Lessons from a (bronze) die study / Donald T. Ariel

8/20/2019 Lessons from a (bronze) die study / Donald T. Ariel

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

XIVth INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS

GLASGOW 2009

Edited by

Nicholas Holmes

GLASGOW 2011


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All rights reserved byThe International Numismatic Council

ISBN 978-1-907427-17-6

Distributed by Spink & Son Ltd, 69 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4ET

Printed and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd.

International Numismatic Council

British Academy


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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

XIV th INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS

GLASGOW 2009

I


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PrefaceEditor’s note

Inaugural lecture

‘A foreigner’s view of the coinage of Scotland’, by Nicholas MAYHEW

Antiquity: Greek

I Delfini (distribuzione, associazioni, valenza simbolica), by Pasquale APOLITO

Lessons from a (bronze) die study, by Donald T. ARIEL

Le monete incuse a leggenda Pal-Mol : una verifica della documentazione

disponibile, by Marta BARBATO

Up-to-date survey of the silver coinage of the Nabatean king Aretas IV, by RachelBARKAY

Remarks on monetary circulation in the chora of Olbia Pontica – the case ofKoshary, by Jarosław BODZEK

The ‘colts’ of Corinth revisited: a note on Corinthian drachms from Ravel’sPeriod V, by Lee L. BRICE

Not only art! The period of the ‘signing masters’ and ‘historical iconography’,by Maria CACCAMO CALTABIANO

Les monnaies pr éromaines de BB’T-BAB(B)A de Mauretanie, by LaurentCALLEGARIN & Abdelaziz EL KHAYARI

Mode iconografiche e determinazioni delle cronologie nell’occidente ellenistico,by Benedetto CARROCCIO

La phase postarcha ï que du monnayage de Massalia, by Jean-AlbertCHEVILLON

A new thesis for Siglos and Dareikos, by Nicolas A. CORFÙ

Heroic cults in northern Sicily between numismatics and archaeology, byAntonio CRISÀ

La politica estera tolemaica e l’area del Mar Nero: l’iconografia numismaticacome fonte storica, by Angela D’ARRIGO

1819

23

35

42

48

52

58

67

73

81

89

97

105

114

123

CONTENTS


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CONTENTS2

New light on the Larnaca hoard IGCH 1272, by Anne DESTROOPER-GEORGIADES

The coinage of the Scythian kings in the West Pontic area: iconography, by Dimitar DRAGANOV

The ‘royal archer’ and Apollo in the East: Greco-Persian iconography in theSeleukid Empire, by Kyle ERICKSON & Nicholas L. WRIGHT

ὖ ὰ ῖ ῖ . Retour sur les critères quidéfinissent habituellement les ‘imitations’ Athéniennes, by Chr. FLAMENT

On the gold coinage of ancient Chersonese (46-133 AD), by N.A. FROLOVA

Propaganda on coins of Ptolemaic queens, by Agnieszka FULIŃSKA

Osservazioni sui rinvenimenti di monete dagli scavi archeologici dell’anticaCaulonia, by Giorgia GARGANO

La circulation monétaire à Argos d’apr ès les monnaies de fouille de l’ÉFA(École française d’Athènes), by Catherine GRANDJEAN

Silver denominations and standards of the Bosporan cities, by JeanHOURMOUZIADIS

Seleucid ‘eagles’ from Tyre and Sidon: preliminary results of a die-study, byPanagiotis P. IOSSIF

Archaic Greek coins east of the Tigris: evidence for circulation?, by J. KAGAN

Parion history from coins, by Vedat KELEŞ

Regional mythology: the meanings of satyrs on Greek coins, by Ann-MarieKNOBLAUCH

The chronology of the Hellenistic coins of Thessaloniki, Pella and Amphipolis,by Theodoros KOUREMPANAS

The coinage of Chios during the Hellenistic and early Roman periods, by Constantine LAGOS

Évidence numismatique de l’existence d’Antioche en Troade, by Dincer SavasLENGER

131

140

163

170

178

184

189

199

203

213

230

237

246

251

259

265


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CONTENTS 3

Hallazgo de un conjunto monetal de Gadir en la necr ó polis Feno-Púnica delos cuarteles de Varela, Cádiz, España, by Urbano LÓPEZ RUIZ & Ana Mar í aRUIZ TINOCO

Gold and silver weight standards in fourth-century Cyprus: a resume, by Evangeline MARKOU

Göttliche Herrscherin – herrschende Göttin? Frauenbildnisse auf hellenistischenMünzen, by Katharina MARTIN

Melkart-Herakles y sus distintas advocaciones en la Bética costera, by ElenaMORENO PULIDO

Some remarks concerning the gold coins with the legend ‘ΚΟΣΩΝ’, by LucianMUNTEANU

‘Une monnaie grecque inédite: un triobole d’Argos en Argolide’, by EleniPAPAEFTHYMIOU

The coinage of the Paeonian kings Leon and Dropion, by Eftimija PAVLOVSKA

Le tr ésor des monnaies perses d’or trouvé à Argamum / Orgamé (Jurilovca, dép.de Tulcea, Roumanie), by E. PETAC, G. TALMAŢCHI & V. IONIŢĂ

The imitations of late Thasian tetradrachms: chronology, classification anddating, by Ilya S. PROKOPOV

Moneta e discorso politico: emissioni monetarie in Cirenaica tra il 321 e il 258a.C., by Daniela Bessa PUCCINI

Tesoros sertorianos en España: problemas y nuevas perspectivas, by IsabelRODRÍGUEZ CASANOVA

‘Ninfa’ eponima grande dea? Caratteri e funzioni delle personificazioni cittadine,by Grazia SALAMONE

The coin finds from Hellenistic and Roman Berytas (fourth century BC – thirdcentury AD, by Ziad SAWAYA

Monetazione incusa magnogreca: destinazione e funzioni, by Rosa SCAVINO

Uso della moneta presso gli indigeni della Sicilia centro-meridionale, by LaviniaSOLE

La moneta di Sibari: struttura e metrologia, by Emanuela SPAGNOLI

269

280

285

293

304

310

319

331

337

350

357

365

376

382

393

405


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CONTENTS4

Le stephanophoroi prima delle stephanophoroi, by Marianna SPINELLI

Weight adjustment al marco in antiquity, and the Athenian decadrachm, by CliveSTANNARD

The Magnesian hoard: a preliminary report, by Oğuz TEKIN

Zur Datierung und Deutung der Beizeichen auf Stateren von Górtyn, by Burkhard TRAEGER

Aspetti della circolazione monetaria in area basso adriatica, by AdrianaTRAVAGLINI & Valeria Giulia CAMILLERI

La polisemia di Apollo attraverso il documento monetale, by Maria DanielaTRIFIRÒ

Thraco-Macedonian coins: the evidence from the hoards, by Alexandros R.A.TZAMALIS

The pattern of findspots of coins of Damastion: a clue to its location, by Dubravka UJES MORGAN

The civic bronze coins of the Eleans: some preliminary remarks, by FranckWOJAN

The hoard of Cyzicenes from the settlement of Patraeus (Taman peninsula), by E.V. ZAKHAROV

Antiquity: Roman

The coinage of Diva Faustina I, by Martin BECKMANN

Coin finds from the Dutch province of North-Holland (Noord-Holland).Chronological and geographical distribution and function of Roman coins fromthe Dutch part of Barbaricum, by Paul BELIËN

The key to the Varus defeat: the Roman coin finds from Kalkriese, by FrankBERGER

Monetary circulation in the Bosporan Kingdom in the Roman period c. first -fourth century AD, by Line BJERG

The Roman coin hoards of the second century AD found on the territory of present-day Serbia: the reasons for their burial, by Bojana BORIĆ-BREŠKOVIĆ

417

427

436

441

447

461

473

487

497

500

509

514

527

533

538


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CONTENTS 5

Die Münzpr ägung des Thessalischen Bundes von Marcus Aurelius bis Gallienus(161-268 n. Chr.), by Friedrich BURRER

The denarius in the first century, by K. BUTCHER & M. PONTING

Coinage and coin circulation in Nicopolis of Epirus: a preliminary report, by Dario CALOMINO

La piazza porticata di Egnazia: la documentazione numismatica, by RaffaellaCASSANO, Adriana TRAVAGLINI & Alessandro CRISPINO

Dallo scavo al museo: un ripostiglio monetale di età antonina del IV municipiodi Roma (Italia), by Francesca CECI

I rinvenimenti dal Tevere: la monetazione della Diva Faustina, by AlessiaCHIAPPINI

Analytical evidence for the organization of the Alexandrian mint during theTetrarchy (III-IV centuries AD), by J.M.COMPANA, L. LEÓN-REINA, F.J.FORTES, L.M. CABALÍN, J.J. LASERNA, & M.A.G. ARANDA

L’Oriente Ligoriano: fonti, luoghi, mirabilia, by Arianna D’OTTONE

Le emissioni isiache: quale rapporto con il navigium Isidis?, by Sabrina DEPACE

A centre of aes rude production in southern Etruria : La Castellina

(Civitavecchia, Roma), by Almudena DOMÍNGUEZ-ARRANZ & Jean GRAN-AYMERICH

Perseus and Andromeda in Alexandria: explaining the popularity of the myth inthe culture of the Roman Empire, by Melissa Barden DOWLING

Les fractions du nummus frappées à Rome et à Ostie sous le r ègne de Maxence(306-312 ap. J.C.), by V. DROST

Monuments on the move: architectural coin types and audience targeting in theFlavian and Trajanic periods, by Nathan T. ELKINS

‘The restoration of memory: Minucius and his monument’ by Jane DeRoseEVANS

La circulation monétaire à Lyon de la fondation de la colonie à la mort deSeptime Sévère (43 av. – 211 apr. J.C.): premiers résultats, by Jonas FLUCK

545

557

569

576

580

592

595

605

613

621

629

635

645

657

662


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CONTENTS6

Le monnayage en orichalque romain: apport des expérimentations auxétudes numismatiques, by Arwen GAFFIERO, Arnaud SUSPÈNE, FlorianTÉREYGEOL & Bernard GRATUZE

New coins of pre- and denarial system minted outside Italy, by Paz GARCÍA-BELLIDO

Les bronzes d’Octave à la proue et à la tête de bélier (RPC 533) attribués àToulouse-Tolosa: nouvelles découvertes, by Vincent GENEVIÈVE

Crustumerium, Cisterna Grande (Rome, Italy): textile traces from a Romancoins hoard, by Maria Rita GIULIANI, Ida Anna RAPINESI, Francesco DIGENNARO, Daniela FERRO, Heli ARIMA, Ulla RAJANA & Francesca CECI

Deux médaillons d’Antonin le Pieux du territoire de Pautalia (Thrace), by Valentina GRIGOROVA-GENCHEVA

Mars and Venus on Roman imperial coinage in the time of Marcus Aurelius:iconological considerations with special reference to the emperor’scorrespondence with Marcus Cornelius Fronto, by Jürgen HAMER

The silver coins of Aegeae in the light of Hadrian’s eastern silver coinages, by F.HAYMANN

The coin-images of the later soldier-emperors and the creation of a Romanempire of late antiquity, by Ragnar HEDLUND

Coinage and currency in ancient Pompeii, by Richard HOBBS

Imitations in gold, by Helle W. HORSNÆS

Un geste de Caracalla sur une monnaie frappée à Pergame, by Antony HOSTEIN

New data on monetary circulation in northern Illyricum in the fifth century, by Vujadin IVANIŠEVIĆ & Sonja STAMENKOVIĆ

Die augusteischen Münzmeisterpr ägungen: IIIviri monetales im Spannungsfeldzwischen Republik und Kaiserzeit, by Alexa KÜTER

Imperial representation during the reign of Valentinian III, by Aládar KUUN

The Nome coins: some remarks on the state of research, by Katarzyna LACH

Le monnayage de Brutus et Cassius a pr ès la mort de César, by RaphaëlleLAIGNOUX

668

676

686

696

709

715

720

726

732

742

749

757

765

772

780

785


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CONTENTS 7

L’ultima emissione di Cesare Ottaviano: alcune considerazioni sulle recenti proposte cronologiche, by Fabiana LANNA

Claudius’s issue of silver drachmas in Alexandria: Serapis Anastole, by BarbaraLICHOCKA

La chronologie des émissions monétaires de Claude II: ateliers de Milan etSiscia, by Jérôme MAIRAT

La circulation monétaire à Strasbourg (France) et sur le Rhin supérieur aupremier siècle après J.-C., by Stéphane MARTIN

The double solidus of Magnentius, by Alenka MIŠKEC

A hoard of bronze coins of the third century BC found at Pratica di Mare(Rome), by Maria Cristina MOLINARI

Un conjunto de plomos monetiformes de procendencia hispana de la colecciónantigua del Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid), by Bartolomé MORASERRANO

Monete e ritualitá funeraria in epoca romana imperiale: il sepolcreto dei Fadieni (Ferrara – Italia), by Anna Lina MORELLI

Il database Monete al femminile, by Anna Lina MORELLI & Erica FILIPPINI

La trouvaille monétaire de Bex-Sous-Vent (VD, Suisse): une nouvelle analyse,

by Yves MUHLEMANN

Die Sammlung von Lokalmythen griechischer Städte des Ostens: ein Projekt derKommission f ür alte Geschichte und Epigraphik, by Johannes NOLLÉ

Plomos monetiformes con leyenda ibérica Baitolo, hallados en la ciudad romanade Baetulo (Hispania Tarraconensis), by Pepita PADRÓS MARTÍ, DanielVÁZQUEZ & Francesc ANTEQUERA

I denari serrati della repubblica romana: alcune considerazioni, by AndreaPANCOTTI & Patrizia CALABRIA

Monetary circulation in late antique Rome: a fifth-century context coming fromthe N.E. slope of the Palatine Hill. A preliminary report, by Giacomo PARDINI

Securitas e suoi attributi: lo sviluppo di una iconografia, by Rossella PERA

Could the unof ficial mint called ‘Atelier II’ be identified with the of ficinae ofChâteaubleau (France)?, by Fabien PILON

794

800

809

816

822

828

839

846

856

864

872

878

888

893

901

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CONTENTS8

Coin finds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Cilicia Tracheia), by Annalisa POLOSA

El poblamiento romano en el área del Mar Menor (Ager Carthaginensis): unaaproximación a partir de los recientes hallazgos numismáticos, by AlfredoPORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Elvira NAVARRO SANTA-CRUZ

The presence of local deities on Roman Palestinian coins: reflections oncultural and religious interaction between Romans and local elites, by VagnerCarvalheiro PORTO

The male couple: iconography and semantics, by Mariangela PUGLISI

Countermarks on the Republican and Augustan brass coins in the south-easternAlps, by Andrej RANT

A stone thesaurus with a votive coin deposit found in the sanctuary of Campo

della Fiera, Orvieto (Volsinii), by Samuele RANUCCI

L’image du pouvoir impériale de Trajan et son évolution idéologique: étude desfrappes monétaires aux types d’Hercule, Jupiter et Soleil, by Laurent RICCARDI

The inflow of Roman coins to the east-of-the-Vistula Mazovia ( Mazowsze) andPodlachia ( Podlasie), by Andrzej ROMANOWSKI

Numismatics and archaeology in Rome: the finds from the Basilica Hilariana,by Alessia ROVELLI

Communicating a consecratio: the deification coinage of Faustina I, by ClareROWAN

An alleged hoard of third-century Alexandrian tetradrachms, by Adriano SAVIO& Alessandro CAVAGNA

Some notes on religious embodiments in the coinage of Roman Syria andMesopotamia, by Philipp SCHWINGHAMMER

Roman provincial coins in the money circulation of the south-eastern Alpinearea and western Pannonia, by Andrej ŠEMROV

Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (1): introduzione, by Patrizia SERAFIN

Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (2): la moneta di Vespasiano tra tradizione edinnovazione, by Alessandra SERRA

A hoard of denarii and early Roman Messene, by Kleanthis SIDIROPOULOS

911

916

926

933

941

954

964

973

983

991

999

1004

1013

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CONTENTS 9

La ‘corona radiata’ sui ritratti dei bronzi imperiali alessandrini, by GiovanniMaria STAFFIERI

The iconography of two groups of struck lead from Central Italy and Baetica inthe second and first centuries BC, by Clive STANNARD

Monete della zecca di Frentrum, Larinum e Pallanum, by Napoleone STELLUTI

Personalized victory on coins: the Year of the Four Emperors – Greek imperialissues, by Yannis STOYAS

Les monnaies d’or d’Auguste: l’apport des analyses élémentaires et le problèmede l’atelier de N î mes, by Arnaud SUSPÈNE, Maryse BLET-LEMARQUAND &Michel AMANDRY

The popularity of the enthroned type of Asclepius on Peloponnesian coins of

imperial times, by Christina TSAGKALIA

Gold and silver first tetrarchic issues from the mint of Alexandria, by D. ScottVANHORN

Note sulla circolazione monetaria in Etruria meridionale nel III secolo a.C., byDaniela WILLIAMS

Roman coins from the western part of West Balt territory, by Anna ZAPOLSKA

Antiquity: Celtic

La moneda ibérica del nordeste de la Hispania Citerior : consideraciones sobresu cronologí a y función, by Marta CAMPO

Les bronzes à la gueule de loup du Berry: essai de typochronologie, by PhilippeCHARNOTET

Les imitations de l’obole de Marseille de LTD1/LTD2A (IIe s. / Ier s. av. J.C.)entre les massifs des Alpes et du Jura, by Anne GEISER

Le monnayage à la légende TOGIRIX: une nouvelle approche, by Anne GEISER& Julia GENECHESI

Trading with silver bullion during the third century BC: the hoard of Armuña deTajuña, by Manuel GOZALBES, Gonzalo CORES & Pere Pau RIPOLLÈS

Données expérimentales sur la fabrication de quinaires gaulois fourrés, by Katherine GRUEL, Dominique LACOSTE, Carole FRARESSO, MichelPERNOT & François ALLIER

1037

1045

1056

1067

1073

1082

1092

1103

1115

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1142

1148

1155

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CONTENTS10

Pre-Roman coins from Sotin, by Mato ILKIĆ

Les monnaies gauloises trouvées à Paris, by Sté phane MARTIN

Die keltischen Münzen vom Oberleiserberg (Nieder österreich), by Jiři MILITKÝ

New coin finds from the two late Iron Age settlements of Altenburg (Germany)and Rheinau (Switzerland) – a military coin series on the German-Swiss border?,by Michael NICK

Le dépôt monétaire gaulois de Laniscat (Côtes-d’Armor): 547 monnaies de bastitre. Étude préliminaire, by Sylvia NIETO-PELLETIER, Bernard GRATUZE &Gérard AUBIN

Antiquity: general

La moneda en el mundo funerario-ritual de Gadir-Gades, by A. AR ÉVALOGONZÁLEZ

Neues Licht auf eine alte Frage? Die Verwandschaft von Münzen und Gemmen,by Angela BERTHOLD

Tipi del cane e del lupo sulle monete del Mediterraneo antico, by AlessandraBOTTARI

Not all these things are easy to read, much less to understand: new approaches toreading images on ancient coins, by Geraldine CHIMIRRI-RUSSELL

The collection of ancient coins in the Ossoliński National Institute in Lvov(1828-1944), by Adam DEGLER

Preliminary notes on Phoenician and Punic coins kept in the Pushkin Museum,by S. KOVALENKO & L.I. MANFREDI

Greek coins from the National Historical Museum of Rio de Janeiro: SNG project, by Marici Martins MAGALHÃES

La catalogazione delle emissioni di Commodo nel Codice Ligoriano, by RosaMaria NICOLAI

The sacred life of coins: cult fees, sacred law and numismatic evidence, by Isabelle A. PAFFORD

Anton Prokesch-Osten and the Greek coins of the coin collection at theUniversalmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Austria, by Karl PEITLER

1182

1191

1198

1207

1218

1231

1240

1247

1254

1261

1266

1278

1292

1303

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CONTENTS 11

Monete ed anelli: cronologia, tipologie, fruitori, by Claudia PERASSI

Il volume 21 delle Antichit á Romane di Pirro Ligorio ‘Libri delle Medaglie daCesare a Marco Aurelio Commodo’ , by Patrizia SERAFIN

Greek and Roman coins in the collection of the Çorum Museum, by D. ÖzlemYALCIN

Mediaeval and modern western (mediaeval)

The exchanges in the city of London, 1344-1358, by Martin ALLEN

Fribourg en Nuithonie: faciès monétaire d’une petite ville au centre de l’Europe,by Anne-Francine AUBERSON

Die Pegauer Brakteatenpr ägung Abt Siegfrieds von Rekkin (1185-1223):

Kriterien zu deren chronologischer Einordnung, by Jan-Erik BECKER

Die recutting in the eleventh-century Polish coinage, by Mateusz BOGUCKI

Le retour à l’or au treizième siècle: le cas de Montpellier (...1244-1246...), by Marc BOMPAIRE & Pierre-Joan BERNARD

Le monete a leggenda ΠAN e le emissioni arabo-bizantine. I dati dello scavo diAntinoupolis / El Sheikh Abada, by Daniele CASTRIZIO

Scavi di Privernum e Fossanova (Latina, Italia): monete tardoantiche,

medioevale e moderne, by Francesca CECI & Margherita CANCELLIERI

La aportación de los hallazgos monetarios a ‘la crisis del siglo XIV’ en Cataluña,by Maria CLUA I MERCADAL

Norwegian bracteates during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, by Linn EIKJE

Donative pennies in Viking-age Scandinavia?, by Fr édéric ELFVER

Carolingian capitularies as a source for the monetary history of the Frankishempire, by Hubert EMMERIG

Ulf Candidatus, by G. EMSØY

Münzen des Moskauer Grossf ürstentums. Das Geld von Dmitrij IvanowitschDonskoj (1359-1389) (ü ber die Ver öffentlichung der ersten Ausgabe des ‘Korpusder russischen Münzen des 14-15. Jhs.’), by P. GAIDUKOV & I. GRISHIN

1323

1334

1344

1355

1360

1372

1382

1392

1401

1408

1411

1418

1426

1431

1436

1441


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CONTENTS12

Brakteatenpr ägungen in Mähren in der zweiten Hälfte des dreizehntenJahrhunderts, by Dagmar GROSSMANNOVÁ Monetisation in medieval Scandinavia, by Svein H. GULLBEKK

A mancus apparently marked on behalf of King Offa: genuine or fake?, by Wolfgang HAHN

Among farmers and city people: coin use in early medieval Denmark, c. 1000-1250, by Gitte Tarnow INGVARDSON

Was pseudo-Byzantine coinage primarily of municipal origin?, by CharlieKARUKSTIS

Interpreting single finds in medieval England – the secondary lives of coins, byRichard KELLEHER

Byzantine coins from the area of Belarus, by Krystyna LAVYSH & MarcinWOŁOSZYN

Die fr üheste Darstellung des Richters auf einer mittelalterlicher Münze?, by IvarLEIMUS

Coinage and money in the ‘years of insecurity’: the case of late ByzantineChalkidiki (thirteenth - fourteenth century), by Vangelis MALADAKIS

Nota sulla circolazione monetaria tardoantica nel Lazio meridionale: i reperti di

S. Ilario ad bivium, by Flavia MARANI

The money of the First Crusade: the evidence of a new parcel and itsimplications, by Michael MATZKE

Ü berlegungen zum ‘Habsburger Urbar’ als Quelle f ür Währungsgeschichte, by Samuel NUSSBAUM

Schilling Kennisbergisch slages of Grand Master Louis of Ehrlichshausen, by Borys PASZKIEWICZ

Un diner de Jaime I el conquistador en el Mar Menor: evidencias de presenciaaragonesa en el Campo de Cartagena durante la Baja Edad Media, by Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Alfonso ROBLES FERNÁNDEZ

L’atelier de faux-monnayeur de Rovray (VD, Suisse), by Carine RAEMYTOURNELLE

1452

1458

1464

1470

1477

1492

1500

1509

1517

1535

1542

1552

1557

1564

1570


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CONTENTS 13

La ubicación de las casas de moneda en le Europa medieval. El caso del reino deLeón, by Antonio ROMA VALDÉS

New perspectives on Norwegian Viking-age hoards c. 1000: the Bore hoardrevisited, by Elina SCREEN

The discovery of a hoard of coins dated to the fifth and sixth centuries inKlapavice in the hinterland of ancient Salona, by Tomislav ŠEPAROVIĆ

A model for the analysis of coins lost in Norwegian churches, by Christian J.SIMENSEN

A clippe from Femern, by Jørgen SØMOD

The convergence of coinages in the late medieval Low Countries, by PeterSPUFFORD

A perplexing hoard of Lusignan coins from Polis, Cyprus, by Alan M. STAHL,Gerald POIRIER & Nan YAO

OTTO / ODDO and ADELHEIDA / ATHALHET - onomatological aspectsof German coin types of the tenth and eleventh centuries, by SebastianSTEINBACH

Bulles de plomb et les monnaies en Pologne au XIIe siècle, by StanislawSUCHODOLSKI

Palaeologian coin findings of Kusadasi, Kadikalesi/Anaia and their reflections.by Ceren ÜNAL

The hoard of Tetí n (Czech Republic) in the light of currency conditions inthirteenth-century Bohemia, by Roman ZAORAL & Jiři MILITKÝ

The circulation of foreign coins in Poland in the fifteenth century, by MichalZAWADZKI

Mediaeval and modern Western (modern)

Die neuzeitliche Münzstätte im Schloss Haldenstein bei Chur Gr, Schweiz, by Rahel C. ACKERMANN

The money box system for savings in Amsterdam, 1907-1935, by G.N. BORST

Four ducats coins of Franz Joseph I (1848-1916) of Austria: their use in jewellery and some hitherto unpublished imitations, by Aleksandar N. BRZIC

1580

1591

1597

1605

1614

1620

1625

1633

1640

1649

1664

1671

1679

1687

1693


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CONTENTS14

A king as Hercules in the modern Polish coinage, by Witold GARBAZCEWSKI

The monetary areas in Piedmont during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries: astarting point for new investigations, by Luca GIANAZZA

Coin hoards in the United States, by John M. KLEEBERG

The transfer of minting techniques to Denmark in the nineteenth century, by Michael MÄRCHER

Patrimonio Numismático Iberoamericano: un proyecto del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, by Carmen MARCOS ALONSO & Paloma OTERO MORÁN

Moneda local durante la guerra civil española: billete emitido por elayuntamiento de San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, by Federico MARTÍNEZPASTOR & Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ

Coins and monetary circulation in the Legnica-Brzeg duchy: rudimentary problems, by Robert PIE ŃKOWSKI

Representaciones del café en el acervo de numismática del Museu Paulista -USP , by Angela Maria Gianeze RIBEIRO

Freiburg im Üechtland und die Münzreformen der französischen K önige (1689-1726), by Nicole SCHACHER

La aparición de la marca de valor en la moneda valenciana, ¿1618 o 1640? Una

nueva hipótesis de trabajo, by Juan Antonio SENDRA IBÁÑEZ

Devotion and coin-relics in early modern Italy, by Lucia TRAVAINI

The political context of the origin and the exportation of thaler-coins fromJáchymov (Joachimsthal) in the first half of the sixteenth century, by PetrVOREL

The late sixteenth-century Russian forged kopecks, which were ascribed to theEnglish Muscovy Company, by Serguei ZVEREV

Oriental and African coinages

The meaning of the character寳 bao in the legends of Chinese cash coins, by Vladimir A. BELYAEV & Sergey V. SIDOROVICH

Three unpublished Indo-Sasanian coin hoards, Government Museum, Mathura,by Pratipal BHATIA

1704

1713

1719

1725

1734

1744

1748

1752

1758

1765

1774

1778

1783

1789

1796


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CONTENTS 15

Oriental coins in the Capitoline Museums (Rome): further researches onStanzani Collection history, by Arianna D’OTTONE

The king, the princes and the Raj, by Sanjay GARG

The first evidence of a mint at Miknāsa: two unpublished Almoravid coins, adirham and a dinar, of the year 494H/1100, by Tawfiq IBRAHIM

L’âge d’or de la numismatique en Chine: l’exemple du Catalogue des Monnaies Anciennes de Li Zuoxian, by Lyce JANKOWSKI

Numismatic research in Japan today: coins, paper monies and patterns of usage.Paper money in early modern Japan: economic and folkloristic aspects, by Keiichiro KATO

The gold reform of Ghazan Khan, by Judith KOLBAS

A study of medieval Chinese coins from Karur and Madurai in Tamil Nadu, by KRISHNAMURTHY RAMASUBBAIYER

Latest contributions to the numismatic history of Central Asia (late eighteenth –nineteenth century), by Vladimir NASTICH

Silver fragments of unique Būyid and Ḥamdānid coins and their role in the Kelč hoard (Czech Republic), by Vlastimil NOVÁK

Numismatic evidence for the location of Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde,

by A.V. PACHKALOV

Le regard des voyageurs sur les monnaies africaines du XVI e au XIXe siècles, by Josette RIVALLAIN

Les imitations des dirhems carrés almohades: apport des analyses élémentaires,by A. TEBOULBI, M. BOMPAIRE & M. BLET-LEMARQUAND

À propos du monnayage de Kiến Phúc (1883-1884), by François THIERRY

Glass jetons from Sicily: new find evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato,by Christian WEISS

Medals

Joseph Kowarzik (1860-1911): ein Medailleur der Jahrhundertwende, by Kathleen ADLER

1807

1813

1821

1826

1832

1841

1847

1852

1862

1869

1874

1884

1890

1897

1907


20/28

CONTENTS16

Numismatic memorials of breeding trotting horses (based on the collection ofthe numismatic department of the Hermitage), by L.I. DOBROVOLSKAYA

De retrato a arquetipo: anotaciones sobre la difusión de la efigie de Juan VIIIPaleólogo en la peninsula Ibérica, by Albert ESTRADA-RIUS

Titon du Tillet e le medaglie del Parnasse François, by Paola GIOVETTI

Bedrohung und Schutz der Erde: Positionen zur Umweltproblematik in derdeutschen Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart, by Rainer GRUND

The rediscovery of the oldest private medal collection of the Netherlands, by JanPELSDONK

Twentieth-century British campaign medals: a continuation of the nineteenthcentury?, by Phyllis STODDART and Keith SUGDEN

‘Shines with unblemished honour’: some thoughts on an early nineteenth-century medal, by Tuukka TALVIO

General numismatics

Dall’iconografia delle monete antiche all’ideologia della nazione future. Proiezioni della numismatica grecista di D’Annunzio sulla nuova monetazione

Sabauda, by Giuseppe ALONZO

Didaktisch-methodische Aspekte der Numismatik in der Schule, by Szymon

BERESKA

The Count of Caylus (1692-1765) and the study of ancient coins, by François deCALLATAŸ

Le monete di Lorenzo il Magnifico in un manoscritto di Angelo Poliziano, by Fiorenzo CATALLI

Coinage and mapping, by Thomas FAUCHER

Classicism and coin collections in Brazil, by Maria Beatriz BorbaFLORENZANO

A prosopography of the mint of ficials: the Eligivs database and its evolution, by Luca GIANAZZA

Elementary statistical methods in numismatic metrology, by DagmarGROSSMANNOVÁ & Jan T. STEFAN

1920

1931

1937

1945

1959

1965

1978

1985

1993

1999

2004

2012

2017

2022

2027


21/28

CONTENTS 17

Les collections numismatiques du Musée archéologique de Dijon (France), byJacques MEISSONNIER

Bank of Greece: the numismatic collections, by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

Foundation of the Hellenic World. A new private collection open to the public,by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

Re-discovering coins: publication of the numismatic collections in Bulgarianmuseums – a new project, by Evgeni PAUNOV, Ilya PROKOPOV & SvetoslavaFILIPOVA

„Census of Ancient Coins Known in the Renaissance“, by Ulrike PETER

Le sel a servi de moyen d’échange, by J.A. SCHOONHEYT

The international numismatic library situation and the foundation of theInternational Numismatic Libraries’ Network (INLN), by Ans TER WOERDS

The Golden Fleece in Britain, by R.H. THOMPSON

Das Museum August Kestner in Hannover: Neues aus der Münzsammlung, by Simone VOGT

From the electrum to the Euro: a journey into the history of coins. A multimedia presentation by the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, by Eleni ZAPITI

Highlights from the Museum of the George and Nefeli Giabra PieridesCollection, donated by Clio and Solon Triantafyllides: coins and artefacts, by Eleni ZAPITI & Evangeline MARKOU

Index of Contributors

2036

2044

2046

2047

2058

2072

2082

2089

2100

2102

2112

2118


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23/28

LESSONS FROM A (BRONZE) DIE STUDY

DONALD T. ARIEL

An almost complete die study of the bronze coins of Herod the Great (reigned in Judea, 40[37] – 4BCE), opens a window on the operation of his mint. Herod was one of Rome’s most important and

loyal client-kings. Precisely because of the interest in him as a historical figure, and a builder, a great

deal has been written on his coinage.*

Most of Herod’s coinage, however, is particularly unimpressive. Herod’s bronze coins continue

the earlier Hasmonean tradition of refraining from the otherwise common use of living or mythical

depictions. Herod minted 17 different coin-types, four belonging to a denominational series dated to

his third year (LΓ) most probably 37 BCE. The remainder of the types are undated. Symbols include

the helmet; tripod; shield; winged caduceus; pomegranate or poppy; aphlaston; three-legged table;

cross or saltire within diadem; filleted, single, or crossed palm-branches; inscription within wreath;

anchor; single or double cornucopias; eagle; vine-branch; and galley. The legends on these coins are

monotonic. Only Herod’s name and title appear: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ.1

The fact that most of Herod’s coins are undated is an impediment to the establishment of a

chronology of his coins. Even a relative ordering of the types would be helpful. Our die study has

provided much new information about the series, with die connections determining which coin

groups should be identified as types and which as merely variations within types. We were also able

to identify the technological obverse and reverse dies by determining which side of each type had

fewer dies and which had more.

The total sample in this study is 2,648 specimens, covering 16 of the 17 coin-types, collected

from three sources: numismatic publications, the internet and a large network of collectors.

One type, the very common anchor / two cornucopias type, was not examined. Estimations of the

original numbers of dies using Esty’s 2006 formula2 confirm that the population provides excellent

coverage. The average quantities-per-type are higher than other Hellenistic die studies. For type 1, for

example, the rate of over 20 coins per obverse die is very high, much higher than most thoroughly-

studied Greek silver coinages. The reverse rate of almost 6 coins per die is high too, as is the number

of 3.8 reverse dies per obverse. All this suggests we have seen all or almost all of the original dies.

New techniques employed in this project set it apart from many earlier die studies. Using sim-

ple off-the-shelf photographic / imaging software, photos of the coins were carefully superimposed

and die identities were established, even for poorly preserved coins. Moreover, these techniques

fostered an innovation: Using a large number of superimposed images of coins - many off-centre

- but struck by the same dies, the entirety of the original dies have been reconstructed, allowing an

incomparable and unequivocal view of the engraver’s work.

The great advantage of reconstructing the original dies - called here composites - is that thesymbols and inscriptions on the coins are clear and indisputable. Faint features are also identified,

and fantastic readings deriving from corrosion products on coins are rejected. Even the scourge of

tooled or painted coins is neutralized. These die composites, each one taking several hours, have

been well worth the effort.

* My thanks to Jean-Philippe Fontanille for carrying out the die analyses

and developing the die composites, to Warren W. Esty for his helpful

comments before the presentation in Glasgow and to Robert Bracey for his

valuable insights at my lecture and thereafter.

1 For Herod’s coins, see Meshorer 2001, pp. 61–72, 221–24, Nos. 44–66

(hereafter, TJC ).2 Esty 2006.


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LESSONS FROM A (BRONZE) DIE STUDY 43

A down side of die work on Herod’s coins is that they did not lend themselves to ‘classic’ die re-

search. Each type was relatively free of variation: features such as different dates and control marks

were never employed. In addition, the types themselves are simple inanimate objects. Relative to

complex depictions found on other Roman provincial coins, possibilities for variation are reduced.

In a die study the links between the obverse and reverse dies can allow for their ordering, when

not a small amount of induction and common sense are used. Despite the many insights derived

from this bronze die study, it was not possible to use it to create a clear chronology for the types or

internal chronology within types. Very few plausible die sequences were found within types. One

reason for this is the scarcity of evidence for progressive deterioration of dies or die breaks. Other

reasons will be discussed in the following type-by-type presentation of some of the interesting re-

sults of the die study.

Type 1 is the largest coin of the dated series (LΓ) with helmet and tripod symbols. The initial dies ofthe first series of this type are of exceptional quality. These dies appear to have served as prototypes,

and may even have been made by an experienced die-cutter, someone who worked in another mint

before being called upon to produce Herod’s first dies. Without doubt the most impressive aspect of

this outstanding type, however, is the large number of obverse and particularly reverse dies (116),

suggesting that the mint had not yet learned how to reduce the amount of breakage of the mint’s

first dies. The interlinkage of the reverse dies is also great. All but six obverse dies were used with

at least two reverse dies. Die R26, for example, is paired with six obverse dies, most of which were paired with several reverses. This can best be explained by simultaneous striking with more than

one anvil. A ‘die box’ should also been postulated, where dies are used for a bit, then returned to the

‘die box’ and later taken out again.

Another conclusion from the complexity of the Type 1 die links is that Herod’s (new) mint knew

in advance that its striking was to be a short-term effort. This fits our understanding that the dated

coins were probably not struck for more than a few months in the summer and autumn of 37 BCE.

Types 2–4 (TJC : Nos. 45–47) are the smaller denominations of Type 1. Unlike the large Type 1these coins were emphatically not struck with great numbers of dies. The quantities of dies in these

three types, and the proportion of reverse to obverse dies, are more in the normal range than what

is found for Type 1, and for that matter, most of the other types. However, the large number of


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DONALD T. ARIEL44

known coins for each pair is anomalous when compared with the die studies of Hellenistic coins.3

Moreover, it is almost unparalleled in the undated coins. For 11 die-pairs, upward of 20 coins were

documented, whereas in all of the undated coin-types, only 4 coin pairs produced such numbers.

No explanation is available for this phenomenon of high quantities per die-pair in Types 2–4.

Type 5 (TJC : Nos. 48–49), depicting a diadem-with-cross-or-saltire obverse and table reverse,exemplifies another result of the die study - that in fact there is no justification for separating the

large diadem / table coins into subtypes, as was done (in TJC ), both according to the closure of thediadem, and the orientation of the element within it.

3 de Callataÿ 1997, p. 326.


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Types 6–9, 12–14 and 17 (TJC : Nos. 50–56, 58 and 65) are characterized by obverse dies muchlarger than the reverse dies with which they were paired, and small flans only suitable for striking

the (smaller) reverse dies. This great disparity in die sizes was only found on these eight types. The

standard deviation of obverse to reverse sizes in die-pairs of the other types is between 5% and 15%.

For this ‘oversized-obverse-die technological group’ the differences in the diameters of the dies runs

between 25% and 75%, on all of the die-pairs.It may be noted that the smaller, reverse images are always the types without inscription. Roughly

speaking, the size of the types on obverse and reverse are similar. It is the presence of the inscriptionson the epigraphic, obverse sides that accounts for the difference in diameters. It may be noted that the

same phenomenon has been identified so far on one other coin: the menorah / showbread table coin of

Herod’s predecessor, Mattathias Antigonus.

Types 10–11 (TJC : Nos. 60–64) bear inscriptions on the obverses and anchors on the reverses. Type 11was also classified in TJC as multiple types. The die study clearly shows that the varying decorationssurrounding the anchor reverse are all interlinked and belong to the same type.

Herod’s die study also identified one case of hybrid striking. Identified in TJC as a separate type(No. 57), this is actually a case of dies of Type 13 linked to dies of Type 9. Highlighting their identifica-

tion as hybrids is the fact that the Types 9 and 13 are of different denominations.

Looking at the quantities of Herod’s coins together with other Jerusalem-minted coins, it is pos-

sible to conclude that coins from this mint were basically divided into distinct ‘common’ and ‘rare’

groups. The obvious explanation for this is that most of the types were minted for short periods of time

(less than a year), while only a few large issues were issued for longer periods. Type 15, comprising

roughly 70% of Herod’s coins, is the best Herodian case of a ‘common’ group, having been minted

for as many as nine years. Another way to describe this situation is that the Jerusalem mint was gener-

ally organized for small issues, but occasionally it was called upon to augment its activity by creating

a separate extraordinary of ficina, or possibly even reinvent itself entirely, to strike a truly large issue.Although it is dif ficult to condense the results of this die study, some points are apparent. In

Herod’s mint there is no visual evidence that dies stayed in use to the point where they broke. The strat-

egies for the production and use of dies varied. The larger issues, as in the case of Type 1, were struck

with different dies at a number of anvils at the same time, and a ‘die box’ was probably employed.

For some types there may have been a prototype die created by a more experienced engraver,followed by dies made by people considered to be apprentices. As regards when the dies were made,

there are two likely alternatives, and the choice between them would have been in accordance with the

number of anvils employed.

1. One anvil: One obverse and many reverse dies were prepared. The reverse dies eventually replaced one

another. Only when the obverse die needed replacement were an obverse and more reverse dies prepared.

2. Two anvils: A few pairs of dies were prepared in advance of a minting. The pairs were used at each

anvil, and were apparently, or at least occasionally, returned to a die box during breaks in operation.


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DONALD T. ARIEL46

Still serviceable reverses were paired with new obverses. In general, obverse dies ‘lived’ with two or

three reverse dies, and rarely more than that. Six is the maximum number of reverse dies associated

with one obverse die.

Re-pairing of the partially used reverse dies with a new obverse is clearest only with the small

issues, where the mint clearly had not set itself up for long term operations, and did not want to waste

the still functional resources at its disposal.

Die studies of bronze coins are not as plentiful as those for gold and silver: seven times as many

gold coin-types have been studied relative to bronze. Of the Hellenistic die-studies, 22% - but quanti-

tatively only 13% - concerned bronze coins. This die study quantitatively analyzed a third more coins

than the total number of Hellenistic bronze coins ever examined for die identities. There are enough published bronze die studies, however - 92 in De Callataÿ’s volumes4 - with which to compare our

Herod die study. We therefore collated data from seven die studies of Greek bronze coins with between

200 and 600 coins studied. This comparison shows many similarities, but also a few differences.

4 de Callataÿ 1997; 2003. The die studies used were: Dimitrov / Pentchev

1984 (= de Callataÿ 1997, pp. 80–81, No. 87); Franke 1961 (= de Callataÿ

1997, pp. 123, 125, Nos. 142, 144); Grunauer von Hoerschelmann 1978 (=

de Callataÿ 1997, pp. 171–72, No. 191); Lavva 2001 (= de Callataÿ 2003,

pp. 155–56, No. 184); Psoma 2001 (= de Callataÿ 2003, pp. 134–36, No.

158); Schönert-Geiss 1987 (= de Callataÿ 2003, pp. 121–22, No. 141).


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The other studies are characterized by more dies and fewer links. A greater number of dies is a

factor of the output of the mint. The other studies averaged 149 dies. Herod’s mint - counting only

the seven types employing 10 or more dies - averaged 27 dies.

A smaller number of links is related to the organization of the striking. The links of all seven

of the other die studies, with more cases of two and three reverses to one obverse, would appear

to be more rational, and Herod’s greater number of reverse-obverse links more erratic. However,

the large number of reverses per obverse in Herod’s types is certainly due to a system of striking

at multiple anvils, and use of a ‘die box’. This is particularly clear for Type 1, but seems to have

been the case for all but one (Type 11) of the seven types on the graph presented.

Because the ground being covered here is new, there is a great deal of room for error. It is

likely that there were other factors, besides the ones noted above, which influenced the behaviour

of Herod’s mint. It would also be interesting to compare the Herod die study with that of a mint

of silver (or gold) coins. It has been assumed that dies for bronze coins were damaged sooner than

dies for silver coins, because of the hardness of the bronze relative to silver. As noted above, ob-

verse dies for bronze coins roughly ‘lived’ with up to two or three reverse dies. For silver coinage

the average ratio of reverse to obverse dies - at least in the Hellenistic period - is 4:1 or 5:1. This

would suggest that dies for bronze coins deteriorated more quickly. However, if that were the case,one wonders why the evidence of cracking in Herod’s dies is so limited.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

de Callataÿ, F. (1997), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires hellénistiques, Wetteren.

de Callataÿ, F. (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Wetteren.

Dimitrov, K. / Pentchev, V. (1984), Sevtopolis II. Antichni i srednovekovni moneti, Sofia: Izdatels-tvo na Balgarskata Akademija na Naukite.

Esty, W.W. (2006), ‘How to estimate the original number of dies and the coverage of a sample’, Numismatic Chronicle 166, pp. 359–63.

Franke, P.R. (1961), Die antiken Münzen von Epirus, 2 vols. (First vol.: Poleis, Stämme und epiro-tischer Bund bis 27 v. Chr. Katalog und Untersuchungen). Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.

Grunauer von Hoerschelmann, S. (1978), Die Münzprägung der Lakedaimonier (DeutchesArchäologisches Institut. Antike Münzen und Geschnittene Steine VII), Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Lavva, S. (2001), Die Muenzpraegung von Pharsalos (Saarbruecker Studien zur Archaeologie undAlten Geschichte 14), Saarbrücken: Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag.

Meshorer, Y. (2001), A Treasury of Jewish Coins from the Persian Period to Bar Kochba, Jerusa-lem and Nyack.

Psoma, S. (2001), Olynthe et les Chalcidiens de Thrace: Études de numismatique et d‘histoire ,Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.

Schönert-Geiss, E. (1987), Die Münzprägung von Maroneia, Berlin.

Lessons from a (bronze) die study / Donald T. Ariel

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