE

fish-smelling `kúhAP ú@ kha ¯úhA: ú@ úo xE

free (time) ˆkhom pa `kh@ nA ndo ˆjoP xE

busy ˆpúe: wa ´m@ khO NkhE

rich `FChuP po ¯pho: `ChuP pupoor `púõ ma ´ú@ maclean `htsAN ma `htsO madirty `ptsoP pa ¯thi Ha ődý@

living `hson mbo `hsõ mbofresh `sho ma `hsa Hbadead `Ch@ po `Ch@ tsha: s@

clear `hsa Hbo / `hsa po ´tO mo ˆko z@

delicious ˆýim po ´ýı mbogood-looking ˆjAP pa ´Hda sha ´jA: mo htCiPloud ´Hãa ˆúAP pa ¯Hãa ´úa xahard (work) ¯hkaH li: FCjaP ´hta li Cha htecolourful `úha úha `úha úhawise ˆriP pa `FtCAP `NkhE hpastupid `wlWn pa `HlE Hgohonest ˆúAN mo ˆúO mo

277


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bcunning ˆúhAN mba `Hjo HdýW

careful ˆýiw mo ¯HzA: HzAP z@ xE

gentle ¯kha ˆődýam po ¯kha ődýã mboarrogant ˆNa Héa ˆNa Hdýa ˆjoP xE

suitable ˆïãiP po ń tshã xE

polite ˆndze ndze ńdze ndze ´ma: z@

industrious `tshAP tshAP ´lE: hka ´jA: mo ´lE: xE

lazy ˆúi: ma ´úE: mapitiful `ői Hdýi `ői Hdýi xE

glad `HgaH ´Hga xE

happy ˆbde hc@P `htC@ hpopeacefu ˆbde mo ˆHde mo ¯tshã mbosad `HduP ¯Hdu: Na ˆjoP xE

proficient `m˚khi hpo `n tha őtChe ˆChe: xE

Verbs

Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Blove `HgaH ´Hgapull up ˆmba: / ˆmbal ¯hpE:

rake ˆCa HéAP ¯HdýA:

put in order ˆúa: mo HãiP ¯Hãi:lose `pham ¯phãmove (house) `hpo ¯hpo:

move (a thing) `chir ´ja Hýahelp ˆroP rAp `pCiP ˆroP Hzutie up `Hdam ¯pha Hdãwrap `Hãil ¯hkA:

keep secret `hsAN `hs@ ra ˆma hCEP

be full `pho Ha `HéAx ˆt@ HdýAP

hug `chir ˆpO khe:

shell `FCW ¯hCW

recite `wlo lan `ndz@ `Hlo w@ ¯ndz@

carry on the back `khWr ´HdýA: Hý@ ¯khW:

compare `HdWr ´HdW: xE

close `ptsom / `ptsõ `htsuweave `lha ¯l

˚a

change ¯őéWr ht@, Hdýo ¯ődýW HdoP htCiP hte:

vary `HéWr ¯HdýW

be sick ˆna ńapatch `l

˚En pa ˆHdýAP ´HãOP

278


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bwipe `őChiP ¯HãiPtread ˆbdz@ ´ma őA:

hide　 `hkoN ¯Hbascratch ˆtar ¯HzA úhu jõinsert ˆndzWx ¯htsuP

pull down `FCix `hCi:fall down `BýiP ´ma r@ ¯hCi:support `hcor ¯htCu:

mix `ïãe ¯őã mbW `hsi: joP

sing ˆHlen ¯HlW ¯ndo:

fry `ĳNu ¯Noquarrel ¯Nkhu re `FCeP ¯kha ndze ´Hgosink　 `mdýix ¯tC@ ýa ´ma ndz@@

weigh `pcAx ¯htCAP xa ¯htCAP

praise `pto:P rAp `hto: ra CeP

accomplish ˆïãup `tsha: shõfill ˆwlux ´lu:

admit `m˚khi len `hta ý@ t@ na ¯le:

eat ˆza ¯zatake out ¯ndu ´tC0: ú@ mE

smoke ˆtu wa `n thej ´tu wa ¯n the:

go out `FCh@ la `shoN ¯Ch@ ´ma: shõ(sun) rise ˆői ma `Char ´ői ma ´p0:

wear　 `hco: ´tCo:

hand down ˆbéW ¯HdýW

blow　 ˆmbuP ´pu:

hurry ˆteiP ´te:

promise `m˚khi len `khE: le

hit　 `HdoN ´Hdõfetch `len ´ledoze off `ĳőiP wo ¯Hői: xhW ´HdýAP

open `kha le: `FChix `kha Chiknot ˆmdWP `HéAP ¯ndWP pa ¯HnOP ´HdýAP

sneeze ¯hAP tChe `HéAP ¯Pa s@: ´htõlead　 ˆlam kúhiP ¯úhiPwear (hat) `hcu / `hcu ´tCo:

block `hkax ´kA:

arrive `l˚

EP `htse:

get `n thop ´rA:

wait　 ˆHguP ˆHguP

279


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bnod ¯l tCo, tsã `FCiP ¯Ngo ´HgE:

light a fire `me `mbar ´me mba:

burn `mbar ¯hs:

drop ˆzAP ¯hO

hang ˆHzar ´ja hkE:

fish　 `NgWm ´Hdatumble ˆmã@: lo, `HéAP ´ma: hO

lose (thing) ˆHpur ´po:

freeze ¯Nkh ı ¯őtChAP

budge `Hgi: ´Ch ı Ngi: tseread　 `ndu `ndo(thing) snap `tChEP ¯tChE:

snap (thing) `htCAP ¯htCE:

break `hpoN `htCA:

hide oneself ´kA ´kA:

be hungry `l tOP `hto:

press `hl˚

Ep ´ma: htCiP `HőAP

get angry ˆtshik pa: ˆza ¯tshi: ka ´zaswear ˆmnaH hci: ¯Hna htCehave a fever ¯tsha pa ˆHéAP ¯tsha pa ´HdýAP

worry ˆhcu: n˚

AN `FCiP `she nEP

translate `HéWr ¯HdýW

put ˆődýOx ¯t@ nO: ¯ődýA:

put out to pasture ˆFChWP m˚tsho ¯khE: ma k@ ´tsh@ ődýoP

fly　 `m˚phWr ¯m

˚phW lishare ˆHgo CA, `HéAP ´Hgosew　 ¯ïãO ´Hùorot　 ˆrWl ´Hãu:

put (soil) on ¯Ngep `Hdýa: l˚

E:

work　 ˆli hka `FCeP ´lE: hka ´lE:

catch cold `tCham pa `phOP ¯tChã s@ ´phoP

dare `phoP / `ph8P ¯Pa phoP ´m@ phoP

tell　 `FCiP `hCE:

cut (meat) `ptCeP `htCEP

mow　 `mãi, ¯htCEP

give `hter ´Hýifollow `Hdýi ndeiP `FCeP ¯k@ tsa t@ ´ji ïãoplough `hm

˚õ / `ndeP ¯Hmo

be enough `tshAN ´ndO:

assess `tshoP paP `FCeP ¯hpA: tCeP

280


Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bhang `Nge: ¯hkE:

turn off `HéAP ´se:

close (door) `HéAP ´HdýAP

kneel ¯pW: mo `FtsWP ¯pu mu ¯htsu:

roll `lo, HdaP ¯pha Hdý@ lo P ´HdýAP

go by `bge ¯HgE:

be shy ˆNo tsha Ńo tshabe afraid `hkúAP `húAP

shout `hkeP HéAP `hkEP htõdrink `n thoN / `n tho ¯n thõhate `Nkhon ndz@r `FCiP ¯tshi ka ´zaregret ˆNéoP pa `htCeP ¯ődýoP pa Ć@

draw (picture) `pú@ ´úidoubt ˆto, pa `za ´toP pa ´zareturn (thing) ¯phar `púEP ´pha r@ ¯hte:

exchange `bdýe ¯Hdýereturn (home) `lOx `Ch@ loP

reply ¯lE `HéAP ´lE Hdedestroy ˆnWp ´ma: hseknow (how to do) `Chi: ¯Che:

mix `ùhap ùhi `HéAP `Hno: xa htCuP

accumulate ¯xsoP xsoP `HéAP ¯htsoP

gather ˆndW n tshOx ´ja: n tshoP

squeeze `wýu ´Hýoremember ˆú@n ´úE tCheP

send　 `hkWr ¯hko:

pick up ˆlEn ´ja la `htCAP

reduce `m˚

púh@ / `ĳnoP / `n the ´őO őo htõteach `l

˚a `pha hl

˚a

be named `mı `mb8P ´mboP

uncover `FChe ´ja: ndoP

marry ˆwza mãiP / ˆwzaH bãiP ¯HnE `Hãe / ¯hto: mo ´Hzoborrow `ĳjar ¯Hjastartle `húOP `húAP

rescue ˆcuP `hsO hl˚

AP

live ˆHd8:P Hői `HdoP joP

raise `NéoP `htCeP

block `mgaP ¯hpA: ma ¯htsuP

be boiling `Nkhol Ńkhe:

drive `htoN ¯htõ

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Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bstart ˆNgo htsom ¯Ngo n tshalook　 `l ta ¯pha htashow `hton ¯htEsee `m

˚thON ´ri:warm oneself ńde: ńde:

cough `ĳlo: wa `na ¯lW wa ńacarve　 `hko ¯pha r@ ¯hkoweep　 ˆNW ŃW

be sleepy ˆHő@P wur ¯Hga:

pull　 `n then `n thecome　 `ChoP `ChoP

be tired `hkaH ¯Hgaconnect `m

˚thWn ¯pha r@ ¯n thW

measure ˆődýal ¯tshEP

dry `hken ¯HdE

chat ¯kha bda `FCEP ¯kha Hda ĆeP

reserve `n thW ¯HýAP

embrace ˆrWm ¯pO

pile up ˆjar htsix ´ja la `htsiPscold ˆndz@x ¯ndzi:buy　 ˆőu ´őosell　 `n tshON ¯htsõbe filled up ˆpkAN ´kO

do not have ˆme: Hd0 ˆmeP

touch ˆrAx ´rAP

whet　 ˆHdar ¯Hda:

grind `n thaP ¯ndOP

hold `l@n ¯khW: shõbe able `thWp ¯tChoP

twist ¯pts@p ¯hts@:

vomit `hcWP ¯htCuP

crawl ˆNgo ´ődýaclimb (a mountain) ˆndzix ´ődýaclimb (a tree) ˆNgo ¯Ch ı thoP le ődýeP

line up ¯Hãix ¯Hãi:dispatch `mNAP ¯HNA:

run　 ˆHéuP ¯HdýuP

make (tea) ˆHbON ¯HbO

be torn ˆúal ´úEP

cheat ˆmgo ĳjOx `Hdz@P CeP

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Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bride　 ¯NgOx ´HgOP

rise ˆwlAN ´ja r@ ¯lOrob `m

˚púhOP ¯ïúhoP

raise (a tail) ˆjar hcAP ¯htCAP

cut up `htWp ¯htWP

kiss `kha hcil ¯po ´tCeP

despise ˆmőAm tshE: `HéAP ¯tChõ hta ĆeP

drive out ¯ma m˚pWr ¯m

˚phi:take　 ˆl@n ¯lerecover `úAP ´úAP

complete `tshAN ¯tshO ma ´HdO

shout `hkEP HéAP ¯hkEP Ćı mbo ´ãAP

heat up `tsha po ˆwzo ¯tsha ,e ¯Hzomelt ˆýW ´ma: ýW

make melt ˆbýW ´ma: HýW kha htCuP

knead ˆHdz@ ¯Hdzitan `mőin ¯őe:

spray `tChuP ¯htA:

scatter ńdep ¯htWP

break up ˆkú8l ¯tsha:

sweep `m˚ChAx `őChAP

kill　 `hsuP ¯hseP

sunbathe ´ői ma `ùhu ´ői ma ¯Hdeconsult ˆkú8 hka `FCeP ´úoP hkago upstairs ˆjar Não ¯ïãoshoot `m

˚phej ¯m˚phe

have shot `m˚pOP ¯m

˚phoP

stretch `hcON ¯n thegrow `hci: ´ja: htCegive birth `hci ¯htCeremain `l

˚AP `ph@ ïúhuP

(sun) rise `Chjar ´ja r@ ¯Cha:

release ¯m˚phWP ¯m

˚phWP htõbe (copulative) ˆreP ´reP

harvest `mãix ¯htCeP

receive `m˚

púhoP ´rA:

put in order `bdW xso, `HéAP ¯HdO: C@ ´HdýAP

defend `ùhoN ¯hsõcomb `kúa `ChiP `ChiPbe cooked `n tshu: ¯htsp ¯tsha

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Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bbe ripe `m

˚@n ¯n tsho

count `púAN ¯hts@ ¯hts@

fall `l˚

oN ¯hO

throw `m˚phen `m

˚phe: HdýAP

sleep `őal ´őE:

fall asleep `Hő@P shoN ¯Hői: ´úoP

suck　 ˆnW ´ja n the:

speak `FCiP ´ze:

tear up ˆpúal ¯pha húE:

die　 `Ch@ ¯Ch@

calculate `hts@ ¯hts@

break into pieces ˆzi, ¯Hdo: to: ´Cha:

lock ˆHgo l tCA, `HéAP ¯htCAP ¯HdýAP / ´HdýAP

collapse `Hdix ´ma: Hý@

trample ˆHdz@ ¯HnE

lie (down) ˆőal ´ma: ¯HgW HgW

escape ˆmãu ˆïã0: Hãohave a headache ˆmgo na ¯Ngo ´nakick　 `hkON pcAP ˆ,ýW ´ja r@ ¯HdýAP / ¯hkO thuP ¯HdýAP

shave (head) `wýar ¯htCeP / ´ma z@

lick ˆldAP ´HdAP

choose ˆbdam kha `HéAP ¯Hdãdance ˆýap púo `HéAP ˆúo őtChãjump ¯thAP m

˚tChOP `FCeP ¯pha őtCho:

listen ˆőin ´kohear ˆko ´kosteal `hkW ¯hkW

spit　 `m˚phen ¯m

˚phe:

push　 `Hwix ¯pha Hwi:swallow ˆmő@P ¯Hbo: ő@P ´HdýAP

drag ˆïãWP ´ïãWP

dig　 `hku ¯hkobe bent ˆkuP ˆHgWP HgWP

bend ˆNguP ´kWP kWP ˆre: htCuP

be over `tshar ¯tsha:

play `htseP mo `htse ¯htso mo `htseforget `béi pa / `bdýe `HdýeP

suckle ˆwo ma `wluP ¯HluP

smell `hn˚

u ¯n˚

W

ask ˆúix ´úi

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Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bgrasp ˆndz@n ´lA ,a ¯ődý@

cover (mouth) `kha Ngep ´kA:

inhale `ődý@p ¯n the:

be accustomed ˆkom ¯tshãwash　 `FúWt ¯húW

lay egg ˆHgu Na `htON ¯Hgo Na ´HdýA:

rain `tChar wa `mbAP ¯tChW ´mbAP

scare `hkúA, `l˚

ON ¯húA: sha ´pe:

envy　 `hep lAN ´HgW:

think `Fsham ´úEwant `Fsham `őiP turesemble ˆïãa ´ïãadigest ˆődýW ¯ýW

go downstairs ¯úON pa ¯ődýOP `húO z@ t@ ´ma Hz@

peel　 `,ýOx ¯HýoP

be careful ˆ,zap ,zap ´,z@ ´HzA: HzAP

laugh `Hg8P Cho ¯HgEP

write ˆpúi ´ú@wake up `ĳő@P shEP ¯HőiP shEP

take a rest ˆmE hsho `mE: hsoembroider `htsAP ¯htsAP

learn ˆHbdýAN ¯HdýO

fumigate ˆtW: wa ¯ndup ¯HduP

look for `n tsh8l ¯htsE:

press `Hn8 ´ma: HőAP

pestle `n˚

Wr ´Hzoitch ˆza ´za ïúhuP woraise (chicken) `hso ¯hsoshake `ĳjuP ¯pha Ngi:bite　 ¯ht@p ¯sho htAP

scoop up ¯FtCW ¯HluP

need `Hgu: ´Hgo:

rely　 `Ften ¯pha r@ `Nkhe nduP

overflow `m˚

púhWr `őChW r@ `tsh@ pi:conseal `xsAN ´kAP

win　 ˆhciP ¯khE:

greet ˆFshW ¯hsW sha ´ïãoembrace ˆődýW ¯Pu: luP htAP

swim　 `tChW réal ¯tChW ői: `HdýAP sha ´ïãohave / exist ´joP ´joP

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Item　　 Lhagang-A　　 Lhagang-Bmeet ¯th0P ¯thuP

pass ˆmbWP ¯t@ ´pha HgE:

be dizzy `mgo jir ¯Nkhor ´ji: Nkho nduP

allow ¯tChox m˚tChin ¯thOP ¯ChoP

plant `ndzWP ¯Hmostick into ˆndzer ´HzuP

extract `ptsAP ´shAP

pluck `n th8P ¯htCeP

paste `béar ´pha Hdýastand up `lAN ´lOhave found ˆr@x ´rA:

quake `ĳjo NgWl Ńge:

fight for `m˚

púhoP ri: ´FCeP ¯ïúhoP

steam `wlAN ptCu ¯htON ´ja r@ ¯htsoknow ˆko ´koweave `n thAk ¯n thAP

point to ˆmdzWm mo ¯ndzWP ńdzW ,W ¯htsuP

swell `hkúAN ¯húO

boil `n tsh8P ´ja: htsoP

use a stick ˆndzuP ´lAP thiP ¯htsuP

wish　 `hm˚

8 lam ńdep ¯m˚

õ lã ńdeP

chase ˆHteP ´te:

prepare ˆkúa Hãix `FCeP ´úa HãiP ĆeP

catch ˆ,zoN ¯ődý@

walk ˆNão ´ïãocurse `Hm8 mNı ´HéAP ¯HmoP HNi: ńde:

be drunk `bdýAP ´HdýAP

sit ˆHduP ¯nduP

do ˆFCeP ´lE:

dream `ĳm@ la / ¯ĳmiP ¯Hm@ lã ¯Hmido business `tshON ´HéAP `tshõ HdýAP

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