Levels of Ecological Organization in Freshwater Systems Population Community Ecosystem.
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Transcript of Levels of Ecological Organization in Freshwater Systems Population Community Ecosystem.
![Page 1: Levels of Ecological Organization in Freshwater Systems Population Community Ecosystem.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c865503460f9493d8df/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Levels of Ecological Organization in Freshwater Systems
Population
Community
Ecosystem
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Freshwater Ecosystems and Aquatic-Terrestrial Linkages
• To describe the “ecosystem concept”.
• To review recent advances in our understanding of the ecosystem ecology of freshwater systems, focusing on linkages between freshwater and terrestrial systems.
• To expand this discussion of freshwater-terrestrial linkages by examining the community-level implications of these linkages.
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The Ecosystem Concept• Ecosystem = natural unit of the landscape with a “critical” level of homogeneity.
• Nutrients and energy cycle within ecosystems and move among ecosystems by abiotic process and biotic processes.
> Individuals / populations / communities are different ways of packaging energy and nutrients, and offer different perspectives on how energy and nutrients move within and among ecosystems.
• By tracking the input, internal cycling, and output of energy and nutrients, we can understand the fundamental role of an ecosystem in the larger landscape.
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We have seen the influence of the ecosystem concept already:
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What else can an ecosystem approach tell us about the connection between freshwater and terrestrial systems?
• Are streams just plumbing the landscape?
• Where does the C that supports lake productivity come from?
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• Are streams just plumbing the landscape?
N
What else can an ecosystem approach tell us about the connection between freshwater and terrestrial systems?
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The N problem
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“Rivers deliver N to coastal
ecosystems”
“Streams and rivers are not
N-limited”
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The LINX project
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Spiraling Length
How far does the average N atom travel downstream before taken up by the biota?
N• S Low = Retentive
• S High = Leaky
(Peterson et al. 2001)
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LINX Results
(Peterson et al. 2001)
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LINX Implications
Streams help to prevent terrestrial N from reaching coastal ecosystems…
…especially headwater streams.
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What else can an ecosystem approach tell us about the connection between freshwater and terrestrial systems?
• Where does the C that supports lake productivity come from?
![Page 14: Levels of Ecological Organization in Freshwater Systems Population Community Ecosystem.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c865503460f9493d8df/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Where does the C that supports lake communities come from?
Autochthonous
Allochthonous
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Where does the C that supports lake productivity come from?
CO2
Respiration > Photosynthesis
![Page 16: Levels of Ecological Organization in Freshwater Systems Population Community Ecosystem.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c865503460f9493d8df/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Experiment
13C(Pace et al. 2004)
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• Corrected for 13C that could have come from photosynthesis.
• Allochthonous C accounted for 40-55% of POC and 22-50% of zooplankton.
The Results
(Pace et al. 2004)
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Conclusions• Lakes themselves don’t produce enough C to
support the animals that live in them.
• Input of organic matter from the watershed allows for more secondary productivity than if lakes were isolated microcosms.
(Pace et al. 2004)
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birds, bugs, and fishvs.
N and C
Population
Community
Ecosystem
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How connected are stream and terrestrial communities?
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The Experiment • Plots in and along a headwater stream on Hokkaido Island, Japan
• Forest is deciduous
(Nakano and Murakami 2001)
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Predator CommunitiesForest Stream
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• Physical conditions in stream and riparian zone:
Temperature
Light input
• Biological conditions in stream and riparian zone:
Availability of aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate “prey”
Flux of invertebrate prey from stream-to-forest and from forest-to-stream
Proportion of “allochthonous” prey in fish and birds (i.e., prey from where the predators aren’t)
(Nakano and Murakami 2001)
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Temperature Results
(Nakano and Murakami 2001): Leaves on: Leaves off
Dai
ly m
ean
tem
per
atu
re (
ºC)
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Terrestrial Predator Diet Results
(Nakano and Murakami 2001): Leaves on: Leaves off
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Aquatic Predator Diet Results
(Nakano and Murakami 2001): Leaves on: Leaves off
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Predator Diet
Results
(Nakano and Murakami 2001)
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Conclusions • Both stream AND terrestrial predators use prey inputs from the other systems.
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Maybe “freshwater” and “terrestrial” distinctions are less useful than we thought…
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*The views expressed here are those of the person doing the talking.
Editorial* “It does appear that on many, many different human attributes-height, weight, propensity for criminality, overall IQ, mathematical ability, scientific ability - there is relatively clear evidence that whatever the difference in means-which can be debated - there is a difference in the standard deviation, and variability of a male and a female population.”
- Lawrence H. Summers President of Harvard
January 14, 2005
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Editorial* • Mary E. Power, UC Berkeley
• Bobbi L. Peckarsky, Cornell and University of Wisconsin
• Margaret A. Palmer, University of Maryland
• Kate H. Macneale, NOAA
• Margaret A. Palmer, University of Maryland
• Emily S. Bernhardt, Duke University
• Judy L. Meyer, University of Georgia
• Carol L. Folt, Dartmouth College
• Nancy B. Grimm, Arizona State University
• Margaret B. Davis, University of Minnesota
• Jane M. Hughes, Center for Riverine Landscapes, Australia
![Page 32: Levels of Ecological Organization in Freshwater Systems Population Community Ecosystem.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c865503460f9493d8df/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
*The views expressed here are those of the person doing the talking.
Editorial* “It does appear that on many, many different human attributes-height, weight, propensity for criminality, overall IQ, mathematical ability, scientific ability-there is relatively clear evidence that whatever the difference in means-which can be debated-there is a difference in the standard deviation, and variability of a male and a female population.”
- Lawrence H. Summers Former President of Harvard
January 14, 2005
WRONG