LEZA Low Emission Zone in Amsterdam: Implementation and ...1).pdfLow Emission Zone Amsterdam •...
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LEZA Low Emission Zone in Amsterdam:
Implementation and evaluation of effects on air quality by long-term monitoring
GGD Amsterdam
Pavlos Panteliadis Department of Air Quality, Municipal Health Service Amsterdam
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Traffic-related air pollution Adverse health effects Authorities response Air Quality Action Plans
Public transportation expansion, ring roads utilization, traffic flow improvement,
speed limit reduction and…LEZs: • “Low Emission Zones (LEZs) are areas or roads where the most polluting
vehicles are restricted from entering”
• 403 LEZs in 15 EU countries (http://www.lowemissionzones.eu/)
• Affect heavy duty vehicles (>3.5 tons) and buses Occasionally affect vans, cars and motorcycles
• Operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
Low Emission Zone Amsterdam
Introduction
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Low Emission Zone Amsterdam
• EURO 0, 1 and 2 heavy-duty
vehicles entrance prohibition:
9 January 2009
• EURO 3 with no diesel particulate
filter: 1 January 2010
• 1 July 2013 EURO 4 or better
• Traffic camera enforcement
• 220 Euros penalty for violators
• Average of 20 fines per day
Low Emission Zone Amsterdam
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Source: Municipality Amsterdam (http://www.amsterdam.nl/parkeren-verkeer/milieuzone/ )
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Study’s objective Evaluate LEZA implementation effects on Air Quality
Experimental design
• 2 Monitoring Stations: Traffic and Background Amsterdam Air Quality Monitoring Network
• 5 Measured Pollutants: NO2 NOx, PM10 and Soot (Absorbance and EC)
• Measurement period: 2 Jan 2007 – 31 Dec 2010
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Instrument setup / analysis
NO2 and NOx chemiluminescence monitors
(42i-TL Trace Level NOx Analyzer,Thermo Scientific)
24-h averages from hourly concentrations
CEN 14211 (2005)
PM10 24-h continuous sampling Quartz filters
(47 mm; Whatman QMA). Derenda LVS 2.3 m3/h
CEN 12341 (1998)
The reflectance of selected PM10 filters
Smoke Stain Reflectometer EELM43D
(Diffusion Systems Ltd, London, UK)
ISO 9835 (1993)
Elemental Carbon, 1.5 cm2 punches from PM10 filters
Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyzer (Sunset laboratory)
NIOSH 5040 thermal-optical transmission (TOT)
EC/OC CEN/TR 16243
Traffic contribution concentration = Intercept + a·Wind speed + b·Wind direction + c·Type of day + d·LEZA Traffic contribution concentration = Traffic – Urban site concentration
Statistical analysis • Parameters for linear univariate analysis:
Wind speed, Wind direction, Temperature, Radiation, RH, Sunshine, Precipitation, Pressure, Type of day
• Type of day: Weekend / Weekday
• Wind direction: South/ North
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Results
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LEZA effect on traffic contribution
(95% CI)
Crude Adjusteda
NO2 (μg/m3) -2.47*
(-3.83 – -1.11)
-2.65*
(-3.70 – -1.61)
NOx (μg/m3) -5.45*
(-9.34 – -1.57)
-6.40*
(-9.07 – -3.73)
PM10 (μg/m3) -1.54*
(-2.30 – -0.77)
-1.67*
(-2.40 – -0.94)
EC (μg/m3) -0.28*
(-0.53 – -0.02)
-0.33*
(-0.52 – -0.13)
Absorbance (10-5/m) -0.16*
(-0.30 – -0.03)
-0.16*
(-0.26 – -0.05)
*p<0.05
a Adjusted for type of day, wind direction and wind speed
Effect of implementation of LEZA
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LEZA effect (% to traffic station concentration)
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Air quality health effects
Source: European Environment Agency (CAFE Program)
0.33 μg EC/m3 reduction possible increase ~2 months per person life expectancy (Janssen et al. 2011)
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Future suggestions
• Real time PM and EC measurements (hourly) • More monitoring sites within LEZ • Background and traffic sites outside LEZ • Traffic counts
Conclusions
• LEZ decrease traffic contribution concentrations • Stricter LEZ implementation periods
Further improvement local Air Quality • Long term monitoring Useful evaluation tool • NO2, NOx and soot suitable traffic pollution indicators • PM10 background dominated • Potential improvement environmental health conditions
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Take home message
“Observation of significant decreases in traffic-related air pollution concentrations in the vicinity of a roadside monitoring station after the implementation of the low emission zone in Amsterdam city center”
Thank you!
GGD Amsterdam