Lester Salamon - Pare Pense 2012
Transcript of Lester Salamon - Pare Pense 2012
Porto Alegre, Brazil | 21 May 2012Stop and Think
Conference
DOES VOLUNTEERING COUNT? CAN WE COUNT VOLUNTEERING?
LESTER M. SALAMONJohns Hopkins University
• An enormous “RENEWABLE RESOURCE” for societal problem-solving.
WHY DOES VOLUNTEERING COUNT?
ECONOMIC CAPITAL: financial resources
PHYSICAL CAPITAL: equipment, services
HUMAN CAPITAL: skills, attitudes
SOCIAL CAPITAL: SOCIAL RESOURCES/TRUST
VOLUNTEERING’S IMPACT?
CONOMIC GROWTH DEPENDS ON SOCIAL CAPITAL
dam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments:
“Hidden hand” of the market depends on the sentiment of “SYMPATHY”
rancis Fukuyama: “Trust” the key to prosperity
utnam: No contracts without reciprocity/no reciprocity without trust
VOLUNTEERING’S IMPACT?
Nonprofits foster SOCIAL CAPITAL
“Feelings and opinions are recruited, the heart is enlarged, and the human mind is developed, only by the reciprocal influence of [people] upon one another.... and this can only be accomplished by associations.”
-Alexis de Tocqueville
VOLUNTEERING’S IMPACT?
VOLUNTEERING Builds TRUST
The ETHOS of Volunteering:
Recognition of a common good
Individual responsibility to common good
Necessity of active personal involvement
Inclusive/trusting world view
Individuals and social context interconnected
VOLUNTEERING’S IMPACT?
Source: Reed and Selby, 2003
VOLUNTEERING ASSOCIATED WITH TRUSTviews of neighbourhood by whether respondent participated in formal volunteering
VOLUNTEERING’S IMPACT?
Source: 2005 Citizenship Survey, U.K.
VOLUNTEERING ASSOCIATED WITH TRUSTsocial networks by whether respondent participated in voluntary activities
VOLUNTEERING’S IMPACT?
Source: 2005 Citizenship Survey, U.K.
• An enormous “renewable resource” for societal problem-solving.
• Gross lack of reliable data.
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
Small samples
Impractical “recall period” (1 year)
No info on hours volunteered
Uneven use of prompts
Limited coverage/classification of activities
Divergent definitions
Neglect of direct volunteering
METHODOLOGICAL CHAOS
Competing realities: UK
• Organizational work
National Survey of Volunteering UK, 1997
• Formal volunteering 48%
European Quality of Life Survey, 2007
Gallup Worldview Survey, 2010
• “Organizational volunteering” 29%
Harmonized European Time Use Survey, 2009
2%
• Informal volunteering 74%
• “volunteering and charitable activities” 31%
• “Helping strangers” 52%
• Informal help to others 10%
Survey DefinitionVolunteer
rate
METHODOLOGICAL CHAOS
“What isn’t COUNTED doesn’t COUNT.”
“What can’t be MEASURED can’t be MANAGED.”
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
BARRIERSINFRASTRUCTURE
IMPACTS
POLICY
ON SOCIETY
ON VOLUN-TEERS
ON BENEFI-CIARIES
WHO?
WHAT?
HOW
MUCH?
WHERE?VALUE?
SECURING VOLUNTEERING’S FUTURE
Kenya
Israel
Pakistan
Australia
Belgium
Italy
SlovakiaGermany
United Kingdom
Denmark
France
Sweden
Norway
The Netherlands
Finland
Austria
Switzerland Czech Republic
Poland
Romania
Russia
HungaryUnited States
Mexico
Colombia
Brazil
Chile
Canada
UgandaArgentina
South Africa
Peru
Tanzania
Ghana Lebanon India
Thailand
New Zealand
Morocco
Portugal
Spain
Ireland
Egypt
Japan
Korea
The Philippines
Turkey
COMPARATIVE NONPROFIT SECTOR COUNTRIESJOHNS HOPKINS COMPARATIVE NONPROFIT SECTOR PROJECT
NONPROFIT WORKFORCE AS A SHARE OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION, by country
Source: Salamon et.al., Global Civil Society, Kumarian, 2004.
NONPROFIT WORKFORCE AS A SHARE OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION, by country
Source: Salamon et.al., Global Civil Society, Kumarian, 2004.
2.3%Nonprofit sector
2.8%Manufacture & maintenance –
machines & engines
2.6%Transportation
0.5%Manufacture-
cars, trucks, buses
0.4%Textiles
Source: IBGE/National Accounts 2002 (values in basic prices)
% of Value Added
CONTRIBUTION OF NPIs & SELECTED INDUSTRIES TO GDP, Brazil, 2002
1.9%
Brazil2002
2.3%0.4%
1.2%
Czech Republic
2004
1.3% 2.9%
1.3%
France2002
4.2%
2.6%
2.3%
New Zealand 2004
4.9%
4.2%
0.8%
Belgium2001
5.0%
4.2%
1.0%
Japan2004
5.2%
6.1%
Mozambique 2003
6.2%
5.2%
2.0%
United States 2003
7.2%
6.1%
1.2%
Canada 2000
7.3%
1.4%
Australia1999
4.7%
3.3%
10 - country average
4.8%
3.8%
1.0%
Volunteer Contribution
NPIs only
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
Source: Nonprofit Organizations in Brazil, Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies 2010
44 percent of nonprofit workforce in CNP countries
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
Source: Salamon et.al., Global Civil Society, Kumarian, 2004.
Volunteer Input as a share of total private
philanthropy, 36 countries
Value of volunteering,
68%
Charitable giving,32%
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
Source: Salamon et.al., Global Civil Society, Kumarian, 2004.
CONTRIBUTION TO GDP, VOLUNTEERS VS. SELECTED INDUSTRIES, CANADAGD
P Co
ntrib
utio
n Bi
llion
s of
Can
adia
n $
$14.1 billion
Volunteers
$12.8 billion
AgricultureMotor vehicle manufacturing
$6.1 billion
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
IF VOLUNTEERS WERE A NATION…
971.0 VOLUNTEERLAND
92.8
101.3
109.4
121.6
127.7
162.4
239.7
756.5
1,023.5
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Japan
Russian Federation
Brazil
Indonesia
United States
India
China
Millions of people 15 years or older
“VOLUNTEERLAND”—THE WORLD’S SECOND MOST POPULOUS NATION
IF VOLUNTEERS WERE A NATION…
1,348 VOLUNTEERLAND
1,097
1,130
1,134
1,457
2,280
2,303
3,329
4,229
12,580
Italy
Spain
Canada
France
United Kingdom
China
Germany
Japan
United States
“VOLUNTEERLAND”—THE WORLD’S 7TH LARGEST ECONOMY
US$ billions, 2005
IF VOLUNTEERS WERE A NATION…
Clarify Scale and role
Benchmark progress
Permit comparisons
Boost visibility and respect
Improve infrastructure / management
Encourage public policies
Stimulate volunteering
A COMMON APPROACH WILL…
“The General Assembly calls on member states to…[establish] the economic value of volunteering….”
UN Resolution on the Year of the Volunteer, 2001
“A major constraint continues to be a limited availability of specific data on volunteer contributions…”
Report of the Secretary General on Implementation of the Year of the Volunteer, July 2005
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
THE UN HANDBOOK ON NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS
• Satellite account
• Volunteer labor
KEY REFINEMENTS IN HANDBOOK MEASUREMENT OF NPIS
Comparability
Feasibility
Cost-effectiveness
Efficiency
Reliability
DESIGN CRITERIA
• Labor force survey platform
• Broad definition—but no mention of “volunteering”
APPROACH
A BROAD DEFINITION
“Unpaid non-compulsory work; that is, time individuals give
without pay to activities performed either through organizations or directly
for others outside their own household.”
DEFINING VOLUNTEERING
• Labor force survey platform
• Broad definition—but no mention of “volunteering”
• Short survey module
• Four-week reference period
• Activity focus
• Short intro statement – prompts as fall-back
APPROACH
BARRIERSINFRASTRUCTURE
IMPACTS
POLICY
ON SOCIETY
ON VOLUN-TEERS
ON BENEFI-CIARIES
WHO?
WHAT?
HOW
MUCH?
WHERE?VALUE?
SECURING VOLUNTEERING’S FUTURE
A joint venture of:
+European Volunteering Agencies
andEuropean Statistics Agencies
IMPLEMENTATION
PUBLISHED & DISSEMINATED MANUAL
ILO Publication / notification of stats agencies
Manual posted for download
Translations: Spanish, French, Italian, Montenegrin, & Portuguese (in process)
Fact Sheets & FAQs
IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
MOBILIZED VOLUNTEER COMMUNITY
EVMP website, blog, & email
National Focal Points
Fact Sheets & training materials
10 training events
18 Declarations of Support
Editorials & articles
> 10 events (Hungary, Poland, Spain, Italy, France, Bosnia)
IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
CONNECTED TO STATISTICAL AGENCIES
Contacted 22 statistical agencies
Trained 15 national statistical offices
8 Implementation commitments
3 Completed Volunteering reports(Poland, Hungary, Norway)
IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
OFFICIAL RECOGNITION OF ILO MANUAL FROM:
European Commission Council of the European UnionEuropean ParliamentEuropean Economic and Social CommDG EmploymentEYV Alliance”UN Volunteers “State of the World
Volunteering Report”
IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
NEXT STEPS
IMPLEMENTATION LAGGING IN L. A.
• MOBILIZE volunteer community
• DISSEMINATE Manual, Fact Sheets
• ENGAGE policy circles
• APPROACH statistics agencies
• BUILD ON THE FOUNDATION: broader impacts, strengthened infrastructure, enabling policy
• ASSEMBLE/DISSEMINATE /DISCUSS data
THE WORK HAS JUST BEGUN
“What isn’t COUNTED doesn’t COUNT.”
“What can’t be MEASURED can’t be MANAGED.”
Let’s not lose this OPPORTUNITY
THE WORK HAS JUST BEGUN
email: [email protected]
websites: volunteermeasurement.orgccss.jhu.edu
twitter:
@jhuccss
CONTACT US!