Lesson Plan THE GRAMMARIAN The Journey Begins · 2020. 4. 7. · An interrogative sentence asks a:...

1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................

Book : The Grammarian....The Journey Begins, Part-7

Chapter : The Sentence

Chapter Chapter-based AssessmentNo.1. Choose the correct option

Identify simple or compound sentences Identify compound or complex sentencesLearner’s Drill Writing of sentences based on the given pictures

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definition of the sentence. They will also know the classification of sentences onthe basis of ‘Function’—Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory Sentences, and on the basis of‘Structure’—Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences.

2. Materials Needed:Blackboard, chalk, duster, student notebooks, computer with the Internet.

3. Procedure to Open the Lesson:

Begin by writing a sentence on the board. Ask students if they know what kind of sentence this is.Ask for volunteers to come to the board and classify different kinds of sentences on the bases of‘function’ and ‘structure’. Have a discussion with students about the essential features of a sentencesuch as subject and predicate, beginning a sentence with a capital letter, ending a sentence with apunctuation mark, an appropriate word order of a meaningful sentence, etc. Explain meaning of new anddifficult words.

Ask students different kinds of sentences and the bases of their classification. Can they rememberthem all?

The teacher can also use the flow chart to explain the classification of sentences.

The teacher will show the complete lesson to the students by using ‘Friends Smart Class Software’.

Lesson Plan THE GRAMMARIAN ...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins

2

4. Body of the Lesson:

The teacher explains–

The definition of the sentence

An appropriate word order of a meaningful sentence

Classification of sentences

Coordinating conjunctions—and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet, still, etc.

Subordinating conjunctions—after, before, because, if, that, as, though, till, when, etc.

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘the sentence’ using audio-visual aids.

6. Assessment and Evaluation:

Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assessthe student’s understanding by looking at their definitions of the sentences with examples.

7. Modification and Differentiation:

For homework, students can collect example sentences for each type of sentences.

3

ASSESSMENT

Time - 30 min. Max. Marks : 12

Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :

1. Match the following columns: 4(i) Assertive Sentences (a) Commands(ii) Interrogative Sentences (b) Statements(iii) Imperative Sentences (c) Sudden feelings(iv) Exclamatory Sentences (d) Questions

2. Fill in the blanks: 4

(i) A simple sentence contains only one main .................................... .

(ii) An assertive sentence makes a ........................... .

(iii) Main clause is also known as ................................. clause .

(iv) Exclamatory sentence expresses sudden and strong........................ .

3. Mark ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 4

(i) Sentences can be classified into different types mainly on the bases of Function and Structure.

(ii) Compound sentences are joined together by a subordinating conjunction.

(iii) An interrogative sentence asks a direct question.

(iv) A complex sentence contains two or more main clauses.

Ch.1-The Sentence

Teacher’s Signature:.......................................... Parent’s Signature:........................................

THE GRAMMARIAN ...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins

4

WORKSHEETCh.1-The Sentence

GRAMMAR

1. Identify the kind of sentence (Assertive / Interrogative / Imperative or Exclamatory) in the following:

(i) We do not play every day. ______________________

(ii) What are you expecting from me? ______________________

(iii) How cold it is! ______________________

(iv) Are you ready to go? ______________________

(v) He will never forget the experience. ______________________

(vi) Please join us for dinner. ______________________

(vii) What a lovely sight it is! ______________________

(viii) Do not stay out at night. ______________________

(ix) It is foolish to waste time like this. ______________________

(x) Never give up hope. ______________________

2. Identify the following sentences as Simple, Compound or Complex:

(i) They are slow but they are sure.

(ii) It was careless of him to make a mistake.

(iii) Answer the first question before you proceed further.

(iv) I did not see Amit today because he was playing football.

(v) My new watch does not keep good time.

(vi) I like tea and she likes coffee.

(vii) Harish reads magazines and newspapers.

(viii) You will get the prize if you deserve it.

(ix) He did not want to go to the dentist, yet he went anyway.

(x) A rolling stone gathers no moss.


5

VOCABULARY

1. Change the following Adjectives into Abstract Nouns:

(i) Different ________________________________

(ii) Factual ________________________________

(iii) Intelligent ________________________________

(iv) Sudden ________________________________

(v) Strong ________________________________

(vi) Beautiful ________________________________

(vii) Simple ________________________________

(viii) Finite ________________________________

(ix) Dirty ________________________________

(x) Independent ________________________________

2. Write Antonyms for the following words:

(i) Make ________________________________

(ii) Function ________________________________

(iii) Fact ________________________________

(iv) Direct ________________________________

(v) Often ________________________________

(vi) Open ________________________________

(vii) Sudden ________________________________

(viii) Dirty ________________________________

(ix) Simple ________________________________

(x) Subordinate ________________________________

6

TEST PAPER THE GRAMMARIAN ...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins

Ch.1-The Sentence

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Tick () the correct option.

1. A sentence is a group of words which makes complete:

(a) formation (b) substance

(c) sense (d) definition

2. An interrogative sentence asks a:

(a) direct question (b) indirect question

(c) tag-question (d) none of these

3. Which of the following sentences is not classified on the basis of ‘structure’?

(a) simple (b) imperative

(c) compound (d) complex

4. A compound sentence contains:

(a) one main clause (b) two main clauses

(c) two or more main clauses (d) none of these

5. Which of the following is a coordinating conjunction?

(a) and (b) but

(c) or (d) all of these

7

6. A complex sentence is made up of one main clause, and one or more:

(a) coordinate clauses (b) relative clauses

(c) subordinate clauses (d) none of these

7. A simple sentence has:

(a) one finite verb (b) two finite verbs

(c) one non-finite verb (d) none of these

8. Which of the following is not a subordinating conjunction?

(a) if (b) before

(c) beacuse (d) yet

9. ‘I was annoyed, still I kept quiet’ is a:

(a) simple sentence (b) compound sentence

(c) complex sentence (d) imperative sentence

10. ‘You will pass if you work hard’ is a:

(a) simple sentence (b) compound sentence

(c) complex sentence (d) exclamatory sentence

8

PROJECT WORKCh.1-The Sentence


Look at the pictures below, and write one sentence of each kind with reference to the picture. Thefirst one has been done for you:

1. The tiger is a ferocious animal. (Assertive Sentence)

Is the tiger a ferocious animal? (Interrogative Sentence)

Look at this ferocious tiger. (Imperative Sentence)

What a ferocious animal the tiger is! (Exclamatory Sentence)

2. (i) ............................................. (Assertive Sentence)

(ii) ............................................. (Interrogative Sentence)

(iii) ............................................. (Imperative Sentence)

(iv) ............................................. (Exclamatory Sentence)









Tiger

Pretty girl

Student

Friends

9

ANSWERS

Assessment1. (i)-(b), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(c)

2. (i) clause (ii) statement(iii) independent (iv) feelings

3. (i) T (ii) F(iii) T (iv) F

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) Assertive (ii) Interrogative

(iii) Exclamatory (iv) Interrogative(v) Assertive (vi) Imperative(vii) Exclamatory (viii) Imperative(ix) Assertive (x) Imperative

2. (i) Compound (ii) Simple(iii) Complex (iv) Complex(v) Simple (vi) Compound(vii) Simple (viii) Complex(ix) Compound (x) Simple

Vocabulary:1. (i) Difference (ii) Fact

(iii) Intelligence (iv) Suddenness(v) Strength (vi) Beauty(vii) Simplicity (viii) Finity(ix) Dirt (x) Independence

2. (i) Unmake (ii) Dysfunction(iii) Fiction (iv) Indirect(v) Seldom (vi) Shut(vii) Gradual (viii) Clean(ix) Difficult , Complex (x) Central, Major, Chief

Test Paper1. (c) , 2. (a) , 3. (b), 4. (c), 5. (d) , 6. (c), 7. (a) , 8. (d), 9. (b), 10. (c)

Project WorkDo it yourself.

1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : Subject and Predicate

Chapter Chapter-based AssessmentNo.

2. Tick () the correct option. Separate subject and predicate in the sentences. Add suitable subjects to the predicates. Supply suitable predicates to the subjects. Match the subjects in column A with suitable predicates in column B.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the two parts of a sentence—subject and predicate, and how to find the subject of asentence.

2. Materials Needed:Blackboard, chalk, duster, student notebooks, computer with the Internet


Begin by writing a sentence on the board. Ask students if they know what kind of sentence this is, andalso ask them to divide it into two parts—subject and predicate.

Ask students what the two parts of a sentence are, and how they are identified.




Two main parts of a sentence - subject and predicate

How to find the subject of a sentence


2

The position of the subject in a sentence

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about two parts of a sentence —subject and predicate using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assessthe student’s understanding by looking at their definitions of the sentences with examples.


For homework, students can collect assertive and interrogative sentences, and divide them intosubject and predicate.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :

1. Match the following columns: 4

Subject Predicate(i) The children (a) arrested the burglar(ii) The colourful butterfly (b) pulled out a tooth(iii) The dentist (c) are playing outside(iv) The police officer (d) flew through the meadow


(i) The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about is called the....................................ofthe sentence.

(ii) The part which tells something about the subject is called the..............................of the sentence.

(iii) In the sentence, ‘The dewdrops sparkled in the morning sunlight’, the predicate part is......................... .

(iv) In imperative sentences, the subject is ...................................... .


(i) Every sentence has two parts - subject and predicate.

(ii) The subject of a sentence is never put after the predicate.

(iii) We can easily find the subject of a sentence by asking the question - ‘who’? or ‘what’?

(iv) The sentence ‘Stand up’ implicates ‘you stand up’.

Ch.2-Subject and Predicate



4

WORKSHEETCh.2-Subject and Predicate

GRAMMAR

1. Separate the subject and predicate in the following sentences: Subject Predicate

(i) My friends and I like to swing at the park. ............................... ...............................

(ii) The students studied hard for the test. ............................... ...............................

(iii) The Amazon River flows through Brazil. ............................... ...............................

(iv) The brown cow grazed in the meadow. ............................... ...............................

(v) The brown spider spun a beautiful web. ............................... ...............................

(vi) The red fox jumps over the low fence. ............................... ...............................

(vii) His legs and arms were covered with mud. ............................... ...............................

(viii) The boys in the class are quiet. ............................... ...............................

(ix) Charles Dickens’s novels are still popular today. ............................... ...............................

(x) The ozone hole over Antarctica is getting larger ............................... ...............................every year.

2. Match the subjects in column ‘A’ with the suitable predicates in column ‘B’:Column A Column B

(i) Rose water (a) was famously described by William Harvey in 1628.(ii) The whistling wind (b) is the source of most rainfall.(iii) Penguins (c) possesses highly developed sense organs.(iv) Knowledge about dinosaurs (d) include the highest mountains in the world.(v) The blood circulation (e) donated millions to charity.(vi) Most fish (f) has traditionally been used for fuel.(vii) Wood (g) blew away his hat.(viii) Oceanic evaporation (h) has a very distinctive flavour.(ix) The Himalayas (i) are a well-known example of flightless birds.(x) Philanthropists (j) is derived from a variety of fossil and non-fossil

records.


5

VOCABULARY

1. Use any two suitable adjectives with each of the following nouns:

(i) ..................................... ..................................... thing

(ii) ..................................... ..................................... river

(iii) ..................................... ..................................... bird

(iv) ..................................... ..................................... sun

(v) ..................................... ..................................... child

(vi) ..................................... ..................................... man

(vii) ..................................... ..................................... bridge

(viii) ..................................... ..................................... game

(ix) ..................................... ..................................... hill

(x) ..................................... ..................................... hermit

2. Write the part of speech to which the following words belong:

(i) river ________________________________

(ii) flows ________________________________

(iii) and ________________________________

(iv) usually ________________________________

(v) or ________________________________

(vi) shines ________________________________

(vii) something ________________________________

(viii) occasionally ________________________________

(ix) about ________________________________

(x) brightly ________________________________

6




1. The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about is called:

(a) subject (b) object

(c) predicate (d) complement

2. The part which tells something about the subject is called:

(a) subject (b) predicate

(c) complement (d) clause

3. In imperative sentences, the subject is:

(a) used first (b) used at last in a sentence

(c) left out (d) none of these

4. We can easily find the subject of a sentence by taking the verb and asking the question—

(a) who? or how? (b) who? or what?

(c) who? or when? (d) none of these

5. In the sentence , ‘A barking sound the shepherd hears’, the subject is:

(a) a barking (b) sound

(c) the shepherd (d) hears

7

6. In the sentence, ‘Sweet are the uses of adversity’, the subject is:

(a) sweet (b) the uses

(c) adversity (d) the uses of adversity

7. Which of the following is an imperative sentence?

(a) They go there. (b) Do not go there.

(c) Do they go there? (d) none of there

8. In the sentence, ‘Shut the front door’, the implied subject may be:

(a) I (b) you

(c) he (d) they

9. In the sentence,‘Thank you’, the implied subject may be:

(a) I (b) he

(c) you (d) they

10. Supply suitable predicate to the proverb —‘Too many cooks ................................ :

(a) spoil the food (b) spoil the meal

(c) spoil the dish (d) spoil the broth

8

PROJECT WORKTHE GRAMMARIAN ...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins

A list of some famous proverbs is given below. Underline the predicate in blue colour in each of theseproverbial statements. Add some more proverbs to the list, and underline them in the same way.One has been done for you.

(i) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

(ii) A rolling stone gathers no moss.

(iii) All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

(iv) Absence makes the heart grow fonder.

(v) Actions speak louder than words.

(vi) A drowning man will clutch at a straw.

(vii) Barking dogs seldom bite.

(viii) Beggars cannot be choosers.

(ix) Birds of a feather flock together.

(x) A smooth sea never made a skilled mariner.

(xi) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(xii) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(xiii) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(xiv) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(xv) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(xvi) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(xvii) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(xviii) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(xix) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(xx) ...........................................................................................................................................................


9

ANSWERSAssessment

1. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (b) (iv) (a)2. (i) subject (ii) predicate

(iii) sparkled in the morning sunlight (iv) left out3. (i) T (ii) F (iii) T (iv) T

WorksheetGrammar:1. Subject Predicate

(i) My friends and I like to swing at the park.(ii) The students studied hard for the test.(iii) The Amazon River flows through Brazil.(iv) The brown cow grazed in the meadow.(v) The brown spider spun a beautiful web.(vi) The red fox jumps over the low fence.(vii) His legs and arms were covered with mud.(viii) The boys in the class are quiet.(ix) Charles Dickens’s novels are still popular today.(x) The ozone hole over Antarctica is getting larger every year.

2. (i)-(h), (ii)-(g), (iii)-(i), (iv)-(j), (v)-(a),(vi)-(c), (vii)-(f), (viii)-(b), (ix)-(d), (x)-(e)

Vocabulary:1. (i) basic , essential thing (ii) long , mighty river

(iii) migratory , predatory bird (iv) rising , blazing sun(v) naughty , small child (vi) handsome , tall man(vii) high , narrow bridge (viii) good , final game(ix) rocky , steep hill (x) holy , wise hermit

2. (i) river ............ noun (ii) flows ............ verb(iii) and ............ conjunction (iv) usually ............ adverb(v) or ............ conjunction (vi) shines ............ verb(vii) something ............ pronoun (viii) occasionally ............ adverb(ix) about ............ preposition (x) brightly ............ adverb

Test Paper1. (a) , 2. (b) , 3. (c), 4. (b), 5. (c) , 6. (d), 7. (b) , 8. (b), 9. (a), 10. (d)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : Phrases


3. Tick () the correct option. Identify the kinds of phrases. Fill in the blanks with appropriate ‘Adjective Phrases’. Rewrite sentences using ‘Adverb Phrases’.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definition of the phrase, and the classification of phrases—noun phrases, adjectivephrases and adverb phrases.



••••• Begin by writing a few phrases on the board. Ask students if they know what kinds of phrases these are.Ask for volunteers to come to the board and classify different kinds of phrases. Have a discussion withstudents about the essential features of phrases. Explain meaning of new and difficult words.

••••• Ask students different kinds of phrases. Can they remember them all?

••••• The teacher can also use the flow chart to explain the classification of phrases.

••••• The teacher will show the complete lesson to the students by using ‘Friends Smart Class Software’.



The definition of the phrase


2

Kinds of phrases

A phrase has neither a subject nor a predicate.

A phrase does not contain a finite verb, but it may have a non-finite verb - participle, infinitive andgerund.

Phrases can be changed into sentences by adding a finite verb and other words to them.

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘phrases’ using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assess thestudent’s understanding by looking at their definitions of different kinds of phrases with examples.


For homework, students can also learn some other kinds of phrases such as:

Verb phrases: They had been living in Lucknow.They will be playing football in the playground.

Prepositional phrases: The cat was hiding under the table.I longed to live near the river.

Students can also collect example sentences for each type of phrases.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :

1. Match the following columns: 4(i) Noun phrase (a) The economy recovered very slowly.(ii) Adjective phrase (b) They will be going to college next year.(iii) Adverb phrase (c) A vase of roses stood on the table.(iv) Verb phrase (d) The man on the boat is my uncle.


(i) Phrases make sense, but not complete ............................... .

(ii) A phrase does not contain a .............................. verb.

(iii) A phrase has neither a subject nor a ............................. .

(iv) In the sentence, ‘She has a ring of gold’, the phrase part is ........................... .


(i) We can change phrases into sentences by adding other words to them.

(ii) A phrase may have a non-finite verb.

(iii) We can replace an adjective by an adjective phrase of the same meaning in a sentence.

(iv) In the sentence, ‘Animals eating only grass and plants are called herbivores’, the underlined partis a noun phrase.

Ch.3-Phrases

Teacher’s Signature: .......................................... Parent’s Signature: ........................................


4

WORKSHEETCh.3-Phrases

GRAMMAR

1. Underline the phrases and say whether they are Adjective Phrases, Adverb Phrases or Noun Phrases:

(i) The boy wearing a red shirt won the race. ________________________

(ii) He is a man without a friend. ________________________

(iii) They almost never invite people to their house. ________________________

(iv) They arrived two hours late. ________________________

(v) They wanted to leave the country as soon as possible. ________________________

(vi) We enjoy playing football. ________________________

(vii) He is an author of great fame. ________________________

(viii) She hopes to win the first prize. ________________________

(ix) They are coming at this very moment. ________________________

(x) They lived in a house built of stone. ________________________

2. Replace each of the adverbs by an Adverb Phrase of the same meaning:(i) He behaved rudely. ______________________________________

(ii) They do their work carelessly. ______________________________________

(iii) She sang beautifully. ______________________________________

(iv) They learned a few things recently. ______________________________________

(v) The players ran quickly. ______________________________________

(vi) He built his house there. ______________________________________

(vii) They are coming now. ______________________________________

(viii) Computers were expensive then. ______________________________________

(ix) He answered the question satisfactorily. ______________________________________

(x) This product is available everywhere. ______________________________________

THE GRAMMARIAN ...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins.....

5

VOCABULARY

1. Change the following Adjectives into Abstract Nouns:

(i) rigid ________________________________

(ii) cautious ________________________________

(iii) rare ________________________________

(iv) inflexible ________________________________

(v) enthusiastic ________________________________

(vi) distant ________________________________

(vii) high ________________________________

(viii) wide ________________________________

(ix) white ________________________________

(x) wise ________________________________


(i) ____________ ____________ manner

(ii) ____________ ____________ care

(iii) ____________ ____________ patience

(iv) ____________ ____________ nature

(v) ____________ ____________ mineral

(vi) ____________ ____________ profession

(vii) ____________ ____________ moment

(viii) ____________ ____________ distance

(ix) ____________ ____________ sincerity

(x) ____________ ____________ family

6


Ch.3-Phrases



1. A group of words which makes sense, but not complete sense is called a:

(a) phrase (b) clause

(c) sentence (d) complement

2. Which of the following is a kind of phrases:

(a) noun phrases (b) adjective phrases

(c) adverb phrases (d) all of these

3. A phrase does not contain a/an:

(a) adjective (b) noun

(c) preposition (d) finite verb

4. A phrase may have a/an:

(a) participle (b) infinitive

(c) gerund (d) all of these

5. In the sentence, ‘The arrow fell on this spot’, the underlined part is a:

(a) noun phrase (b) adjective phrase

(c) adverb phrase (d) verb phrase

7

6. In the sentence, ‘I spoke to the driver of the car’, the underlined part is a/an:


(c) adverb phrase (d) preposition phrase

7. In the sentence, ‘He was a man of great wealth’, the underlined part is a/an:


(c) adverb phrase (d) preposition phrase

8. Which of the underlined part in the following sentences is not an adjective phrase:

(a) The books in the library are well (b) I like to see a face with a smile on it.organised.

(c) Indian soldiers fought in a brave manner. (d) A painting of great beauty hung inthe palace.

8


PREPOSITIONAL PHRASESA list of some commonly used prepositional phrases is given below. Add more such prepositionalphrases to the list:

(i) from A to B : between two places

(ii) from A to Z : from the very beginning to the very end

(iii) from bad to worse : into an even worse state

(iv) from cradle to grave : for all of a person’s life

(v) from father to son : from one generation or period in history to the next

(vi) from head to foot/toe : completely covering your body

(vii) from one moment to the next : quickly and suddenly

(viii) from pillar to post : from one place to another

(ix) from rags to riches : from a state of extreme poverty to exceptional wealth

(x) from sea to shining sea : from coast to coast

(xi) from top to bottom : completely; thoroughly

(xii) from top to toe : all over

(xiii) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

(xiv) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

(xv) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

(xvi) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

(xvii) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

(xviii) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

(xix) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

(xx) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

Ch.3-Phrases

9

ANSWERS

Assessment1. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (b)2. (i) sense (ii) finite (iii) predicate (iv) of gold

3. (i) T (ii) T (iii) T (iv) F

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) The boy wearing a red shirt won the race.; Adjective Phrase

(ii) He is a man without a friend.; Adjective Phrase(iii) They almost never invite people to their house.; Adverb Phrase(iv) They arrived two hours late.; Adverb Phrase(v) They wanted to leave the country as soon as possible.; Adverb Phrase(vi) We enjoy playing football.; Noun Phrase(vii) He is an author of great fame.; Adjective Phrase(viii) She hopes to win the first prize.; Noun Phrase(ix) They are coming at this very moment.; Adverb Phrase(x) They lived in a house built of stone.; Adjective Phrase

2. (i) He behaved in a rude manner. (ii) They do their work without any care.(iii) She sang in a beautiful style. (iv) They learned a few things at a recent time.(v) The players ran with great speed. (vi) He built his house at that place.(vii) They are coming at this very moment. (viii) Computers were expensive in those days.(ix) He answered the question to my satisfaction. (x) This product is available in all places.

Vocabulary:1. (i) rigidity (ii) caution (iii) rarity (iv) inflexibility

(v) enthusiasm (vi) distance (vii) height (viii) width(ix) whiteness (x) wisdom

2. (i) correct, efficient manner (ii) tender, constant care(iii) great, endless patience (iv) basic, exact nature(v) industrial, vital mineral (vi) chosen, medical profession(vii) fleeting, critical moment (viii) considerable, vast distance(ix) deep, genuine sincerity (x) close-knit, well-to-do family

Test Paper1. (a) , 2. (d) , 3. (d), 4. (d), 5. (c) , 6. (a), 7. (b) , 8. (c)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : Clauses


4. Tick () the correct option. Identify the kinds of clauses. Fill in the blanks with suitable clauses. Complete the sentences using adverb clauses.Learner’s Drill: Write the conditional sentences as per the directions given.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definition of the clause, and the classification of clauses—adjective clauses, nounclauses and adverb clauses.



Begin by writing a few clauses on the board. Ask students if they know what kinds of clauses these are.Ask for volunteers to come to the board and write the kinds of clauses. Have a discussion with studentsabout the essential features of clauses. Explain meaning of new and difficult words.

Ask students name of different kinds of clauses. Can they remember them all?

The teacher can also use the flow chart to explain the classification of clauses.



2



The definition of the clause

Kinds of clauses

A clause may form part of a sentence or it may be complete sentence in itself.

Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.

All indirect speech beginning with ‘that’ is a noun clause.

Three basic types of conditional sentences.

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘clauses’ using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assess

the student’s understanding by looking at their definitions of different kinds of clauses with examples.


For homework, students can collect example sentences for each type of clauses.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :

1. Match the following columns: 4(i) Adjective clause (a) They rested when evening came.(ii) Noun clause (b) If I make a promise I keep it.(iii) Adverb clause (c) The house that I live in belongs to my father.(iv) Adverb clause of condition (d) I fear that I shall fail.


(i) A ..............................is a group of words having a subject and a finite form of a verb.

(ii) Adjective clauses are also called................................... clauses.

(iii) All indirect speech beginning with ‘that’ is a.................................clause.

(iv) In the sentence, ‘He was scared lest he should fail his exams’, the subordinating conjunctionof purpose is .................................. .


(i) A clause may form part of a sentence or it may be a complete sentence in itself.

(ii) Adjective clauses usually begin with - that, which, who, whom, whose, with, etc.

(iii) Subordinating conjunctions of condition are ‘though’, ‘although’ and ‘even if’.

(iv) Conditional sentences consist of a main clause and a conditional clause.

Ch.4-Clauses



4

WORKSHEETCh.4-Clauses

GRAMMAR

1. Underline the clauses and write their kinds (Adjective Clause / Noun Clause / Adverb Clause) in thefollowing sentences:

(i) If you eat too much, you will be ill. ....................................................

(ii) It is a long street that has no turning. ....................................................

(iii) Why they left is a mystery. ....................................................

(iv) I do not understand how it all happened. ....................................................

(v) I remember the house where I was born. ....................................................

(vi) You can put the package wherever you like. ....................................................

(vii) We eat so that we may live. ....................................................

(viii) She tells a tale that sounds untrue. ....................................................

(ix) I do not know what they want. ....................................................

(x) The girl who sits near me is my cousin. ....................................................

2. Complete the following sentences by using Adverb Clauses as indicated:

(i) Do not talk while . (Adverb clause of time)

(ii) They came after . (Adverb clause of time)

(iii) I shall remain where . (Adverb clause of place)

(iv) He wants to earn a lot of money so that . (Adverb clause of purpose)

(v) I shall help them because . (Adverb clause of reason)

(vi) We shall stay at home if . (Adverb clause of condition)

(vii) You will fail unless . (Adverb clause of condition)

(viii) I shall come even if . (Adverb clause of supposition)

(ix) He is older than . (Adverb clause of comparison)

(x) She is such a good woman that . (Adverb clause of result)


5

VOCABULARY


(i) .............................. .............................. clause

(ii) .............................. .............................. movie

(iii) .............................. .............................. home

(iv) .............................. .............................. race

(v) .............................. .............................. action

(vi) .............................. .............................. car

(vii) .............................. .............................. speaker

(viii) .............................. .............................. situation

(ix) .............................. .............................. future

(x) .............................. .............................. accident

2. Write the part of speech to which the following words belong:

(i) clause _______________________________________

(ii) likes _______________________________________

(iii) usually _______________________________________

(iv) basic _______________________________________

(v) if _______________________________________

(vi) not _______________________________________

(vii) in _______________________________________

(viii) they _______________________________________

(ix) lest _______________________________________

(x) new _______________________________________

6


Ch.4-Ch.4-Clauses



1. A clause is a group of words having a subject and a finite form of a:

(a) noun (b) pronoun

(c) verb (d) adverb

2. Adjective clauses are also called:

(a) main clauses (b) subordinate clauses

(c) conditional clauses (d) relative clauses

3. Adjective clauses usually begin with:

(a) that (b) which

(c) who (d) all of these

4. All indirect speech beginning with ‘that’ is a:

(a) noun clause (b) adjective clause

(c) adverb clause (d) none of these

5. An adverb clause of condition is introduced by the subordinating conjunction:

(a) if (b) whether

(c) unless (d) all of these

7

6. Which of the following is not a subordinating conjunction of time:

(a) when (b) while

(c) where (d) before

7. An adverb clause of supposition is introduced by the subordinating conjunction:

(a) if (b) even if

(c) as (d) lest

8. Which of the following sentences does not have an adjective clause:

(a) The umbrella which has a broken handle is yours.

(b) Mary had a little lamb whose fleece was white as snow.

(c) I thanked the man who gave me the direction.

(d) You will pass if you work hard.

8


CONDITIONAL CLAUSEA conditional clause is one that usually begins with subordinating conjunction ‘if’, and describes something thatis possible or probable.

Types of Conditional Sentences:

1. The First ConditionalThe first conditional is used to talk about real and possible situations. The structure is:

if + present simple ... will + infinitive

2. The Second ConditionalThe second conditional is used to talk about unreal or impossible things. The structure is:

if + past simple ... would + infinitive

3. The Third ConditionalThe third conditional is used to refer to the past and a situation that did not happen. The structure is:

if + past perfect ... would + have + -ed form

Now write four sentences using each of the conditional clauses:

1. (i) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(ii) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(iii) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(iv) ...........................................................................................................................................................

2. (i) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(ii) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(iii) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(iv) ...........................................................................................................................................................

3. (i) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(ii) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(iii) ...........................................................................................................................................................

(iv) ...........................................................................................................................................................

Ch.4-Clauses

9

ANSWERS

Assessment1. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (b)2. (i) clause (ii) relative (iii) noun (iv) lest3. (i) T (ii) T (iii) F (iv) T

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) If you eat too much, you will be ill. Adverb Clause

(ii) It is a long street that has no turning. Adjective Clause(iii) Why they left is a mystery. Noun Clause(iv) I do not understand how it all happened. Noun Clause(v) I remember the house where I was born. Adjective Clause(vi) You can put the package wherever you like. Adverb Clause(vii) We eat so that we may live. Adverb Clause(viii) She tells a tale that sounds untrue. Adjective Clause(ix) I do not know what they want. Noun Clause(x) The girl who sits near me is my cousin. Adjective Clause

2. (i) while she is studying (ii) after night had fallen(iii) where I am (iv) so that he can buy many things of necessity(v) because I like them (vi) if it rains(vii) unless you work harder (viii) even if it rains(ix) than he looks (x) that all respect her

Vocabulary:1. (i) main subordinate clause (ii) hit blockbuster movie

(iii) parental native home (iv) hard tough race(v) firm disciplinary action (vi) private electric car(vii) brilliant public speaker (viii) current difficult situation(ix) near foreseeable future (x) serious tragic accident

2. (i) noun (ii) verb (iii) adverb (iv) adjective(v) conjunction (vi) adverb (vii) preposition (viii) pronoun(ix) conjunction (x) adjective

Test Paper1. (c), 2. (d), 3. (d), 4. (a), 5. (d), 6. (c), 7. (b), 8. (d)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................

Book : The Grammarian ...The Journey Begins, Part-7

Chapter : The Noun : Number


5. Tick () the correct option. Form the plurals of the nouns. Fill in the blanks with the correct plural forms of the words. Choose the correct alternatives from the given choices. Find out the error part and underline it.Learner’s Drill: Write plural nouns as per the given instructions. Form the plural forms of the words, and find them in the word-search grid.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:

The students will know the definitions of the singular number and the plural number. They will also knowdifferent ways of forming plural forms of the nouns.

2. Materials Needed:

Blackboard, chalk, duster, student notebooks, computer with the Internet


Begin by writing few words on the board, and ask students their plural forms. Ask for volunteers to cometo the board and write different ways of forming the plural forms of the nouns.




The definitions of the singular and plural nouns

Lesson PlanTHE GRAMMARIAN ...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins...The Journey Begins

2

Different ways of forming the plural forms of nouns

Irregular plurals in English : Irregular nouns are those nouns which become plural by changing theirspelling in other ways than adding an ‘-s’ or ‘-es’ to the end of the word.

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about different ways of forming the plural forms of the nouns usingaudio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assessthe student’s understanding by looking at their definitions of the singular and plural nouns with examples.


For homework, students can make a list of different ways of forming the plural forms of the nouns, and collectexample words for each of them.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :


(i) A noun that denotes more than one person or thing is said to be in the......................number.

(ii) A few nouns form their plural by changing the..............................vowel of the singular noun.

(iii) Many nouns taken from foreign languages keep their ............................. plural forms.

(iv) Some nouns have.......................forms for the plural, each with a somewhat different meaning.


(i) We can add -es at the end of abbreviations to form their plurals.

(ii) Certain collective nouns like cattle and people are always used as plurals.

(iii) Some nouns have similar singular and plural forms.

(iv) Some nouns have different meanings in the singular and the plural.

3. Form the plurals of the following nouns: 4(i) chief ________________________(ii) manservant ________________________(iii) species ________________________(iv) alumnus ________________________

Ch.5-The Noun : Number



4

WORKSHEETCh.5-The Noun : Number

GRAMMAR

1. Find out the error part, underline it, and also write it correctly:(i) He had played / his / greatest / inning.

(ii) Mountain gorillas / are / an endangered / specie.

(iii) Women queue / to have their children / immunized against / measle.

(iv) She was now less anxious / about her / offsprings / than she had once been.

(v) She used / scissor / to cut off / his shirt.

(vi) This area / has / some of the most awesome / sceneries.

(vii) The sports complex will have facilities / for indoor games including / billiard / and badminton.

(viii) Cows, steers, bulls / and oxen / are / cattles.

(ix) Several famous / alumnus / have agreed to help raise money / for the school’s restoration fund.

(x) A / passers-by / saw smoke and called / the fire department.

2. Choose the correct alternatives from the given choices:(i) Children are vaccinated against (mump / mumps).(ii) He was a very young man in a plain pair of ( trouser / trousers) and an old shirt.(iii) There were two (pianos / pianoes) in the showcase.(iv) Over the years they had been through a lot of (crisis / crises) together.(v) Wild red (deer / deers) have been hunted for sport here.(vi) He is chiefly famous for his symbolist (poetry / poetries).(vii) They no longer eat (poultry / poultries).(viii) This recipe makes two (dozen / dozens) biscuits.(ix) We have two (stereos / stereoes) in our house.(x) Many (people / peoples) never do any exercise.


5

VOCABULARY

1. Write the plural form for each of the following nouns:

(i) foot ________________________

(ii) calf ________________________

(iii) wife ________________________

(iv) louse ________________________

(v) proof ________________________

(vi) ox ________________________

(vii) father-in-law ________________________

(viii) series ________________________

(ix) phenomenon ________________________

(x) radius ________________________

2. Write the singular form for each of the following nouns:

(i) leaves ________________________

(ii) geese ________________________

(iii) data ________________________

(iv) media ________________________

(v) mice ________________________

(vi) MPs ________________________

(vii) thieves ________________________

(viii) sheep ________________________

(ix) shelves ________________________

(x) stories ________________________

6

TEST PAPERCh.5-The Noun : Number


1. A noun that denotes more than one person or thing is said to be in the:

(a) cardinal number (b) ordinal number

(c) plural number (d) prime number

2. Which of the following nouns is always used in singular form?

(a) information (b) furniture

(c) poetry (d) all of these

3. Which of the following is a compound noun?

(a) mumps (b) man-of-war

(c) media (d) spectacles

4. Which of the following nouns ending in -o merely adds -s to form a plural?

(a) mango (b) potato

(c) hero (d) stereo

5. Which of the following nouns ending in -y merely adds -s to form a plural?

(a) baby (b) lady

(c) toy (d) city


7

6. Which of the following nouns form its plural by changing the inside vowel of the singular?

(a) tooth (b) child

(c) sheep (d) dozen

7. Which of the following nouns ending in -f merely adds -s to form a plural?

(a) calf (b) chief

(c) thief (d) shelf

8. A noun which has similar singular and plural forms is:

(a) deer (b) sheep

(c) bison (d) all of these

9. Which of the following nouns are always used in the plural form?

(a) bellows (b) tongs

(c) scissors (d) all of these

10. Correct plural form of ‘criterion’ is:

(a) criterions (b) criteriones

(c) criteria (d) none of these

8


NOUNS TAKEN FROM GREEK LANGUAGE

Many nouns taken from foreign languages such as French, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Latin, etc. keep their originalplural form. A list of some nouns taken from Greek language is given below with their plural forms. Add somemore words to the list to build your vocabulary.

Singular Plural

(i) analysis analyses

(ii) axis axes

(iii) basis bases

(iv) crisis crises

(v) diagnosis diagnoses

(vi) hypothesis hypotheses

(vii) oasis oases

(viii) parenthesis parentheses

(ix) praxis praxes

(x) thesis theses

(xi) ............................................... ........................................................................

(xii) ............................................... ........................................................................

(xiii) ............................................... ........................................................................

(xiv) ............................................... ........................................................................

(xv) ............................................... ........................................................................

(xvi) ............................................... ........................................................................

(xvii) ............................................... ........................................................................

(xviii) ............................................... ........................................................................

(xix) ............................................... ........................................................................

(xx) ............................................... ........................................................................

Ch.5-The Noun : Number

9

ANSWERS

Assessment

1. (i) plural, (ii) inside, (iii) original, (iv) two

2. (i) F (ii) T(iii) T (iv) T

3. (i) chiefs (ii) menservants(iii) species (iv) alumni

Worksheet

Grammar:1. (i) innings (ii) species (iii) measles (iv) offspring (v) scissors

(vi) scenery (vii) billiards (viii) cattle (ix) alumni (x) passer-by

2. (i) mumps (ii) trousers (iii) pianos (iv) crises (v) deer(vi) poetry (vii) poultry (viii) dozen (ix) stereos (x) people

Vocabulary:1. (i) feet (ii) calves (iii) wives (iv) lice (v) proofs

(vi) oxen (vii) fathers-in-law (viii) series (ix) phenomena (x) radii

2. (i) leaf (ii) goose (iii) datum (iv) medium (v) mouse(vi) MP (vii) thief (viii) sheep (ix) shelf (x) story

Test Paper

1. (c), 2. (d), 3. (b), 4. (d), 5. (c),6. (a), 7. (b), 8. (d), 9. (d), 10. (c)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : The Noun : Case


6. Tick () the correct option. Find out the errors in sentences and rewrite them correctly. Fill in the correct word.


The students will know the definition of the ‘case’ and the kinds of cases—nominative case, objective case,and possessive case. They will learn about the formation and use of the possessive case of nouns.

2. Materials Needed:

Blackboard, chalk, duster, student notebooks, computer with the Internet


Begin by writing three sentences on the board, and ask students the case of each of the underlined words.Amit is my friend.I gave Amit a ball.This is Amit’s book.Now tell students that in the first sentence, the word Amit belongs to the subjective case; in the secondsentence the word Amit belongs to the objective case; and in the third sentence the word Amit’s belongsto the possessive case.

Ask for volunteers to come to the board, and explain three cases of nouns with examples.



2



The definition of the ‘case’

Three cases of nouns

Formation of the possessive case of nouns

Use of the possessive case of nouns

The possessive is also used with nouns denoting time, space or weight; as,a day’s march, a foot’s length, a pound’s weight, a stone’s throw

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about three cases of nouns with example sentences usingaudio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assessthe student’s understanding by looking at their definition of ‘case’ in English grammar and use of cases ofnouns in example sentences.


For homework, students can collect commonly-used phrases in the possessive case such as:

at one’s fingertips

a day’s march

a stone’s throw

for goodness’ sake, etc.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :


(i) When a noun is used as the subject of a verb in a sentence, it is said to be inthe.............................case.

(ii) When a noun is used as the object of a verb in a sentence, it is said to be in the......................case.

(iii) When a noun denotes the possession or ownership of anything in a sentence, it is said to be inthe......................case.

(iv) When the noun is..........................., but does not end in -s, the possessive case is formed by adding’s to the noun.


(i) The relation in which a noun stands to some other word in a sentence is called the ‘case’.

(ii) When a plural noun ends in -s, possessive case is formed by adding ’s.

(iii) Possessive noun is now chiefly used with the names of living things.

(iv) In compound nouns, apostrophe is added to the first term.

3. Write the case of the underlined words in the following sentences: 4(i) I stayed at my uncle’s house. ________________________(ii) The window was broken. ________________________(iii) He threw a stone. ________________________(iv) These are children’s books. ________________________

Ch.6-The Noun : Case



4

WORKSHEETCh.6-The Noun : Case

GRAMMAR

1. Find out the error in each of the following sentences, and rewrite them correctly:

(i) She was educated at St. Joseph. ...................................................

(ii) This is my brother’s-in-law house. ...................................................

(iii) Our chair’s leg is broken. ...................................................

(iv) House’s roof collapsed yesterday. ...................................................

(v) Every worker will be entitled to two week’s paid holiday a year. ...................................................

(vi) The man ate food at the buffet to his hearts’ content. ...................................................

(vii) The Prime Minister’s of India speech was broadcast on national ...................................................radio.

(viii) He was at deaths’ door after that catastrophic accident. ...................................................

(ix) The apartment building is just a stones’ throw from the river. ...................................................

(x) Ravi drove his friend car. ...................................................

2. Fill in the correct word from the brackets:(i) .....................clothes are very expensive. (Children’s, Childrens’)(ii) This is my ...........................house. (friend’s, friends’)(iii) Can you tell me the way to St. ................................ ? (Xavier, Xavier’s)(iv) These are...................................shoes. (men’s, mens’)(v) ............................car is new. (Joe and Mary’s, Joe’s and Mary)(vi) I like to read ...................................... novels. (Raja Rao and R.K. Narayan’s,

Raja Rao’s and R.K. Narayan’s)(vii) This is my uncle, the............................house. (doctor’s, doctors’)(viii) The .....................................cover is torn. (book, book’s)(ix) I have a............................holiday a year. (week, week’s)(x) I am almost at my ............................end trying to cope with these demands. (wits, wits’)


5




1. The relation in which a noun stands to some other word in a sentence is called the:

(a) number (b) gender

(c) case (d) person

2. Nominative case is also called:

(a) subjective case (b) accusative case

(c) genitive case (d) none of these

3. Possessive case is now chiefly used with the names of:

(a) living things (b) non-living things

(c) both living and non-living things (d) none of these

4. In compound nouns, apostrophe 's is added to the:

(a) first term (b) middle term

(c) last term (d) none of these

5. When a plural noun does not end in -s, possessive case is formed by adding:

(a) (’s) (b) (’es)

(c) ( ' ) (d) none of these

6

6. The possessive is also used with nouns denoting:

(a) time (b) space

(c) weight (d) all of these

7. Which of the following phrases is in common use?

(a) at one’s fingertips (b) to one’s heart’s content

(c) be at one’s wits’ end (d) all of these

8. Possessive case is also called:

(a) nominative case (b) genitive case

(c) vocative case (d) accusative case

7


PHRASES WITH APOSTROPHE

Some idiomatic phrases are always used with apostrophe. A list of such phrases with their meaningsis given below. Add some more such phrases to the list with the help of a good dictionary or theInternet:

(i) angel’s trumpet : a South American plant

(ii) baker’s dozen : a group or set of thirteen

(iii) busman’s holiday : a holiday spent in following the practice of one’s usual occupation

(iv) cat’s cradle : an intricate pattern

(v) dog’s life : a very unhappy and unpleasant life

(vi) hair’s breadth : a very small amount or distance

(vii) hobson’s choice : a choice of taking what is offered or nothing at all; lack of an alternative

(viii) lion’s share : the biggest or greatest part

(ix) mare’s nest : a complex or confused situation; a muddle

(x) pandora’s box : something that creates a lot of new unexpected problems

(xi) rogue’s gallery : a collection of photographs of criminals kept by the police

(xii) stone’s throw : a short distance

(xiii) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

(xiv) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

(xv) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

(xvi) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

(xvii) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

(xviii) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

(xix) ......................................... ...........................................................................................

(xx) ......................................... ...........................................................................................


8

ANSWERS

Assessment

1. (i) nominative (ii) objective (iii) possessive (iv) plural

2. (i) T (ii) F (iii) T (iv) F

3. (i) possessive case (ii) nominative case (iii) objective case (iv) possessive case

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) She was educated at St. Joseph’s.

(ii) This is my brother-in-law’s house.(iii) The leg of our chair is broken.(iv) The roof of the house collapsed yesterday.(v) Every worker will be entitled to two weeks’ paid holiday a year.(vi) The man ate food at the buffet to his heart’s content.(vii) The Prime Minister of India’s speech was broadcast on national radio.(viii) He was at death’s door after that catastrophic accident.(ix) The apartment building is just a stone’s throw from the river.(x) Ravi drove his friend’s car.

2. (i) Children’s (ii) friend’s

(iii) Xavier’s (iv) men’s

(v) Joe and Mary’s (vi) Raja Rao’s and R.K. Narayan’s

(vii) doctor’s (viii) book’s

(ix) week’s (x) wits’

Test Paper

1. (c), 2. (a), 3. (a), 4. (c),

5. (a) , 6. (d), 7. (d), 8. (b)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : The Adjective


7. Tick () the correct option. Pick out the adjectives and state their kinds. Fill in the blanks with the proper form (comparative or superlative) of the adjective. Rewrite the sentences using appropriate adjectives.Learner’s Drill : Write any two adjectives to describe each of the given nouns. Match the title to the current Guinness World Records.


The students will know the definition of the ‘adjective’. They will also learn about different kinds of adjectives,and comparison of adjectives.



Begin by writing a few adjectives of different kinds on the board. Ask students if they know what kindsof adjectives these are. Ask volunteers to come to the board and classify different kinds of adjectives.Have a discussion with students about the correct use of some adjectives. Explain meaning of new anddifficult words.

Ask students different kinds of adjectives. Can they remember them all?

The teacher can also use the flow chart to explain the classification of adjectives.



2



The definition of the ‘adjective’

Use of adjectives in two different ways—attributively and predicatively

Kinds of adjectives with examples

Correct uses of some adjectives, as

(i) Some, any, (ii) each, every,

(iii) little, a little, the little, (iv) few, a few, the few

Three degrees of comparison of adjectives : positive degree, comparative degree, and superlative degree

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about different kinds of adjectives usingaudio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assessthe student’s understanding by looking at their definition of adjective, and classification of different kinds ofadjectives with example sentences. He / She will also see how correctly students use some adjectives, and usethree degrees of comparison.


For homework, students can learn different ways of the formation of adjectives such as:

(i) Formation of adjectives from nouns:

Nouns Adjectiveshope hopefulstorm stormy

(ii) Formation of adjectives from verbs:

Verbs Adjectivestalk talkativemove moveable

(iii) Formation of some adjectives from other adjectives:

Adjectives Adjectivestragic tragicalwhole wholesome

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :


(i) Adjective of Quality (a) that

(ii) Adjective of Quantity (b) each

(iii) Demonstrative Adjective (c) honest

(iv) Distributive Adjective (d) some


(i) An adjective is a word used to ....................................something to the meaning of a noun.

(ii) The word ‘some’ is used normally in..................................sentences.

(iii) The word ‘every’ is used only in speaking of more than......................................... .

(iv) Adjectives change in form to show..................................... .


(i) When adjectives are used before the noun they describe, they are called predicative.

(ii) Distributive adjectives show that the persons or things from a group are taken one at a time.

(iii) ‘A few’ has a positive meaning and is opposed to ‘none’.

(iv) The positive degree of an adjective is the simplest form of the adjective.

Ch.7-The Adjective



4

WORKSHEETCh.7-The Adjective

GRAMMAR

1. Pick out the adjectives and state their kinds:

(i) There were many students in class. ...................................................

(ii) Kolkata is a big city. ...................................................

(iii) He has little intelligence. ...................................................

(iv) Every student in the class was encouraged to take part ...................................................in the competition.

(v) These pens are for sale. ...................................................

(vi) Which book on gardening do you recommend? ...................................................

(vii) She is washing her hair. ...................................................

(viii) She did not eat any rice. ...................................................

(ix) This is an extremely expensive car. ...................................................

(x) Monday is the first day of the week. ...................................................

2. Fill in the blanks with proper form of the adjective (comparative or superlative degree):(i) This man is.............................than that. (tall)(ii) Which of these two books is the...........................................? (good)(iii) Iron is............................than any other metal. (useful)(iv) The novel was...................................than the film. (interesting)(v) This puzzle is the...............................in the whole book. (easy)(vi) This question is .......................................than the last one. (tough)(vii) Who is the...........................person in your country? (powerful)(viii) I have not heard the............................news. (late)(ix) That was the....................................meal I have ever eaten. (bad)(x) John is the....................................person that I know. (nice)


5

VOCABULARY


(i) ..................................... ..................................... hair

(ii) ..................................... ..................................... city

(iii) ..................................... ..................................... milk

(iv) ..................................... ..................................... cloth

(v) ..................................... ..................................... day

(vi) ..................................... ..................................... house

(vii) ..................................... ..................................... dog

(viii) ..................................... ..................................... help

(ix) ..................................... ..................................... knowledge

(x) ..................................... ..................................... road

2. Change the following nouns into adjectives:

(i) boy ................................................................

(ii) health ................................................................

(iii) book ................................................................

(iv) nation ................................................................

(v) week ................................................................

(vi) knowledge ................................................................

(vii) information ................................................................

(viii) friend ................................................................

(ix) rose ................................................................

(x) person ................................................................

6


Ch.7-The Adjective


1. An adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a:

(a) noun (b) verb

(c) adverb (d) conjunction

2. When adjectives are used before the noun they describe, they are called:

(a) predicative (b) attributive

(c) indicative (d) imperative

3. Which of the following is an adjective of quality?

(a) little (b) many

(c) honest (d) that

4. Which of the following is a distributive adjective?

(a) each (b) every

(c) either (d) all of these

5. Which of the following cannot be used as an interrogative adjective?

(a) what (b) which

(c) whose (d) why

7

6. Which of the following has the same form when used as possessive adjective and possessive pronoun?

(a) my (b) our

(c) his (d) your

7. When more than two things are compared, we use the:

(a) positive degree (b) comparative degree

(c) superlative degree (d) none of these

8. ‘Each’ is used in speaking of:

(a) one thing (b) two things

(c) two or more things (d) none of these

9. Which of the following cannot be used as an ‘adjective’:

(a) kindly (b) likely

(c) manly (d) clearly

10. Which of the following is not the positive degree of an adjective?

(a) well (b) most

(c) bad (d) little

8


POSTPOSITIVE ADJECTIVESA postpositive adjective is placed after the noun which it modifies. In English, it is less usual, largelyconfined to set phrases or poetic uses. A list of some commonly used postpositive adjectives is givenbelow. Add more such adjectives to the list with the help of a good dictionary and the Internet.

(i) Amnesty International (ii) attorney general

(iii) body politic (iv) God Almighty

(v) heir apparent (vi) heir presumptive

(vii) knight errant (viii) language isolate

(ix) letters patent (x) lord paramount

(xi) Mission Impossible (xii) notary public

(xiii) time immemorial (xiv) battle royal

(xv) ........................................ (xvi) ........................................

(xvii) ........................................ (xviii) ........................................

(xix) ........................................ (xx) ........................................

(xxi) ........................................ (xxii) ........................................

(xxiii) ........................................ (xxiv) ........................................

(xxv) ........................................ (xxvi) ........................................

(xxvii) ........................................ (xxviii) ........................................

(xxix) ........................................ (xxx) ........................................

Ch.7-The Adjective

9

ANSWERS

Assessment

1. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (b)2. (i) add (ii) affirmative (iii) two (iv) comparison3. (i) F (ii) T (iii) T (iv) T

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) many — Adjective of Number

(ii) big — Adjective of Quality(iii) little — Adjective of Quantity(iv) every — Distributive Adjective(v) these — Demonstrative Adjective(vi) which — Interrogative Adjective(vii) her — Possessive Adjective(viii) any — Adjective of Quantity(ix) expensive — Adjective of Quality(x) first — Adjective of Number

2. (i) taller (ii) better (iii) more useful (iv) more interesting(v) easiest (vi) tougher (vii) most powerful (viii) latest(ix) worst (x) nicest

Vocabulary:1. (i) blond, curly (ii) historic, industrial

(iii) pasteurized, skimmed (iv) coarse, woollen(v) auspicious, memorable (vi) spacious, ancestral(vii) pet, stray (viii) generous, financial(ix) general, practical (x) broad, muddy

2. (i) boyish (ii) healthy (iii) bookish (iv) national(v) weekly (vi) knowledgeable (vii) informative (viii) friendly(ix) rosy (x) personal

Test Paper

1. (a), 2. (b), 3. (c), 4. (d), 5. (d) ,6. (c), 7. (c), 8. (c), 9. (d), 10. (b)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : Determiners


8. Tick () the correct option Fill in the blanks with appropriate determiners Select the correct determiners from the brackets

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definition of the ‘determiner’. They will also know the different kinds ofdeterminers— articles, possessive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, interrogative adjectives, distributiveadjectives, and quantifiers.



Begin by writing a few sentences on the board, and ask students to point out derterminers used in them.Ask for volunteers to come to the board, and classify different kinds of determiners.




The definition of the ‘determiner’

Kinds of determiners

Difference between determiners and pronouns

Use of cardinal and ordinal numbers as determiners


2

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about different kinds of determiners with example sentences usingaudio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assessthe student’s understanding by looking at their definition of the word ‘determiner’, and correct use of differentkinds of determiners in sentences.


For homework, students can learn more about determiners such as ‘General and specific Determiners’, andtheir correct use in sentences.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :


(i) Articles (a) my, our, your, their

(ii) Quantifiers (b) this, that, these, those

(iii) Demonstratives (c) a, an, the

(iv) Possessives (d) few, little, all, both


(i) Determiners are words which are used before..................................... .

(ii) Words like each, either, and neither are known as..................................... determiners when theycome before nouns.

(iii) The determiner ‘the’ is known as the......................................article.

(iv) The determiner ‘a or an’ is known as the .....................................article.


(i) Interrogative adjectives ‘what, which, whose’ are classed among determiners.

(ii) Determiners are different from pronouns.

(iii) Personal pronouns of subjective and objective case cannot be determiners.

(iv) Numbers ‘one, two, three, etc.’ are called ordinal numbers.



Ch.8-Determiners

4

WORKSHEETCh.8-Determiners

GRAMMAR

1. Select the correct determiners from the brackets:

(i) Look at .................................lovely flowers. (that, those)

(ii) Can you pass me...................salt please? (a, the)

(iii) I am the.......................person in line. (four, fourth)

(iv) ..................................manner of man is he? (what, whose)

(v) The girl wrote a letter to............................uncle. (his, her)

(vi) ............................answer is worth 10 points. (each, many)

(vii) They made..........................progress. (few, little)

(viii) We ate..............................bread and butter. (some, many)

(ix) ..................................child was given a prize. (any, each)

(x) They have taught us..............................things. (either, many)

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners to complete the given proverbs:(i) ..................... early bird catches..........................worm.(ii) ...................... bad workman always blames .....................tools.(iii) ..................... impressions are...........................most lasting.(iv) ................... cloud has.......................silver lining.(v) .................... chain is only as strong as....................weakest link.(vi) ................... wrongs do not make....................right.(vii) ................. rolling stone gathers..............................moss.(viii) ........................ man’s trash is......................man’s treasure.(ix) Do not put all........................eggs in.......................basket.(x) You cannot judge..................book by....................cover.


5

VOCABULARY

Twenty determiners are given below in alphabetical order. Write their kind as - article, possessive,demonstrative, interrogative, distributive and quantifier:

(i) a .....................................

(ii) all .....................................

(iii) both .....................................

(iv) each .....................................

(v) either .....................................

(vi) every .....................................

(vii) few .....................................

(viii) its .....................................

(ix) little .....................................

(x) many .....................................

(xi) my .....................................

(xii) neither .....................................

(xiii) no .....................................

(xiv) our .....................................

(xv) some .....................................

(xvi) the .....................................

(xvii) their .....................................

(xviii) this .....................................

(xix) those .....................................

(xx) what .....................................

6


Ch.8-Determiners


1. Determiner is a word used before a:

(a) noun (b) verb

(c) conjunction (d) adverb

2. Which of the following adjectives are classed as determiners?

(a) demonstrative adjectives (b) distributive adjectives

(c) interrogative adjectives (d) all of these

3. Which of the following is not a quantifier?

(a) all (b) few

(c) many (d) each

4. Which of the following cannot be used as determiners?

(a) personal pronouns of subjective case (b) personal pronouns ofobjective case

(c) possessive pronouns (d) all of these

5. Which of the following is an example of a distributive adjective?

(a) each (b) every

(c) either (d) all of these

7

6. Which of the following are classed among determiners?

(a) only cardinal numbers (b) only ordinal numbers

(c) both cardinal and ordinal numbers (d) none of these

7. Which of the following is not an interrogative adjective?

(a) what (b) which

(c) whose (d) why

8. Which of the following is not a possessive adjective?

(a) my (b) your

(c) it (d) their

9. The words ‘this, that, these, and those’, when used with nouns, are called:

(a) possessive adjectives (b) demonstrative adjectives

(c) interrogative adjectives (d) distributive adjectives

10. The words ‘first, second, third, etc.’ are called:

(a) cardinal numbers (b) ordinal numbers

(c) prime numbers (d) natural numbers

8


PREDETERMINERSIn grammer, a ‘predeterminer’ is a word or phrase that is used before a determiner to give more informationabout a noun in a noun phrase. Study the following list of predeterminers:

Predeterminer Determiner Noun phrase Predeterminer Determiner Noun phrase

(i) all the time (ii) both our children(iii) double the amount (iv) half a mile(v) how big a deal (vi) once a week(vii) one-third his monthly salary (viii) quite a nice day(ix) rather a small car (x) so big an elephant(xi) such an intelligent man (xii) twice the price(xiii) two times the rate (xiv) what a great idea

Use each of the above-mentioned predeterminers in a sentence. One has been done for you.

(i) We cannot be together all the time.

(ii) ....................................................................................................................................................

(iii) ....................................................................................................................................................

(iv) ....................................................................................................................................................

(v) ....................................................................................................................................................

(vi) ....................................................................................................................................................

(vii) ....................................................................................................................................................

(viii) ....................................................................................................................................................

(ix) ....................................................................................................................................................

(x) ....................................................................................................................................................

(xi) ....................................................................................................................................................

(xii) ....................................................................................................................................................

(xiii) ....................................................................................................................................................

(xiv)....................................................................................................................................................

Ch.8-Determiners

9

ANSWERS

Assessment

1. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (b) (iv) (a)

2. (i) nouns (ii) distributive (iii) definite (iv) indefinite

3. (i) T (ii) T (iii) T (iv) F

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) those (ii) the (iii) fourth (iv) what

(v) her (vi) each (vii) little (viii) some(ix) each (x) many

2. (i) the, the (ii) a, his (iii) first, the (iv) every, a(v) a, its (vi) two, a (vii) a, no (viii) one, another(ix) your, one (x) a, its

Vocabulary:(i) article (ii) quantifier (iii) quantifier (iv) distributive(v) distributive (vi) distributive (vii) quantifier (viii) possessive(ix) quantifier (x) quantifier (xi) possessive (xii) distributive(xiii) quantifier (xiv) possessive (xv) quantifier (xvi) article(xvii) possessive (xviii) demonstrative (xix) demonstrative (xx) interrogative

Test Paper

1. (a), 2. (d), 3. (d), 4. (d), 5. (d),

6. (c), 7. (d), 8. (c), 9. (b), 10. (b)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : The Pronoun


9. Tick () the correct option. Fill in the blanks with suitable personal pronouns. Change the coloured words into pronouns. Correct the sentences by writing suitable pronouns in place of coloured words. Fill in the correct form of the interrogative pronouns. Identify reflexive and emphatic pronouns in the sentences. Join together the pairs of word-groups by means of appropriate relative pronouns to

make sentences. Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns in the conversation.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definition of the pronoun, and different kinds of pronouns.



••••• Begin by writing a few sentences on the board. Ask students to point out different pronouns used in them.Ask for volunteers to come to the board and write name of different kinds of pronouns. Also ask them tomake a chart of personal pronouns.




The definition of the ‘pronoun’


2

Kinds of pronouns

Forms of personal pronouns

Some rules for using personal pronouns

Difference between possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about different kinds of pronouns with example sentences usingaudio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assessthe student’s understanding by looking at their definition of the word ‘pronoun’, and correct use of differentkinds of pronouns in sentences.


For homework, students can collect example sentences for each kind of pronouns.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :


(i) Personal pronouns (a) all, some, few, none

(ii) Indefinite pronouns (b) who, whose, whom, that, which

(iii) Reciprocal pronouns (c) I, we, you, they

(iv) Relative pronouns (d) each other, one another


(i) A word that is used instead of a noun is called a.......................................... .

(ii) A pronoun must be of the same number and gender as its............................ .

(iii) After ‘let’, we use ...............................case of pronouns.

(iv) The noun used before a relative pronoun is called its.................................... .


(i) Pronouns are used to avoid the repetition of nouns.

(ii) When all three singular pronouns are used in a sentence, we follow the order:first person—second person—third person.

(iii) Relative pronoun ‘which’ is used for persons only.

(iv) ‘What’ as a relative pronoun comes without an antecedent.

Ch.9-The Pronoun



4

WORKSHEETCh.9-The Pronoun

GRAMMAR

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable personal pronouns:(i) My family and...........................live in a big city.(ii) Pick up your toys and put ....................................... away.(iii) ............................. is a sunny day.(iv) Why are .............................not doing your homework?(v) He rang Mary and invited ........................to dinner.(vi) Our children are definitely better behaved than ............................. .(vii) The two men could receive punishment if ..............................are convicted.(viii) Our mother gave...............................some sweets.(ix) She has one son and she adores........................... .(x) My uncle asked my brother and.......................to dinner.

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable relative pronouns:(i) We always like people............................. speak the truth.(ii) I have found the pen ..............................I lost.(iii) This is the best..........................we can do.(iv) The moment ...........................is lost is lost forever.(v) All ............... glitters is not gold.(vi) This is the man.......................all praise.(vii) The book ........................is now out of print has all the information you need.(viii) The man.......................we met yesterday is coming to dinner.(ix) He was the most eloquent speaker.......................... I ever heard.(x) .............................. is done cannot be undone.


5

VOCABULARY

1. Fifteen different types of pronouns are given below in alphabetical order. Identify and write theirkind.

(i) all .....................................

(ii) each .....................................

(iii) each other .....................................

(iv) either .....................................

(v) few .....................................

(vi) itself .....................................

(vii) many .....................................

(viii) myself .....................................

(ix) neither .....................................

(x) none .....................................

(xi) one .....................................

(xii) one another .....................................

(xiii) others .....................................

(xiv) some .....................................

(xv) those .....................................

2. Write the plural forms of the following pronouns:

(i) I .....................................

(ii) you .....................................

(iii) he, she, it .....................................

(iv) this .....................................

(v) that .....................................

6


Ch.9-The Pronoun


1. A word that is used instead of a noun is called a:

(a) pronoun (b) verb

(c) adjective (d) adverb

2. Like nouns, pronouns have:

(a) number (b) gender

(c) case (d) all of these

3. After ‘let’, we use:

(a) subjective case of pronouns (b) objective case of pronouns

(c) possessive case of pronouns (d) none of these

4. Which of the following is a compound personal pronoun?

(a) they (b) none

(c) others (d) myself

5. Which of the following is a reciprocal pronoun?

(a) each other (b) one another

(c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these

7

6. The noun coming before a relative pronoun is called its:

(a) antecedent (b) precedent

(c) succedent (d) none of these

7. Which of the following relative pronouns is used for persons only?

(a) which (b) that

(c) who (d) what

8. Which of the following is not an indefinite pronoun?

(a) few (b) many

(c) none (d) such

9. Which of the following relative pronouns can be used without an antecedent?

(a) what (b) which

(c) who (d) whom

10. Which of the following is a demonstrative pronoun?

(a) self (b) some

(c) such (d) none of these

8

PROJECT WORK


INDEFINITE PRONOUNSThe indefinite pronouns are:

••••• somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody••••• someone, anyone, no one, everyone••••• something, anything, nothing, everything••••• somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere••••• one, few, none, all, many, some

We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people, things, or places whithout saying exactly who or what theyare.

We use -body, -one, -things, -where to refer to people, things and places in a general way.

The words ending with -body and -one mean the same thing. In informal contexts, we use indefinitepronouns ending in -body.

We use a singular verb after an indefinite pronoun.

Now use each of the above-mentioned indefinite pronouns in example sentences. One has beendone for your help.

1. Somebody left you a message. 2. _______________________________

3. _______________________________ 4. _______________________________

5. _______________________________ 6. _______________________________

7. _______________________________ 8. _______________________________

9. _______________________________ 10. _______________________________

11. _______________________________ 12. _______________________________

13. _______________________________ 14. _______________________________

15. _______________________________ 16. _______________________________

17. _______________________________ 18. _______________________________

19. _______________________________ 20. _______________________________

21. _______________________________ 22. _______________________________

Ch.9-The Pronoun

9

ANSWERS

Assessment

1. (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (b)

2. (i) pronoun (ii) noun (iii) objective (iv) antecedent

3. (i) T (ii) F (iii) F (iv) T

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) I (ii) them (iii) It (iv) you

(v) her (vi) theirs (vii) they (viii) us(ix) him (x) me

2. (i) who (ii) which (iii) that (iv) which(v) that (vi) whom (vii) which (viii) whom(ix) that (x) what

Vocabulary:1. (i) indefinite pronoun (ii) distributive pronoun

(iii) reciprocal pronoun (iv) distributive pronoun(v) indefinite pronoun (vi) compound personal pronoun(vii) indefinite pronoun (viii) compound personal pronoun(ix) distributive pronoun (x) indefinite pronoun(xi) indefinite pronoun (xii) reciprocal pronoun(xiii) indefinite pronoun (xiv) indefinite pronoun(xv) demonstrative pronoun

2. (i) we (ii) you (iii) they (iv) these (v) those

Test Paper

1. (a), 2. (d), 3. (b), 4. (d), 5. (c),6. (a), 7. (c), 8. (d), 9. (a), 10. (c)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : The Verb


10. Tick () the correct option. Underline the verbs in the sentences. Identify the verbs in the sentences as transitive or intransitive. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs. Complete the sentences with suitable complements for the verbs of incomplete

predication. Solve the crossword puzzle using the past tense forms of the verbs.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definition of the verb, and different kinds of verbs.



Begin by writing a few sentences on the board. Ask students to point out different verbs used in them.Ask for volunteers to come to the board and classify different kinds of verbs.




The definition of the ‘verb’

Classification of verbs—auxiliary verbs and ordinary verbs


2

Direct and indirect objects

Verbs of incomplete predication

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about different kinds of verbs with example sentences usingaudio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assessthe student’s understanding by looking at their definition of the word ‘verb’, and correct use of differentkinds of verbs in sentences.


For homework, students can make a list of modal verbs with their correct use in sentences.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :


(i) The verb ‘be’ (a) can, could, may, might

(ii) Modal verbs (b) appear, look, seem, smell

(iii) Semi-modal verbs (c) am, is, are, was, were

(iv) Verbs of incomplete predication (d) need, dare, ought to, used to


(i) The verb forms the main part of the......................of a sentence.

(ii) The verbs ‘be’, ‘have’ and ‘do’ are used with.....................verbs to make tenses and passiveforms in a sentence.

(iii) .............................verbs can be used as both, a main verb, or a modal in a sentence.

(iv) Certain transitive verbs require, besides an object, a complement to complete their .................... .


(i) Some verbs may be used without any helping verb before them.

(ii) Transitive verb denotes an action which passes over from the doer or agent to an object.

(iii) The indirect object is always placed after the direct object.

(iv) Most verbs can be used both as transitive and intransitive verbs.

Ch.10-The Verb



4

WORKSHEETCh.10-The Verb

GRAMMAR

1. Underline the verbs in the following sentences:(i) You must show your ID card.(ii) These animals track their prey using their excellent sense of smell, eyesight, and hearing.(iii) A lovely blue swallow alighted on a branch.(iv) Each module offers a succinct summary to highlight the message given.(v) He wrote profusely in practically every genre.(vi) They were standing in the middle of a storm.(vii) He was an absolutely adorable child.(viii) Comets appear at predictable times.(ix) Degradation of the environment is destroying hundreds of species each year.(x) He has a desperate desire to succeed.

2. Name the verbs in the following sentences, and tell in each case whether the verb is transitive orintransitive. Where the verb is transitive, name the object:

(i) We talked for hours. ______________________________

(ii) Some of the children are learning English. ______________________________

(iii) The baby was crying. ______________________________

(iv) He wanted a new bicycle. ______________________________

(v) Stop them from going. ______________________________

(vi) The area has changed greatly in the last decade. ______________________________

(vii) Have you washed your hands? ______________________________

(viii) The choir sang carols. ______________________________

(ix) He broke the chair. ______________________________

(x) Most shops here close at 9.00 p.m. ______________________________


5

VOCABULARY

1. Form ‘verbs’ from the given nouns:

(i) advice .....................................

(ii) belief .....................................

(iii) blood .....................................

(iv) breath .....................................

(v) choice .....................................

(vi) drop .....................................

(vii) food .....................................

(viii) glass .....................................

(ix) grass .....................................

(x) sale .....................................

2. Form ‘verbs’ from the given adjectives:

(i) crazy .....................................

(ii) envious .....................................

(iii) glorious .....................................

(iv) inclusive .....................................

(v) leading .....................................

(vi) lively .....................................

(vii) modern .....................................

(viii) national .....................................

(ix) popular .....................................

(x) white .....................................

6


Ch.10-The Verb


1. Verbs tell us:

(a) what a person or thing does (b) what is done to a person or thing

(c) the state of existence of a person (d) all of theseor thing

2. The verbs ‘be’, ‘have’, and ‘do’ are used with main verbs to make:

(a) tenses (b) passive forms

(c) questions (d) all of these

3. If the ‘indirect object’ is placed after the ‘direct object’, it must be preceded by the preposition:

(a) to (b) for

(c) either ‘to’ or ‘for’ (d) none of these

4. Which of the following is a semi-modal verb?

(a) may (b) need

(c) must (d) will

5. A verb that requires one or more objects is called:

(a) transitive verb (b) intransitive verb

(c) auxiliary verb (d) ordinary verb

7

6. Modal verbs express meanings such as:

(a) permission (b) possibility

(c) certainty (d) all of these

7. Certain transitive verbs require, besides an object, a complement to complete their:

(a) subjectiveness (b) predication

(c) adjunct (d) none of these

8. Which of the following is a form of verb ‘be’?

(a) is (b) are

(c) was (d) all of these

9. Which of the following is a verb of incomplete predication?

(a) appear (b) look

(c) smell (d) all of these

10. Most verbs can be used:

(a) only as transitive verbs (b) only as intransitive verbs

(c) both as transitive and intransitive verbs (d) none of these

8

PROJECT WORK


THE AUXILIARY ‘DO’

The auxiliary ‘do’ is used—(i) to form negative statements:

I do not like fast food.(ii) to make questions:

Do you want a coffee.(iii) to avoid repetition of a previons ordinary verb:

She sings well. Yes, she does.(iv) to emphasize the affirmative nature of a statement:

He did look tired.(v) to make a request or invitation more persuasive in the imperative:

Do be quiet.

Now, form at least two sentences for each of the above-mentioned uses of anxiliary ‘do’:

(i) ____________________________________________________________________________

(ii) ____________________________________________________________________________

(iii) ____________________________________________________________________________

(iv) ____________________________________________________________________________

(v) ____________________________________________________________________________

(vi) ____________________________________________________________________________

(vii)____________________________________________________________________________

(viii)____________________________________________________________________________

(ix) ____________________________________________________________________________

(x) ____________________________________________________________________________

Ch.10-The Verb

9

ANSWERS

Assessment

1. (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (b)2. (i) predicate (ii) main (iii) Semi-modal (iv) predication3. (i) T (ii) T (iii) F (iv) T

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) must show (ii) track (iii) alighted (iv) offers

(v) wrote (vi) were standing (vii) was (viii) appear(ix) is destroying (x) has

2. (i) intransitive - talked (ii) transitive- learning (object : English)

(iii) intransitive - crying (iv) transitive- wanted (object : a new bicycle)

(v) transitive - stop (object : them) (vi) intransitive - changed

(vii) transitive - washed (object : your hands) (viii) transitive - sang (object : carols)

(ix) transitive - broke (object : the chair) (x) intransitive - close

Vocabulary:1. (i) advise (ii) believe (iii) bleed (iv) breathe (v) choose

(vi) drip (vii) feed (viii) glaze (ix) graze (x) sell

2. (i) craze (ii) envy (iii) glorify (iv) include

(v) lead (vi) live (vii) modernise (viii) nationalise

(ix) popularise (x) whiten

Test Paper

1. (d), 2. (d), 3. (c), 4. (b), 5. (a),

6. (d), 7. (b), 8. (d), 9. (d), 10. (c)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : Tenses


11. Tick () the correct option. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs. Rewrite the incorrectly written paragraph by using right tense forms of verbs. Change the present tense verbs to past tense verbs.Word Game Circle the irregular past tense verbs in the word search.Learner’s Drill Match the pictures with the word groups and make up sentences using the right verb

tense.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definition of the ‘tense’. They will also know kinds of tenses, and rules to use themcorrectly in different situations.


3. Procedure to Open the Lesson: Begin by writing a few sentences on the board. Ask students if they know the kinds of tenses used in

them. Ask for volunteers to come to the board, and write kinds of tenses with different forms of each ofthem. Explain meaning of new and difficult words.

� The teacher will show the complete lesson to the students by using ‘Friends Smart Class Software’.

4. Body of the Lesson:The teacher explains–

The definition of the ‘tense’


2

Kinds of tenses—Present, Past, Future

Forms of each of the tenses—Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous

Rules to use tenses in different situations

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘tenses’ using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assessthe student’s understanding by looking at their definition of the word ‘tense’, and correct use of tensesand their different forms in example sentences.

7. Modification and Differentiation:For homework, students can practise the conjugation of a particular verb to show the various forms it assumesin different tenses.For example:He writes.He is writing.He has written.He has been writing.He wrote.He was writing.He had written.He had been writing.He will write.He will be writing.He will have written.He will have been writing.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :


(i) Present Simple (a) She is singing.

(ii) Present Continuous (b) She has been singing.

(iii) Present Perfect (c) She sings.

(iv) Present Perfect Continuous (d) She has sung.


(i) The tense of a verb shows the time of an........................... .

(ii) Each of three tense has...................... forms.

(iii) Present Simple is used to express....................... truth.

(iv) The Present Perfect Continuous shows that the action that began in the ......................is still continuing up to the present time.


(i) There are four kinds of tenses in English.

(ii) The continuous form indicates that the action is in progress.

(iii) Present Simple is used to express custom or habit.

(iv) The verb+ing is used in all continuous verb forms for Present, Past or Future Tense.

Ch.11-Tenses



4

WORKSHEETCh.11-Tenses

GRAMMAR

1. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the verb given in the brackets:(i) He ............................this book for four hours. (study)(ii) I .......................another letter tomorrow. (write)(iii) We.......................here all our life. (live)(iv) The river...........................under the bridge. (flow)(v) The patient ...........................before the doctor came. (die)(vi) She will have finished her work before they ..................................... . (come)(vii) He ........................coffee every morning. (drink)(viii) The ship .........................yesterday. (sail)(ix) I ........................... you are wrong. (think)(x) These grapes ..............................sour. (taste)

2. Change the underlined present tense verb to past tense verb:

(i) They play football in the playground. ______________________________

(ii) The river overflows its banks. ______________________________

(iii) I recognize her voice at once. ______________________________

(iv) He eats some rice. ______________________________

(v) They make no further remarks. ______________________________

(vi) She sings a sweet song. ______________________________

(vii) He flies a kite with his friend. ______________________________

(viii) His voice shakes with emotion. ______________________________

(ix) They prove him guilty. ______________________________

(x) Two books lie on the desk. ______________________________


5

VOCABULARY

Base forms of twenty verbs are given below in alphabetical order. Write their ‘past tense’ and ‘pastparticiple’ forms:

Base Forms Past Tense Pasr Participle

(i) be ..................................... .....................................

(ii) beat ..................................... .....................................

(iii) become ..................................... .....................................

(iv) bend ..................................... .....................................

(v) bring ..................................... .....................................

(vi) deal ..................................... .....................................

(vii) do ..................................... .....................................

(viii) dream ..................................... .....................................

(ix) drink ..................................... .....................................

(x) forget ..................................... .....................................

(xi) have ..................................... .....................................

(xii) let ..................................... .....................................

(xiii) meet ..................................... .....................................

(xiv) see ..................................... .....................................

(xv) shoot ..................................... .....................................

(xvi) show ..................................... .....................................

(xvii) strike ..................................... .....................................

(xviii) swim ..................................... .....................................

(xix) throw ..................................... .....................................

(xx) wear ..................................... .....................................

6


Ch.11-Tenses


1. The tense of a verb shows the time of a/an:

(a) section (b) action

(c) fraction (d) none of these

2. A kind of tense in English is:

(a) present tense (b) past tense

(c) future tense (d) all of these

3. Each of the three tenses has:

(a) one form only (b) two forms

(c) three forms (d) four forms

4. Present Simple can be used to express:

(a) custom or habit (b) general truth

(c) scientific facts (d) all of these

5. Present Continuous indicates that the action is in:

(a) digress (b) ingress

(c) progress (d) regress

7

6. Perfect tenses are formed by the appropriate forms of the verb:

(a) to have + present participle (b) to have + past tense

(c) to have + past participle (d) none of these

7. In Past Perfect, the verb expressing the previous action is put into the Past Perfect, and the verb expressing thesubsequent action is put into:

(a) Present Simple (b) Past Simple

(c) Present Perfect (d) Future Simple

8. In Future Perfect, the verb expressing the previous future action is put into the Future Perfect, and the verbexpressing the subsequent action is put into:

(a) Present Simple (b) Past Simple

(c) Future Simple (d) Past Perfect

9. In the sentence, ‘He has started a new business’, the underlined verb phrase is in:

(a) Present Perfect (b) Past Perfect

(c) Future Perfect (d) Past Perfect Continuous

10. In the sentence, ‘They had been reading magazines for two hours’, the underlined verb phrase is in:

(a) Present Perfect Continuous (b) Past Perfect

(c) Past Perfect Continuous (d) Future Perfect Continuous

8

PROJECT WORK


THE USES OF THE PRESENT SIMPLE

The ‘present simple’ is mainly used in the following ways—(i) to express a habitual action:

I love chocolate ice cream.My watch keeps good time.

(ii) to talk about something that exists or happens regularly:It always rains here in winter.I start work at 10.00 a.m.

(iii) to express a future event that is part of a fixed timetable or programme:The train leaves at 6.00 a.m.The match starts at 9 o’clock.

(iv) to introduce quotations:Francis Bacon says ‘Science is but an image of the truth’.

(v) The present simple is used, instead of the future simple, in clauses of time and of condition:I shall wait you till you finish your dinner.If it rains we shall stay at home.

Now, form at least two sentences for each of the above-mentioned uses of present simple.

(i) ____________________________________________________________________________

(ii) ____________________________________________________________________________

(iii) ____________________________________________________________________________

(iv) ____________________________________________________________________________

(v) ____________________________________________________________________________

(vi) ____________________________________________________________________________

(vii)____________________________________________________________________________

(viii)____________________________________________________________________________

(ix) ____________________________________________________________________________

(x) ____________________________________________________________________________

Ch.11-Tenses

9

ANSWERS

Assessment1. (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (b)

2. (i) action (ii) four (iii) general (iv) past

3. (i) F (ii) T (iii) T (iv) T

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) has been studying (ii) shall write (iii) have lived

(iv) flows (v) had died (vi) come(vii) drinks (viii) sailed (ix) think(x) taste

2. (i) played (ii) overflowed (iii) recognized (iv) ate (v) made(vi) sang (vii) flew (viii) shook (ix) proved (x) lay

Vocabulary:(i) be was/were been(ii) beat beat beaten(iii) become became become(iv) bend bent bent(v) bring brought brought(vi) deal dealt dealt(vii) do did done(viii) dream dreamt / dreamed dreamt / dreamed(ix) drink drank drunk(x) forget forgot forgotten(xi) have had had(xii) let let let(xiii) meet met met(xiv) see saw seen(xv) shoot shot shot(xvi) show showed shown(xvii) strike struck struck(xviii)swim swam swum(xix) throw threw thrown(xx) wear wore worn

Test Paper1. (b), 2. (d), 3. (d), 4. (d), 5. (c),6. (c), 7. (b), 8. (a), 9. (a), 10. (c)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : Active and Passive Voice


12. Tick () the correct option. Change the sentences from active into passive voice. Change the sentences from passive into active voice.Learner’s Drill Change the sentences given in active voice in the flow chart into passive voice to

describe the process of preparing lemonade.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definitions of ‘active voice’ and ‘passive voice’. They will also learn rules toconvert sentences from active voice to passive voice.


3. Procedure to Open the Lesson: Begin by writing two sentences on the board first in the Active Voice, and second in the Passive Voice.

Ask students if they know the types of voices used in them. Ask for volunteers to come to the board, anddescribe active and passive voice with examples. Explain meaning of new and difficult words.


4. Body of the Lesson:The teacher explains–

The definitions of ‘active voice’ and ‘passive voice’

The uses of passive voice


2

Rules for conversion from active to passive voice

Some of the sentences which cannot be converted into passive voice

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘active and passive voice’ using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assessthe student’s understanding by looking at their definitions of ‘active voice’ and ‘passive voice’, and theircorrect use in example sentences.

7. Modification and Differentiation:For homework, students can learn to change a sentence with two objects into passive voice.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :


(i) A verb is said to be in ......................................when the subject performs the action.

(ii) ........................is preferred when the doer of the action is unknown.

(iii) A sentence can be written in either active or passive voice without changing the.....................of it.

(iv) Sentences having verb phrases of ‘perfect continuous forms’ cannot be .................................into passive voice.


(i) When the verb in a sentence shows that the subject is not the doer of the action,the verb is in the passive voice.

(ii) Active voice is preferred when the doer of the action is irrelevant.

(iii) If the verb in the active voice sentence has a modal verb in it, the verb is changedto—modal verb + be + past participle.

(iv) Sentences having intransitive verbs cannot be converted into passive form.

3. Change the following sentences from the active voice to the passive voice: 4(i) He scored twenty-five runs. _______________________(ii) Little strokes fell great oaks. _______________________(iii) The farmer gathers the harvest. _______________________(iv) We submitted the assignments yesterday. _______________________

Ch.12-Active and Passive Voice



4

WORKSHEETCh.12-Active and Passive Voice

GRAMMAR

1. Underline the ‘verbs’ in the following sentences, and tell whether they are in the Active or in thePassive Voice:(i) His command was promptly obeyed. __________________________(ii) The conference was inaugurated by the Prime Minister. __________________________(iii) Christopher Columbus discovered America. __________________________(iv) The road is being repaired. __________________________(v) The displaced people need more relief materials. __________________________(vi) He made a cameo appearance in the film. __________________________(vii) We spent two weeks at sea. __________________________(viii) The English is spoken all over the world. __________________________(ix) The Titanic sank in April 1912 on its maiden voyage. __________________________(x) The city was destroyed by a massive earthquake. __________________________

2. Change the following sentences from the Active Voice to the Passive Voice:

(i) The teacher appointed him monitor. ______________________________

(ii) His grandmother looked after him. ______________________________

(iii) The hunter killed the tiger. ______________________________

(iv) The demonstrators were demanding ______________________________rights of assembly and free speech.

(v) My elder brother will write a letter. ______________________________

(vi) The sudden noise frightened us. ______________________________

(vii) The prizewinner gave an emotional acceptance ______________________________speech.

(viii) My friend has drawn these wonderful pictures. ______________________________

(ix) Someone has cleaned the windows. ______________________________

(x) One should keep one’s promises. ______________________________


5

VOCABULARY

Match the following intransitive verbs with their meanings:

(i) adapt (a) (of a horse) to run at its fastest speed

(ii) crawl (b) to walk with difficulty

(iii) erupt (c) to break free from confinement or control

(iv) escape (d) to jump or move quickly in order to catch something

(v) gallop (e) to start suddenly and violently

(vi) limp (f) to move slowly across the floor on one’s hands and knees

(vii) pounce (g) to make suitable for a new use

(viii) preen (h) to move in a twisting or spiralling pattern

(ix) recline (i) to walk or move unsteadily, as if about to fall

(x) relent (j) to run at full speed over a short distance

(xi) scream (k) to trim (feathers, fur, etc.) with the beak or tongue

(xii) sprint (l) to lean or lie back in a relaxed position with the backsupported

(xiii) stagger (m) to soften in feeling, temper, or determination

(xiv) whirl (n) to utter a loud, sharp, piercing cry

6




1. A verb is said to be in Active Voice when the subject performs the:

(a) action (b) reaction

(c) duty (d) none of these

2. Passive voice is preferred when:

(a) the doer of the action is unknown (b) the doer of the action is irrelevant

(c) talking about a general truth (d) all of these

3. The real .................of a sentence does not change if the sentence is expressed by active voice or passive voice:

(a) formation (b) meaning

(c) structure (d) none of these

4. If the verb in the active voice sentence has a modal in it, the verb is changed to:

(a) modal + been + past participle (b) modal + being + past participle

(c) modal + be + past participle (d) none of these

5. We can form passive structures with:

(a) transitive verbs (b) linking verbs

(c) intransitive verbs (d) none of these

6. A transitive verb is used with a/an:


(c) complement (d) adjunct

7

7. Sentences of which of the following tense cannot be converted in passive form?

(a) future continuous (b) past continuous

(c) future perfect (d) none of these

8. The unknown or unimportant subject of active voice is......................in passive voice:

(a) used (b) omitted

(c) changed (d) none of these

9. The correct passive voice structure for the sentence, ‘They will ask you a lot of questions at the interview’ is:

(a) You are asked a lot of questions at the interview.

(b) You were being asked a lot of questions at the interview.

(c) You will be asked a lot of questions at the interview.

(d) You are being asked a lot of questions at the interview.

10. The correct passive voice structure for the sentence, ‘He will have closed the shop’ is:

(a) The shop could have been closed by him.

(b) The shop will have be closed by him.

(c) The shop will have being closed by him.

(d) The shop will have been closed by him.

8

PROJECT WORK


VERBS WITH TWO OBJECTS

Some verbs have both a direct and an indirect object in the active voice. In that case, either object may becomethe subject of the passive verb, while the other is retained; as,He gave her some books. (Active Voice)

(Indirect object) (Direct object)

She was given some books.Some books were given to her.

Now change the following sentences into the passive voice by using both types of objects:

(i) Mr. Vimal Kumar teaches us grammar.

(a) ________________________________________________________________________

(b) ________________________________________________________________________

(ii) The guard refused them admittance.

(a) ________________________________________________________________________

(b) ________________________________________________________________________

(iii) Who taught you English?

(a) ________________________________________________________________________

(b) ________________________________________________________________________

(iv) My sister sent me an email.

(a) ________________________________________________________________________

(b) ________________________________________________________________________

(v) He sent her a large bouquet of roses.

(a) ________________________________________________________________________

(b) ________________________________________________________________________


} (Passive Voice)

9

ANSWERSAssessment

1. (i) active voice (ii) passive voice (iii) meaning (iv) converted2. (i) T (ii) F (iii) T (iv) T3. (i) Twenty-five runs were scored by him.

(ii) Great oaks are felled by little strokes.(iii) The harvest is gathered by the farmer.(iv) The assignments were submitted by us yesterday.

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) His command was promptly obeyed. Passive Voice

(ii) The conference was inaugurated by the Prime Minister. Passive Voice(iii) Christopher Columbus discovered America. Active Voice(iv) The road is being repaired. Passive Voice(v) The displaced people need more relief materials. Active Voice(vi) He made a cameo appearance in the film. Active Voice(vii) We spent two weeks at sea. Active Voice(viii) The English is spoken all over the world. Passive Voice(ix) The Titanic sank in April 1912 on its maiden voyage. Active Voice(x) The city was destroyed by a massive earthquake. Passive Voice

2. (i) He was appointed monitor by the teacher.(ii) He was looked after by his grandmother.(iii) The tiger was killed by the hunter.(iv) Rights of assembly and free speech were being demanded by the demonstrators.(v) A letter will be written by my elder brother.(vi) We were frightened by the sudden noise.(vii) An emotional acceptance speech was given by the prizewinner.(viii) These wonderful pictures have been drawn by my friend.(ix) The windows have been cleaned.(x) Promises should be kept.

Vocabulary:(i) (g) (ii) (f) (iii) (e) (iv) (c)(v) (a) (vi) (b) (vii) (d) (viii) (k)(ix) (l) (x) (m) (xi) (n) (xii) (j)(xiii) (i) (xiv) (h)

Test Paper1. (a), 2. (d), 3. (b), 4. (c), 5. (a),6. (b), 7. (a), 8. (b), 9. (c), 10. (d)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : Non-finite Verbs

Chapter Chapter-based AssessmentNo.13. Tick () the correct option.

Fill in the blanks with suitable non-finites. Rewrite the sentences using infinitives Join the pairs of sentences using suitable gerunds. Correct and rewrite the sentences.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definition of the ‘non-finite verb’, and kinds of non-finite verbs - infinitives, participlesand gerunds.



••••• Begin by writing three sentences on the board with uses of infinitive, participle and gerund respectively.Ask students if they know the kinds of non-finite verbs used in them. Ask for volunteers to come to theboard, and describe non-finite verbs with examples. Explain meaning of new and difficult words.




The definition of ‘non-finite verb’

Kinds of non-finite verbs

The infinitive—definition and uses


2

Bare infinitives

The participle—definition, kinds and uses

The gerund—definition and uses

Correct uses of non-finite verbs

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘non-finite verbs’ using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assessthe student’s understanding by looking at their definition of ‘non-finite verb’, and correct uses of non-finiteverbs–infinitive, participle and gerund with example sentences.


For homework, students can learn more about to + infinitive, bare infinitive and split infinitive with examplesentences.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :

1. Match the following columns: 4(i) Infinitive (a) Reading is her favourite pastime.(ii) Present Participle (b) New houses are still being built .(iii) Past Participle (c) He refused to obey the orders.(iv) Gerund (d) We are going to Kolkata.


(i) A .......................verb does not show a particular tense, person or number.

(ii) The infinitive form of a verb without the word ‘to’ is known as ....................... infinitive.

(iii) The gerund always has the same function as a ....................... .

(iv) A ....................... partakes of the nature of both a verb and an adjective.


(i) The infinitive is the basic form of a verb that usually follows ‘to’.

(ii) Participles can be used with auxiliary verbs to make verb tenses, or to form adjectives.

(iii) The present participle and the gerund have different forms.

(iv) Bare infinitives are used after modal verbs.

Ch.13-Non-finite Verbs



4

WORKSHEETCh.13-Non-finite Verbs

GRAMMAR

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable non-finites:

(i) We were ................................... to sit down. (order)

(ii) The pavement was covered with .........................glass. (break)

(iii) They had .........................to go to Lucknow. (decide)

(iv) He bought some flowers to .....................to his parents. (give)

(v) Let them ....................... here. (sit)

(vi) A ......................witness ought to be punished. (lie)

(vii) A ..................... opportunity never returns. (lose)

(viii) A ..................child dreads the fire. (burn)

(ix) He is fond of ....................football. (play)

(x) They were prevented from......................the prisoner. (see)

2. Correct and rewrite the following sentences

(i) This tattering coat needs mending. ________________________

(ii) We will not let you gone. ________________________

(iii) I made him to run. ________________________

(iv) The old man was tired of to walk. ________________________

(v) Education is the most pressed need of our country. ________________________

(vi) I heard them to cry. ________________________

(vii) You should worked harder. ________________________

(viii) He was punished for to tell a lie. ________________________

(ix) Saw the sunrise, I threw open the window. ________________________

(x) I bade than to go there. ________________________


5

VOCABULARY

1. Change the following infinitives (basic forms of verbs) into the present participles:

(i) argue .....................................

(ii) begin .....................................

(iii) die .....................................

(iv) dye .....................................

(v) lie .....................................

(vi) parallel .....................................

(vii) receive .....................................

(viii) signal .....................................

(ix) singe .....................................

(x) swinge .....................................

2. Some verbs have two past participle forms—the first form is the usual past participle, whereas thesecond form can only be used adjectivally. Write two past participle forms for the following verbs:

Verb Usual Past Participle Adjectival Past Participle

(i) drink ..................................... .....................................

(ii) melt ..................................... .....................................

(iii) prove ..................................... .....................................

(iv) shave ..................................... .....................................

(v) shear ..................................... .....................................

(vi) shrink ..................................... .....................................

(vii) sink ..................................... .....................................

(viii) strike ..................................... .....................................

6

TEST PAPER





1. A non-finite verb does not show a particular:

(a) tense (b) person

(c) number (d) all of these

2. The infinitive form of verb in its base form is preceded by:

(a) to (b) in

(c) at (d) by

3. The infinitive can be used as the:

(a) subject of a verb (b) object of a transitive verb

(c) object of a preposition (d) all of these

4. When an infinitive is used without ‘to’, it is called a:

(a) simple infinitive (b) split infinitive

(c) bare infinitive (d) none of these

5. A present participle is a non-finite verb which ends in:

(a) - ed (b) - en

(c) - t (d) - ing

7

6. Past participles are used:

(a) with auxiliary verbs to make verb tenses (b) with auxiliary verb ‘to be’ toform the passive voice of verbs

(c) as adjectives (d) all of these

7. A gerund is a verb form which functions as a:

(a) noun (b) pronoun

(c) adjective (d) adverb

8. Participles as adjectives can be used:

(a) attributively (b) predicatively

(c) both attributively and prdicatively (d) none of these

9. After a preposition, we must always use the verb in:

(a) infinitive form (b) past participle form

(c) gerund form (d) none of these

10. Bare infinifives are used after:

(a) auxiliary verbs (b) modal verbs

(c) regular verbs (d) intransitive verbs

8

PROJECT WORK


Slogans of ten famous brands are given below. Underline the present participles used in them.Complete the list by adding ten more such slogans with the help of the Internet:

Brand Slogan

1. IDBI Banking for All

2. Cipla Caring for Life

3. Nokia Connecting People

4. Canon Delighting you Always

5. Cisco Systems Empowering the Internet Generation

6. Malaysian Airlines Going beyong Expectations

7. Bajaj Auto Inspiring Confidence

8. Toshiba Leading innovation

9. ONGC Making Tomorrow Brighter

10. NTPC Powering India’s Growth

11. ____________________ _________________________________

12. ____________________ _________________________________

13. ____________________ _________________________________

14. ____________________ _________________________________

15. ____________________ _________________________________

16. ____________________ _________________________________

17. ____________________ _________________________________

18. ____________________ _________________________________

19. ____________________ _________________________________

20. ____________________ _________________________________


9

ANSWERS

Assessment1. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (b) (iv) (a)2. (i) non-finite (ii) bare (iii) noun (iv) participle3. (i) T (ii) T (iii) F (iv) T

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) ordered (ii) broken

(iii) decided (iv) give(v) sit (vi) lying(vii) lost (viii) burnt(ix) playing (x) seeing

2. (i) tattered (ii) go(iii) run (iv) walking(v) pressing (vi) cry(vii) work (viii) telling(ix) seeing (x) go

Vocabulary:1. (i) arguing (ii) beginning

(iii) dying (iv) dyeing(v) lying (vi) paralleling(vii) receiving (viii) signalling(ix) singeing (x) swinging / swingeing

2. Verb Usual Past Participle Adjectival Past Participledrink drunk drunkenmelt melted moltenprove proved provenshave shaved shavenshear sheared shornshrink shrunk shrunkensink sunk sunkenstrike struck stricken

Test Paper1. (d) , 2. (a) , 3. (d), 4. (c), 5. (d) , 6. (d), 7. (a) , 8. (b), 9. (c), 10. (b)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : The Adverb


14. Tick () the correct option. Pick out adverbs and state their kinds. Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of adverbs. Correct the sentences.Learner’s Drill Find the adverbs of quantity in the crossword puzzle.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definition of ‘adverb’. They will also learn about different kinds of adverbs,formation of adverbs, position of adverbs in the sentences, and comparison of adverbs.



••••• Begin by writing some sentences containing adverbs on the board. Ask students if they know the kinds ofadverbs used in them. Ask for volunteers to come to the board, and describe different kinds of adverbswith examples. Explain meaning of new and difficult words.




The definition of ‘adverb’

Formation of adverbs


2

Kinds of adverbs

Position of adverbs

Comparison of adverbs

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘adverbs’ using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assessthe student’s understanding by looking at their definition of ‘adverb’, and correct use of different types ofadverbs in example sentences.

7. Modification and Differentiation:For homework, students can learn about ‘sentence adverbs’. A sentence adverb is used to modify the wholesentence, rather than any particular word. Sentence adverbs often stand at the beginning of the sentence, as,

Here are some examples:

Certainly, you are wrong.

Clearly, there have been unacceptable delays.

Curiously, they never visited Mumbai.

Evidently, the answers are incorrect.

Interestingly, there are clear differences between the two medicines.

Luckily, they escaped unhurt.

Possibly, it is as you describe.

Probably, she is mistaken.

Sadly, the forests are now under threat.

Unfortunately, nobody was present there.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :

1. Match the following columns: 4(i) Simple adverb of time (a) How did he solve this sum?(ii) Simple adverb of manner (b) Show me the office where he worked.(iii) Interrogative adverb (c) They will now begin to play.(iv) Relative adverb (d) These students work hard.


(i) An ...................... is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or anotheradverb.

(ii) ........................... adverbs can be formed by joining two adverbs with a conjunction.

(iii) A relative adverb like a relative pronoun relates or refers back to its ......................... .

(iv) Adverbs with one ...........................form their comparative by adding ‘er’ and superlative byadding ‘est’.


(i) ‘Adverbs of Manner’ are mostly formed from adjectives by adding ‘-ly’.

(ii) The adverb ‘enough’ is always placed after the word which it modifies.

(iii) Adverbs of manner are generally placed after the verb, or after the object if there is one.

(iv) The words ‘frequently, often, once and twice’ are examples of adverbs of time.

Ch.14-The Adverb



4

WORKSHEETCh.14-The Adverb

GRAMMAR

1. Pick out the adverbs in the following sentences and state their kinds:

(i) They will come here. ________________ ________________

(ii) He speaks English well. ________________ ________________

(iii) I have told them twice. ________________ ________________

(iv) That day they arrived late. ________________ ________________

(v) When does the train arrive. ________________ ________________

(vi) I remember the day when we first met. ________________ ________________

(vii) These mangoes are almost ripe. ________________ ________________

(viii) This is the reason why I left. ________________ ________________

(ix) How did you make this dish. ________________ ________________

(x) That is the restaurant where we metfor the first time. ________________ ________________

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of adverbs:(i) It is .......................hard to explain. (too/very)

(ii) We ......................know each other. (hard/hardly)

(iii) The dinosaurs died out 65 million years..................... . (ago/before)

(iv) He ..................never raises his voice. (almost /nearly)

(v) You may speak .................................. . (free/freely)

(vi) His colleagues think very........................... of him. (high/highly)

(vii) I have not been feeling so well ......................... . (late/lately)

(viii) The new varieties of wheat grow well.................in poor soil. (even/evenly)

(ix) It is .........................an interesting project. (no/not)

(x) I have ......................finished that book you lent me. (near/nearly)


5

VOCABULARY

Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs, e.g. elderly (adj.), melancholy (n.), and apply (v)Twenty words ending in -ly are given below. Tick () only those words which are used as adverbs inEnglish:

(i) brightly

(ii) cowardly

(iii) friendly

(iv) recently

(v) homely

(vi) rightly

(vii) curtly

(viii) lively

(ix) lonely

(x) lovely

(xi) happily

(xii) tersely

(xiii) tacitly

(xiv) partly

(xv) rarely

(xvi) prickly

(xvii) deeply

(xviii) surely

(xix) timely

(xx) unsightly

6

TEST PAPER


Ch.14-The Adverb



1. An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of:

(a) a verb (b) an adjective

(c) another adverb (d) all of these

2. ‘Adverbs of manner’ are mostly formed from adjectives by adding:

(a) - en (b) - ly

(c) - er (d) - st

3. A compound adverb can be formed by joining two adverbs with a/an:

(a) adjective (b) preposition

(c) conjunction (d) interjection

4. Which of the following is a kind of adverbs?

(a) simple adverbs (b) interrogative adverbs

(c) relative adverbs (d) all of these

5. Which of the following are included in interrogative adverbs?

(a) where, when, why, how (b) what, which, who

(c) be, have, do (d) none of these

7

6. Which kind of adverbs is usually placed after the verb, or after the object if there is one?

(a) adverbs of time (b) adverbs of place

(c) adverbs of manner (d) all of these

7. The correct superlative degree of the adverb ‘early’ is:

(a) earliest (b) most early

(c) most earliest (d) none of these

8. Which of the following adverbs is always placed after the word which it modifies?

(a) almost (b) enough

(c) just (d) quite

9. Which of the following adverbs does not have degrees of comparison?

(a) far (b) late

(c) now (d) well

10. Which of the following adverbs forms its comparative and superlative degrees irregularly?

(a) badly (b) little

(c) much (d) all of these

8

PROJECT WORK


FLAT ADVERBSA ‘flat adverb’ is an adverb that has the same form as a related adjective. It does not end in -ly, e.g. ‘‘driveslow’’, ‘‘act fast’’.

A list of 20 flat adverbs is given below. Add more flat adverbs to the list. You can take help of a gooddictionary or the Internet.

1. bright 2. cheap

3. clean 4. clear

5. close 6. deep

7. even 8. fair

9. far 10. fast

11. flat 12. hard

13. high 14. late

15. long 16. loud

17. near 18. right

19. sharp 20. slow

21. __________________ 22. __________________

23. __________________ 24. __________________

25. __________________ 26. __________________

27. __________________ 28. __________________

29. __________________ 30. __________________

31. __________________ 32. __________________

33. __________________ 34. __________________

35. __________________ 36. __________________

37. __________________ 38. __________________

39. __________________ 40. __________________

Ch.14-The Adverb

9

ANSWERS

Assessment1. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (b)2. (i) adverb (ii) compound (iii) antecedent (iv) syllable3. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) here — simple adverb of place (ii) well — simple adverb of manner

(iii) twice — simple adverb of frequency (iv) late — simple adverb of time(v) when — interrogative adverb of time (vi) when — relative adverb(vii) almost — simple adverb of degree or quantity (viii) why — relative adverb(ix) how — interrogative adverb of manner (x) where — relative adverb

2. (i) too (ii) hardly(iii) ago (iv) almost(v) freely (vi) highly(vii) lately (viii) even(ix) not (x) nearly

Vocabulary:(i) brightly (iv) recently(vi) rightly (vii) curtly(xi) happily (xii) tersely(xiii) tacitly (xv) rarely(xvii) deeply (xviii) surely

Test Paper

1. (d) , 2. (b) , 3. (c), 4. (d), 5. (a) , 6. (d), 7. (a) , 8. (b), 9. (c), 10. (d)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : The Preposition


15. Tick () the correct option. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions. Correct the sentences. Complete the sentences using prepositions from the box.Learner’s Drill Circle all the prepositions in the given paragraph. Look at the picture, and complete the given sentences.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definition of ‘preposition’, kinds of prepositions, and relations expressed byprepositions. They will also learn about certain verbs which are always followed by particular prepositions.



••••• Begin by writing few sentences on the board using a different preposition in each of them. Ask studentsif they know the kinds of preposition used in them. Ask for volunteers to come to the board, and describedifferent kinds of prepositions with examples. Explain meaning of new and difficult words.




Kinds of prepositions—simple, compound and phrase prepositions


2

Relations expressed by prepositions

Verbs followed by prepositions

Common mistakes with conjunctions

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘prepositions’ using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebook what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assess thestudent’s understanding by looking at their definition of ‘preposition’, and their correct use of different kinds ofprepositions in examples sentences.

7. Modification and Differentiation:For homework, students can learn to use ‘participial prepositions’ in sentences. Participial prepositions areparticipial form that function as prepositions. These are ‘Present participles of verb’ which are used withoutany noun or pronoun being attached to them. Some frequently used participial prepositions are:(i) Barring a few minor mistakes, the play went pretty well. (barring = excepting, apart from)(ii) I have had a letter from the tax authorities concerning my tax payments. (concerning= about)(iii) Considering the qulaity, the price is not high. (considering = taking into account)(iv) Everyone, please keep quiet during the class. (during = through)(v) The judge has suspended the ban, pending a full inquiry. (pending = until something happens)(vi) We were exploring a variety of options regarding the issue. (regarding= about)(vii) They began to have serious worries respecting their new house.

(respecting = with regard to)(viii) He will give evidence touching on the current case. (touching = concerning, about)(ix) These people cannot buy their normal requirement of food, including rice. (including=containing)(x) Notwithstanding the evidence, the consensus is that jury will not reach a verdict.

(notwithstanding = in spite of)

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :

1. Match the following columns: 4(i) Simple prepositions (a) about, among(ii) Compound prepostions (b) according to, in spite of(iii) Phrase prepositions (c) concerning, regarding(iv) Participial prepositions (d) at, by


(i) A ........................... is a word that shows relation between noun or pronoun and the other words ina sentence.

(ii) The words ‘of’ and ‘to’ are examples of ........................... prepositions.

(iii) ‘In comparison to’ is an example of ........................... preposition.

(iv) The verb ‘subsist’ is followed by the preposition ........................... .


(i) ‘By means of’ is an example of compound preposition.

(ii) Preposition ‘into’ shows movement towards the interior of something.

(iii) A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun.

(iv) Prepositions used for time of different natures are in, on, at, etc.

Ch.15-The Preposition



4

WORKSHEETCh.15-The Preposition

GRAMMAR

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:

(i) I listen ...........................the radio in the morning.

(ii) They died........................hunger.

(iii) We agree .........................you on this issue.

(iv) They looked..................the picture.

(v) The success of this project relies.................everyone making an effort.

(vi) They deal..............in cotton and silk.

(vii) I refrained....................hurting his feelings.

(viii) He insisted.................carrying his own bag.

(ix) They despaired................finding a good restaurant nearby.

(x) He did not wait.......................a reply.

2. Correct the following sentences:(i) They snack among meals.

(ii) He sat besides me in the front seat.

(iii) They decided to go by foot.

(iv) She preferred cooking at home than eating in restaurants.

(v) The door opened and a nurse came into the room.

(vi) He killed two birds by one shot.

(vii) Your dinner is onto the table

(viii) They have not been working for last week.

(ix) She slept to nine o’clock.

(x) The country is famous for its natural beauty.


5

VOCABULARY

A list of 40 prepositions in alphabetical order is given below. Write whether they are simple, compoundor phrase prepositions:

1. about 2. above

3. according to 4. across

5. along 6. amidst

7. among 8. amongst

9. around 10. at

11. because of 12. before

13. behind 14. below

15. beneath 16. beside

17. between 18. beyond

19. by 20. for

21. for the sake of 22. from

23. in 24. in lieu of

25. inside 26. instead of

27. of 28. off

29. on 30. out

31. outside 32. owing to

33. through 34. till

35. to 36. underneath

37. up 38. with

39. within 40. without

6

TEST PAPER





1. A word that is used before a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun, connecting it to another word is calleda /an ........................ :

(a) adjective (b) adverb

(c) preposition (d) conjunction

2. ............................. are included in kinds of preposition:

(a) simple prepositions (b) compound prepositions

(c) phrase prepositions (d) all of these

3. The noun or pronoun which is used with a preposition is called its ........................ :



4. Which of the following prepositions can be used for talking about time?

(a) at (b) in

(c) on (d) all of these

5. Which of the following is not a simple preposition?

(a) about (b) from

(c) till (d) with

7

6. Which of the following is not a compound preposition?

(a) amongst (b) beneath

(c) outside (d) through

7. He is not here ........................the moment:

(a) at (b) in

(c) on (d) up

8. Television prices have come down rapidly ....................keen competition in the industry:

(a) owing to (b) according to

(c) in reference to (d) with regard to

9. When we think of a place as a surface, we use ........................ :

(a) at (b) in

(c) on (d) up

10. The preposition ........................ is used to show movement towards the interior of something:

(a) due to (b) into

(c) onto (d) up to

8

PROJECT WORK


LESS COMMON PREPOSITIONS:There are many other prepositions that you might never have considered prepositions. Here is a listof 20 such prepositions that deserve to be recognized alongside the common examples. Write themeaning of these prepositions with use in sentences. One has been done for you.

Preposition Meaning Use in sentence

1. astride with a leg on each side of something He sat proudly astride his new motorbike.

2. but _________________________ __________________________________

3. circa _________________________ __________________________________

4. cum _________________________ __________________________________

5. despite _________________________ __________________________________

6. except _________________________ __________________________________

7. like _________________________ __________________________________

8. minus _________________________ __________________________________

9. next _________________________ __________________________________

10. opposite _________________________ __________________________________

11. past _________________________ __________________________________

12. per _________________________ __________________________________

13. plus _________________________ __________________________________

14. round _________________________ __________________________________

15. save _________________________ __________________________________

16. than _________________________ __________________________________

17. unlike _________________________ __________________________________

18. versus _________________________ __________________________________

19. via _________________________ __________________________________

20. vis-à-vis _________________________ __________________________________


9

ANSWERS

Assessment

1. (i) (d) (ii) (a) (iii) (b) (iv) (c)

2. (i) preposition (ii) simple (iii) phrase (iv) on

3. (i) F (ii) T (iii) T (iv) T

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) to (ii) of (iii) with (iv) at (v) on,

(vi) in (vii) from (viii) on (ix) of (x) for

2. (i) between (ii) beside (iii) on (iv) to (v) into,(vi) with (vii) on (viii) since (ix) till (x) for

Vocabulary:1. compound preposition 2. compound preposition 3. phrase preposition4. compound preposition 5. compound proposition 6. compound preposition7. compound preposition 8. compound preposition 9. compound preposition

10. simple preposition 11. phrase preposition 12. compound preposition13. compound preposition 14. compound preposition 15. compound preposition16. compound preposition 17. compound preposition 18. compound preposition19. simple preposition 20. simple preposition 21. phrase preposition22. simple preposition 23. simple preposition 24. phrase preposition25. compound preposition 26. phrase preposition 27. simple preposition28. simple preposition 29. simple preposition 30. simple preposition31. compound preposition 32. phrase preposition 33. simple preposition34. simple preposition 35. simple preposition 36. compound preposition37. simple preposition 38. simple preposition 39. compound preposition40. compound prepostition

Test Paper

1. (c), 2. (d), 3. (b), 4. (d), 5. (a) , 6. (d), 7. (a) , 8. (a), 9. (c), 10. (b)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : The Conjunction


16. Tick () the correct option. Use the conjunctions ‘and, but, or’ in the blanks. Join the sentences with suitable sentences. Rewrite the sentences by correcting the highlighted words.Learner’s Drill Study the given pictures and read the examples, then identify the type of conjunction in each

of them.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definition of ‘conjunction’, kinds of conjunctions, and common mistakes withconjunctions.



••••• Begin by writing at least four sentences on the board—first two sentences with the use of coordinatingconjunctions, and the remaining two sentences with the use of subordinating conjunctions. Ask studentsif they can point out the conjunctions used in them. Ask for volunteers to come to the board, and describedifferent kinds of conjunctions with examples. Explain meaning of new and difficult words.




The definition of ‘conjunction’


2

Kinds of conjunctions—coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions (double conjunctions) such as either....... or, neither.......nor, which work inpairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence.

Compound conjunctions are phrases (groups of two or three words) such as so that, as well as, etc.

Classification of subordinating conjunctions according to their meaning such as time, cause, purpose,result, condition, concession and comparison.

Common mistakes with conjunctions.

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘conjunctions’ using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assessthe student’s understanding by looking at their definition of ‘conjunction’, classification of conjunctions withexample sentences, and rectification of common mistakes committed in the use of different types of conjunctions.

7. Modification and Differentiation:For homework, students can learn about some conjuctions and their correct usage such as:

because, except, for, if, lest, only, or, since, than, that, while, without, etc.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :

1. Match the following columns: 4(i) Coordinating conjunctions (a) as, if(ii) Subordinating conjunctions (b) as well as, on condition that(iii) Correlative conjunctions (c) and, but(iv) Compound conjunctions (d) both... and, whether ... or


(i) ...................... are words which are used to connect phrases, clauses, and sentences.

(ii) ....................... conjunctions are of four kinds: cumulative, adversative, disjunctive and illative.

(iii) Conjunctions which are used in pairs are called ........................ conjunctions.

(iv) ‘Provided that’ is an example of ............................. conjunction.


(i) A coordinating conjunction can join together clauses of unequal rank.

(ii) A subordinating conjunction connects subordinate clauses to the main clause of a sentence.

(iii) The subordinating conjunction shows the relationship between two clauses, so it does notmatter which clause comes first.

(iv) A subordinating conjunction must be attached to an independent clause.

Ch.16-The Conjunction



4

WORKSHEETCh.16-The Conjunction

GRAMMAR

1. Join the following sentences with suitable conjunctions:

(i) He stumbled. He did not fall. (and/but)

(ii) They will not spend their money. They will not invest it. (either...or/neither....nor)

(iii) Amit is a teacher. His wife is a teacher. (both....and / whether...or)

(iv) He found it increasingly difficult to read. His eyesight was beginning to fail. (but/for)

(v) We can buy it. We have enough money. (so that/ provided that)

(vi) The shower was over. The sun shone out again. (after/before)

(vii) He talked. He knew all about it. (if/as if)

(viii) They finished first. They began late. (but/though)

(ix) We eat. We may live. (so/so that)

(x) She ran away. She was afraid. (because/ that)

2. Rewrite the following sentences by correcting the underlined words:(i) Neither a borrower, or a lender be. ________________________

(ii) They will not pay till they are compelled. ________________________

(iii) He held my hand otherwise I should fall. ________________________

(iv) You will get the prize even if you deserve it. ________________________

(v) Look as you leap. ________________________

(vi) You can borrow the book that you return it soon. ________________________

(vii) Though the path is difficult to walk, but we choose to walk together. ________________________

(viii) No sooner had I started mowing the lawn then it started raining. ________________________

(ix) He tried, and did not succeed. ________________________

(x) She both cleaned her room as well as washed the dishes. ________________________


5

VOCABULARY

A list of 41 conjunctions in alphabetical order is given below. Write whether they are coordinating orsubordinating conjunctions:

1. after 2. although

3. and 4. as

5. as soon as 6. because

7. before 8. but

9. either...or 10. else

11. ere 12. except

13. for 14. how

15. if 16. lest

17. neither...nor 18. nor

19. once 20. only

21. or 22. provided that

23. since 24. so

25. so that 26. still

27. than 28. that

29. though 30. till

31. unless 32. until

33. when 34. whence

35. where 36. whereas

37. while 38. whilst

39. whither 40. why

41. yet

6

TEST PAPER





1. A conjunction joins together:

(a) words (b) phrases

(c) clauses (d) all of these

2. Which of the following is a compound conjunction?

(a) so that (b) provided that

(c) in order that (d) all of these

3. Conjunctions which are used in pairs are called:

(a) compound conjunctions (b) coordinating conjunctions

(c) correlative conjunctions (d) subordinating conjunctions

4. Clauses of equal rank are joined together by:

(a) coordinating conjunctions (b) compound conjunctions

(c) subordinating conjunctions (d) all of these

5. Which of the following is not a coordinating conjunction?

(a) and (b) but

(c) nor (d) as

7

6. Which of the following is not a subordinating conjunction?

(a) although (b) because

(c) yet (d) unless

7. Which of the following is an example of coordinating conjunction?

(a) cumulative (b) adversative

(c) alternative (d) all of these

8. A subordinating clause cannot stand alone; it must be attached to a/an:

(a) independent clause (b) main clause

(c) adverbial clause (d) none of these

9. Which of the following is a correlative conjunction?

(a) both ...and (b) either...or

(c) whether...or (d) all of these

10. Subordinating conjunction................introduces a conditional clause.

(a) if (b) lest

(c) than (d) till

8


CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSCorrelative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence.A list of 12 correlative conjunctions with use in sentences is given below. You are required to writeanother example sentence for each of these conjunctions.

1. as...as (i) He drove as fast as he can.

(ii) .................................................................................................................

2. as much...as (i) We did not spend as much time at the museum as I had hoped.

(ii) .................................................................................................................

3. both...and (i) He is both handsome and intelligent.

(ii) .................................................................................................................

4. either...or (i) You will find him either in the library or in the classroom.

(ii) .................................................................................................................

5. just as...so (i) Just as I love films, so does my brother love sports.

(ii) .................................................................................................................

6. neither...nor (i) We had neither umbrellas nor raincoats with us.

(ii) .................................................................................................................

7. no sooner...than (i) No sooner had they started their walk than it started to rain.

(ii) .................................................................................................................

8. not only...but also (i) Shakespeare was not only a writer but also an actor.

(ii) .................................................................................................................

9. rather...than (i) I would rather swim than surf.

(ii) .................................................................................................................

10. the...the (i) The more you practise dribbling, the better you will be at it.

(ii) .................................................................................................................

11. though...yet (i) Though she is suffering much pain, yet she does not complain.

(rare in current English) (ii) .................................................................................................................

12. whether...or (i) I do not care whether they go or stay.

(ii) .................................................................................................................


9

ANSWERSAssessment

1. (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (b)2. (i) Conjunctions (ii) coordinating (iii) correlative (iv) compound3. (i) F (ii) T (iii) T (iv) T

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) He stumbled but did not fall. (ii) They will neither spend their money nor invest it.

(iii) Both Amit and his wife are teachers. (iv) He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight(v) We can buy it, provided that we have was beginning to fail.

enough money. (vi) After the shower was over, the sun shone out again.(vii) He talked as if he knew all about it. (viii) They finished first though they began late.(ix) We eat so that we may live. (x) She ran away because she was afraid.

2. (i) Neither a borrower, nor a lender be. (ii) They will not pay unless they are compelled.(iii) He held my hand lest I should fall. (iv) You will get the prize if you deserve it.(v) Look before you leap. (vi) You can borrow the book provided that you return it soon.(vii) The path is difficult to walk, but we (viii) No sooner had I started mowing the lawn than it started

choose to walk together. raining.(ix) He tried, but did not succeed. (x) She both cleaned her room and washed the dishes.

Vocabulary:1. subordinating conj. 2. subordinating conj. 3. coordinating conj.4. subordinating conj. 5. subordinating conj. 6. subordinating conj.7. subordinating conj. 8. coordinating conj. 9. coordinating conj.

10. coordinating conj. 11. subordinating conj. 12. subordinating conj.13. coordinating conj. 14. subordinating conj. 15. subordinating conj.16. subordinating conj. 17. coordinating conj. 18. coordinating conj.19. subordinating conj. 20. coordinating conj. 21. coordinating conj.22. subordinating conj. 23. subordinating conj. 24. coordinating conj.25. subordinating conj. 26. coordinating conj. 27. subordinating conj.28. subordinating conj. 29. subordinating conj. 30. subordinating conj.31. subordinating conj. 32. subordinating conj. 33. subordinating conj.34. subordinating conj. 35. subordinating conj. 36. subordinating conj.37. subordinating conj. 38. subordinating conj. 39. Subordinating conj.40. subordinating conj. 41. coordinating conj.

Test Paper

1. (d), 2. (d), 3. (c), 4. (a), 5. (d), 6. (c), 7. (d), 8. (a), 9. (d), 10. (a)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : Transformation of Sentences


17. Tick () the correct option. Transform the given sentences as per indication. Rewrite the given sentences by replacing ‘too’ with ‘so....that’. Rewrite the given sentences by replacing ‘so...that’ with ‘too’.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will learn about different ways of changing the form of a sentence from one kind to anotherwithout changing the meaning.



••••• Begin by writing two sentences on the board—the first sentence in affirmative, and the second one innegative. Both the sentences should convey the same meaning. Tell students that such type of conversionof sentences is called ‘transformation of sentences’. Ask for volunteers to come to the board, anddescribe different ways and rules related to transformation of sentences. Explain meaning of new anddifficult words.




The meaning of transformation of sentences


2

Transformation of different types of sentences such as:-

Interchange of affirmative and negative sentences

Interchange of assertive and exclamatory sentences

Interchange of interrogative and assertive sentences

Sentences containing the adverb ‘too’

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘prepositions’ using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assess student’sunderstanding by recognizing their ability to correctly transform different kinds of sentences as given in exercises.

7. Modification and Differentiation:For homework, students can learn about interchange of the degrees of comparison. It is possible to changethe degree of comparison of an adjective or adverb in a sentence, without changing the meaning of thesentence; as,No other democracy in the world is as large as India. (Positive)India is larger than any other democracy in the world. (Comparative)India is the largest democracy in the world. (Superlative)

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :

1. Fill in the blanks: 4(i) Transformation of sentences implies changing the form of a sentence from one kind to another without

changing the ............................................. .(ii) We can transform an affirmative sentence into a negative sentence by removing / adding a negative

word, and replacing an adjective / adverb with its ...................... .(iii) If the interrogative is in the negative, its assertive will be in the ....................... and vice versa.(iv) In the transformation of a sentence containing the adverb ‘too’, the adverb ‘too’ is replaced with the

conjunctive expression ................................ .

2. Transform the following sentences as indicated in the brackets: 4(i) Every student is present today. (Negative)

...................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Everest in the highest mountain in the world. (Negative)...................................................................................................................................................

(iii) They are very excited about the journey. (Exclamatory)...................................................................................................................................................

(iv) I can never forget you. (Interrogative)...................................................................................................................................................

3. Transform the following sentences by removing the adverb ‘too’: 4(i) The suitcase was too heavy for me to lift.

...................................................................................................................................................

(ii) He speaks too fast to be understood....................................................................................................................................................

(iii) It is too cold for us to go out of the house....................................................................................................................................................

(iv) The thieves ran too fast for the police to catch....................................................................................................................................................

Ch.17-Transformation of Sentences



4

WORKSHEETCh.17-Transformation of Sentences

GRAMMAR

1. Transform the following sentences as indicated in the brackets:(i) This medicine is cheap. ............................................................ (Negative)(ii) I was doubtful whether it was you. ............................................................ (Negative)(iii) Alice made a cake yesterday. ............................................................ (Interrogative)(iv) Chennai is hotter than Mumbai. ............................................................ (Negative)(v) She has a very sweet voice. ............................................................ (Exclamatory)(vi) Knowledge is power. ............................................................ (Interrogative)(vii) This night is very beautiful. ............................................................ (Exclamatory)(viii) Their glory can never fade. ............................................................ (Interrogative)(ix) Iron is more useful than any other metal. ............................................................ (Negative)(x) I wish I had the wings of a bird. ............................................................ (Exclamatory)

2. Transform the following sentences by removing the adverb ‘too’:(i) He is too weak to walk.

.........................................................................................................................................................(ii) He is too ignorant for the post of a secretary.

.........................................................................................................................................................(iii) This book is too difficult to understand.

.........................................................................................................................................................(iv) These apples are too cheap to be good.

.........................................................................................................................................................(v) His theories are too difficult for me to comprehend.

.........................................................................................................................................................(vi) She was too shocked to speak.

.........................................................................................................................................................(vii) Your story is too ridiculous for me to believe.

.........................................................................................................................................................(viii) The tree is too high for us to climb.

.........................................................................................................................................................(ix) The noise of music was too loud for us to enjoy the documentary.

.........................................................................................................................................................(x) He was too nervous to perform well on the stage.

.........................................................................................................................................................


5

VOCABULARY

Write antonyms for the following words:

1. abundant 2. acquit

3. ascend 4. attach

5. consent 6. constructive

7. economical 8. genuine

9. inclusive 10. innocent

11. loyalty 12. luxurious

13. mercy 14. permit

15. praise 16. presence

17. prodigal 18. refine

19. reveal 20. sharp

21. shining 22. smooth

23. sure 24. sweet

25. tame 26. transparent

6

TEST PAPER





1. Transformation of sentences implies changing the form of a sentence from one kind to another withoutchanging the:

(a) definition (b) meaning

(c) structure (d) none of these

2. Transformation from affirmative to negative can be done by adding negative words and replacing adjectives/adverbs with their:

(a) synonyms (b) homonyms

(c) antonyms (d) none of these

3. The word ‘too’ is a:

(a) adjective (b) adverb

(c) conjunction (d) interjection

4. The correct transformation of the sentence, ‘Human is mortal’, is:

(a) Human is immortal. (b) Human is not immortal.

(c) Not all humans are mortal. (d) Not all humons are immortal.

5. The correct transformation of the sentence, ‘No other metal is as expensive as gold’, is:

(a) No other metal except gold is expensive. (b) Gold is expensive of all the metals.

(c) Gold is the most expensive than any (d) Gold is the most expensive ofother metal. all metals.

7

6. The correct transformation of the sentence, ‘It is a very lovely garden’, is

(a) How lovely garden it is! (b) How lovely garden is it!

(c) How is lovely garden it! (d) How is it lovely garden!

7. The correct transformation of the sentence, ‘He was too tired to walk’, is:

(a) He was so tired that he cannot walk.

(b) He was so much tired that he could not walk.

(c) He was so tired that he could not walk.

(d) He was very tired that he could not walk.

8. The correct transformation of the sentence, ‘He was an enemy to do such a deed’, is:

(a) Was he not an enemy to do such a deed?

(b) Was not he an enemy to do such a deed?

(c) Was not an enemy he to do such a deed?

(d) none of these

8

PROJECT WORK


INTERCHANGE OF ONE PART OF SPEECH FOR ANOTHER

The transformation of sentences is an excellent exercise as it teachers a variety of expressions in writingEnglish.

Study the following sentences:

He succeeded in his attempt.

His attempt was successful.

His attempt was crowned with success.

You may have noticed that all the three sentences given above express the same idea. The verb ‘succeeded’ insentence 1 changes to the adjective ‘successful’ in sentence 2, and the noun ‘success’ in sentence3.

Now, transform the following sentences as indicated in the brackets:

1. He gave a curt reply. (Adverb) ..............................................................

2. I examined the document carefully. (Noun) ..............................................................

3. They work diligently. (Noun) ..............................................................

4. Respect your parents and teachers. (Adjective) ..............................................................

5. It costs fifty rupees. (Noun) ..............................................................

6. Indian soldiers fought bravely. (Noun) ..............................................................

7. He showed generosity even to his opponents. (Adjective) ..............................................................

8. It is apparent that this is a good proposal. (Adverb) ..............................................................

9. No invitation was sent to the mayor. (Verb) ..............................................................

10. He is a disgrace to his family. (Verb) ..............................................................


9

ANSWERSAssessment

1. (i) meaning (ii) opposite (iii) affirmative (iv) so that2. (i) No student is absent today (ii) No other mountain in the world is as high as Everest.

(iii) How excited they are about the journey! (iv) Can I ever forget you?3. (i) The suitcase was so heavy that I could not lift it.

(ii) He speaks so fast that he cannot be understood.(iii) It is so cold that we cannot go out of the house.(iv) The thieves ran so fast that the police could not catch them.

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) This medicine is not expensive. (ii) I was not sure that it was you.

(iii) Did Alice made a cake yesterday. (iv) Mumbai is not as hot as Chennai.(v) What a sweet voice she has! (vi) Is knowledge not power?(vii) How beautiful this night is! (viii) When can their glory fade?(ix) No other metal is as useful as iron. (x) If only I had the wings of a bird!

2. (i) He is so weak that he cannot walk.(ii) He is so ignorant that he is not suitable for the post of a secretary.(iii) This book is so difficult that it cannot be understood.(iv) These apples are so cheap that they cannot be good.(v) His theories are so difficult that I cannot comprehend them.(vi) She was so shocked that she could not speak.(vii) Your story is so ridiculous that I cannot believe it.(viii) The tree is so high that we cannot climb it.(ix) The noise of music was so loud that we could not enjoy the documentary.(x) He was so nervous that he could not perform well on the stage.

Vocabulary:1. scarce, sparse 2. convict 3. descend 4. detach5. dissent 6. destructive 7. expensive 8. fake9. exclusive 10. guilty 11. disloyalty, treachery 12. spartan

13. ruthlessness, cruelty 14. forbid 15. admonish 16. absence17. thrifty, parsimonious 18. adulterate 19. hide, conceal 20. blunt21. dark 22. rough 23. unsure, doubtful 24. bitter, sour25. savage 26. opaque

Test Paper1. (b), 2. (c), 3. (b), 4. (b), 5. (d), 6. (a), 7. (c) , 8. (a)

Project Work1. He replied curtly. 2. I examined the document with care .3. They work with diligence . 4. Be respectful to your parents and teachers.5. The cost is fifty rupees. 6. Indian soldiers put up a brave fight.7. He was generous even to his opponents. 8. This is apparently a good proposal.9. The mayor was not invited. 10. He has disgraced his family.

1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : Direct and Indirect Speech


18. Tick () the correct option. Put the given sentences into indirect speech.Learner’s Drill Complete the story by filling up the speech bubbles. Rewrite the conversation in reported speech. Rewrite the direct speech into indirect speech with the help of the given pictures.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will learn about reporting the spoken words of a person in two ways—direct speech and indirectspeech. They will also learn about different rules for reporting assertive, interrogative, and imperative sentences.



••••• Begin by writing two sentences on the board–the first in direct speech, and the second in indirectspeech. Both the sentences should convey the same meaning. Tell students the distinction between thetwo types of narration. Ask for volunteers to come to the board, and describe different rules for reportingspeech. Explain meaning of new and difficult words.



The teacher explains— The meaning of direct and indirect speech Rules for changing:-

(a) tenses


2

(b) the personal pronouns and possessive adjectives of the direct speech(c) expression of time and place in indirect speech

Reporting of different types of sentences such as:-

Assertive sentences (statements)

Interrogative sentences (questions)

Imperative sentences (orders and requests)

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘direct and indirect speech’ using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assess studentsunderstanding by recognizing their ability to correctly transform different kinds of sentences from direct toindirect speech.

7. Modification and Differentiation:For homework, students can collect example sentences for reporting different types of sentences.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :

1. Fill in the blanks: 4(i) In direct speech, we quote .........................words of the speaker.(ii) Direct speech is always enclosed within ..........................commas.(iii) The first word of the ......................speech begins with a capital letter.(iv) In indirect speech, words expressing nearness in time or place are generally changed into words

expressing ............................. .


(i) We may report the words of a speaker in two ways —direct speech, and indirect speech.

(ii) A comma or colon usually separates the direct speech from the reporting verb.

(iii) If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense of the verb in the reportedspeech remains unchanged.

(iv) In indirect speech, pronouns and possessive adjectives of the second person are changedaccording to the subject of the reporting verb.

3. Change the following sentences into indirect speech: 4(i) He said, ‘I have passed the exams’.

...................................................................................................................................................

(ii) She said to me, ‘Post this letter at once’....................................................................................................................................................

(iii) He said to me, ‘What are you doing?’...................................................................................................................................................

(iv) Ravi said, ‘I am very busy now.’...................................................................................................................................................

Ch.18-Direct and Indirect Speech



4

WORKSHEETCh.18-Direct and Indirect Speech

GRAMMAR1. Change the following into indirect speech:

(i) Amit said to me, ‘Do you like coffee?’ ________________________________________

(ii) I said to her, ‘what were you eating?’ ________________________________________

(iii) I said to him, ‘Are you feeling well?’ ________________________________________

(iv) David said to John, ‘Will you not help me to ________________________________________carry this box?’

(v) The stranger said to me, ‘Where do you live?’ ________________________________________

(vi) He said to her, ‘What do you want’? ________________________________________

(vii) He said to them, ‘Are you coming homewith me’? ________________________________________

(viii) She said to him, ‘Why did you come late?’ ________________________________________

(ix) He said to us, ‘When will they come’? ________________________________________

(x) Mother said to daughter, ‘Do you know where ________________________________________Rahul is?’

2. Change the following into indirect speech:(i) Amit said to Sumit, ‘Go away.’ ________________________________________

(ii) The teacher said to the students, ‘Do not talk in the classroom.’ ________________________________________

(iii) Vivek said to Sarita, ‘Bring me a cup of tea.’ ________________________________________

(iv) He said, ‘Be quiet and listen to my words.’ ________________________________________

(v) He said to her, ‘Please wait here till I return.’ ________________________________________

(vi) She said to her friend, ‘Do not tell a lie.’ ________________________________________

(vii) The boy said to his friend, ‘Let us go out.’ ________________________________________

(viii) The police officer said, ‘Let no one leavethe room.’ ________________________________________

(ix) The judge said, ‘Call the next witness.’ ________________________________________

(x) The doctor said to the patient, ‘Take completerest and follow my direction.’ ________________________________________

.


5

VOCABULARY

Some verbs are frequently used as ‘reporting verbs’ in the direct and indirect speech. A list of suchverbs is given below. You are required to write past tense forms of such verbs:

Basic form of the verb Past tense form

1. advise ________________________________

2. applaud ________________________________

3. ask ________________________________

4. bid ________________________________

5. congratulate ________________________________

6. command ________________________________

7. demand ________________________________

8. enquire ________________________________

9. exclaim ________________________________

10. forbid ________________________________

11. order ________________________________

12. pray ________________________________

13. propose ________________________________

14. remark ________________________________

15. request ________________________________

16. regret ________________________________

17. say ________________________________

18. shout ________________________________

19. suggest ________________________________

20. urge ________________________________

21. wonder ________________________________

6

TEST PAPER





1. We quote actual words of the speaker in:

(a) direct speech (b) indirect speech

(c) both direct and indirect speech (d) none of these

2. Direct speech is always enclosed within:

(a) commas (b) invented commas

(c) colons (d) semi-colons

3. A ....................usually separates the direct speech from the reporting verb:

(a) comma (b) semi-colon

(c) full stop (d) dash

4. The tenses in the direct speech are changed if the reporting verb is in the:

(a) present tense (b) past tense

(c) future tense (d) none of these

5. Pronouns and possessive adjectives of the first person are changed according to the ..................of thereporting verb:


(c) complement (d) predicate

7

6. Pronouns and possessive adjectives of the second person are changed according to the .....................of the reporting verb:



7. If the reporting verb ‘said’ is followed by an ‘object’, it is usually changed into:

(a) asked (b) suggested

(c) urged (d) told

8. Words expressing ‘nearness’ in time or place are generally changed into words expressing......................in indirect speech:

(a) proximity (b) distance

(c) space (d) none of these

9. When we report an imperative sentence, expressing order or request, we usually use a .....................structure:

(a) present participle (b) past participle

(c) to + infinitive (d) none of these

10. Which of the following verb tenses in the reported speech does not change, even if the reporting verb isin the past tense?

(a) past perfect (b) past perfect continuous

(c) both past perfect and past perfect (d) none of thesecontinuous

8

PROJECT WORK


REPORTING EXCLAMATIONS AND WISHES

In reporting exclamations and wishes, the Indirect speech is introduced by some verb expressing exclamation orwish, e.g.

1. He said, ‘How clever I am!’ (Direct)He exclaimed that he was very clever. (Indirect)

2. They said, ‘Hurrah! ‘We won the game.’ (Direct)They said with delight that they had won the game. (Indirect)

3. He said, ‘Alas, I failed in the exams.’ (Direct)He exclaimed with sorrow that he had failed in the exams. (Indirect)

4. He said to us, ‘Bravo! you have done well.’ (Direct)He applauded / congratulated us saying that we had done well. (Indirect)

5. He said to them all, ‘Goodbye, my friends!’ (Direct)He bade goodbye to all his friends. (Indirect)

Study the above-mentioned sentences well, then convert the following exclamatory sentences intoindirect speech:

1. He said, ‘Alas, how foolish I have been!’................................................................................................................................................................

2. He said, ‘Hurrah, I am selected for the job.’................................................................................................................................................................

3. Sumit said, ‘Wow! What a beautiful flower it is!’................................................................................................................................................................

4. He said to them, ‘Bravo! You have done a great job.’................................................................................................................................................................

5. The girl said, ‘What a beautiful sight it is!’................................................................................................................................................................


9

ANSWERSAssessment

1. (i) actual (ii) inverted (iii) reported (iv) distance2. (i) T (ii) T (iii) T (iv) F3. (i) He said that he had passed the exams. (ii) She ordered me to post that letter at once.

(iii) He asked me what I was doing. (iv) Ravi said that he was very busy then.

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) Amit asked me if I liked coffee.

(ii) I asked her what she had been eating.(iii) I asked him if he was feeling well.(iv) David asked John if he would not help him to carry that box.(v) The stranger asked me where I lived.(vi) He asked her what she wanted.(vii) He asked them if they were coming home with him.(viii) She asked him why he had come late.(ix) He asked us when they would come.(x) Mother asked daughter if she knew where Rahul was.

2. (i) Amit ordered Sumit to go away. (ii) The teacher advised the students not to talk.(iii) Vivek asked Sarita to bring him a cup of tea. (iv) He urged them to be quiet and listen to his words.(v) He requested her to wait there till he returned. (vi) She advised her friend not to tell a lie.(vii) The boy suggested his friend to go out. (viii) The police officer ordered that no one should leave(ix) The judge ordered to call the next witness. the room.(x) The doctor advised the patient to take complete

rest and follow his direction.Vocabulary:

1. advised 2. applauded 3. asked 4. bade5. congratulated 6. commanded 7. demanded 8. enquired9. exclaimed 10. forbade 11. ordered 12. prayed

13. proposed 14. remarked 15. requested 16. regretted17. said 18. shouted 19. suggested 20. urged21. wondered

Test Paper1. (a), 2. (b), 3. (a), 4. (b), 5. (a), 6. (b), 7. (d) , 8. (b), 9. (c), 10. (c)

Project Work1. He exclaimed with sorrow that he had been very foolish.2. He exclaimed with delight that he was selected for the job.3. Sumit exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful flower.4. He applauded them saying that they had done a great job.5. The girl exclaimed with delight that it was a very beautiful sight.

1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : Agreement of the Verb with the Subject


19. Tick () the correct option. Tick () the correct verb from those given in the brackets. Fill in the blanks with correct form of verbs.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will learn about various rules related to agreement of the verb with the subject.


3. Procedure to Open the Lesson:••••• Begin by writing some sentences containing singular, plural and compound subjects on the board. Ask

students to point out subjects and verbs used in the sentences. Ask for volunteers to come to the board, anddescribe at least five rules concerning agreement of the verb with the subject. Explain meaning of newand difficult words.



The teacher explains—

The meaning of agreement of the verb with the subject

Various rules related to agreement of the verb with the subject

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘agreement of the verb with the subject’ using audio-visual aids.


2


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assess student’sunderstanding of various rules of subject-verb agreement with their correct use in sentences.

7. Modification and Differentiation:Sometimes two or more singular nouns or pronouns joined by ‘and’ (compound subjects) suggest one idea tothe mind, or refer to the same person or thing, the verb is singular; as,Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast.The rise and fall of the tide is due to lunar influence.Students can compile a list of such compound subject with their use in example sentences.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :


(i) A verb must agree with its ..................... in number and person.

(ii) When two subjects are connected by ‘with’, ‘as well as’ and ‘along with’, the verb agrees withthe ..................... subject.

(iii) When one of the subjects joined by ‘or’ or ‘nor’ is plural, the verb must be plural, and the pluralsubject should be placed ..................... the verb.

(iv) Some nouns which are plural in form, but singular in meaning, take a ..................... verb.


(i) The verb should be made to agree in number with its proper subject, not with a nounnear it.

(ii) If the subject of a sentence has two or more nouns or pronouns connected by ‘and’, weuse a singular verb.

(iii) A plural verb is used with words ‘either’ and ‘neither’.

(iv) The word ‘news’ always takes a singular verb.

3. Fill in the blanks with correct form of verbs: 4

(i) The quality of the apples ..................... not good.

(ii) Gold and silver ..................... precious metals.

(iii) Many a politician ..................... promised to make changes.

(iv) The news ..................... being broadcast by all major TV stations.

Ch.19-Agreement of the Verb with the Subject



4

WORKSHEETCh.19-Agreement of the Verb with the Subject

GRAMMAR

1. Tick () the correct verb from those given in the brackets:

(i) The cost of groceries (vary / varies) widely from one supermarket to another.

(ii) Measles (is / are) especially common among children.

(iii) His new trousers (is / are) brown.

(iv) Gulliver’s Travels (describe / describes) the four voyages of Lemuel Gulliver, a ship’s surgeon.

(v) Sixty kilometres (is / are) a long walk.

(vi) There (is / are) several reasons why we must tackle the problem of global warming.

(vii) No nook or cranny (was / were) left unexplored.

(viii) Physics (was / were) my favourite subject in college.

(ix) Many a man (has / have) done so.

(x) Everyone of the boys (love / loves) to ride this motorbike.

2. Fill in the blanks with correct form of verbs:

(i) Bread and butter .............................his only food.

(ii) Time and tide ....................... for no man.

(iii) Many a man ..................dreamed of fame and honour.

(iv) The United States of America ..................a country composed of 50 states.

(v) Each of these students...................also a good player.

(vi) Neither of the accusations......................true.

(vii) The ship, with its crew, ......................lost.

(viii) The scissors ....................on the table.

(ix) Mumps ......................a contagious disease.

(x) Either you or he..................mistaken.


5

VOCABULARY

Collective nouns are those nouns which stand for a group of people or things. In British English,most collective nouns can be treated as singular or plural.

A list of some commonly used collective nouns is given below. Match these nouns with their meanings.

(i) assembly (a) a group of students who are taught together

(ii) board (b) the actors in a film, play, or show

(iii) caravan (c) employees of a particular organization

(iv) cast (d) a group of people separated by occupation or interest

(v) class (e) a group of people living together in an ordered community

(vi) colony (f) a group having legislative powers

(vii) congregation (g) newspapers or journalists

(viii) convoy (h) the decision-making body of an organization

(ix) faculty (i) a large number of fish swimming together

(x) gaggle (j) ordinary people in general

(xi) horde (k) a group of people travelling together across a desert

(xii) pack (l) soldiers or armed forces

(xiii) police (m) a group of university departments

(xiv) press (n) a group of ships travelling together, accompanied by armedtroops

(xv) pride (o) a group of people assembled for religious worship

(xvi) public (p) a flock of geese

(xvii) shoal (q) an army or tribe of nomadic warriors

(xviii) society (r) a group of wolves

(xix) staff (s) a group of lions forming a social unit

(xx) troop (t) a civil force responsible for the prevention and detectionof crime

6

TEST PAPER





1. A verb must agree with its subject in:

(a) number (b) person

(c) both number and person (d) none of these

2. If the subject of a sentence has two or more nouns or pronouns connected by ‘and’, we use a:

(a) singular verb (b) plural verb

(c) non-finite verb (d) regular verb

3. If two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by ‘or’ or ‘nor’, we use a:


(c) transitive verb (d) modal verb

4. A singular verb is used with the word:

(a) either (b) neither

(c) each (d) all of these

5. A singular verb is used with the noun:

(a) scissors (b) news

(c) spectacles (d) tongs

7

6. In sentences beginning with ‘here’ or ‘there’, the true .............follows the verb:


(c) complement (d) none of these

7. When two subjects are connected by.................., the verb agrees with the first subject:

(a) along with (b) as well as

(c) with (d) all of these

8. Some nouns which are plural in form, but singular in meaning take a:


(c) auxiliary verb (d) transitive verb

9. A plural verb is used with the noun:

(a) politics (b) police

(c) electronics (d) billiards

10. Two nouns qualified by ‘each’ or ‘every’, even though connected by and, require a:


(c) transitive verb (d) none of these

8

PROJECT WORK


PLURAL NOUNS TREATED AS SINGULAR

Some plural nouns are treated as singular, in all or in certain meanings. These include the names ofbranches of knowledge, sports activities, and diseases. The following nouns look plural, but areusually treated singular. Write their meanings with use in sentences:

Word Meaning Use in sentence

1. acoustics the scientific study of sound Acoustics is taught as part of the extended course.

2. athletics _____________________ _____________________________________

3. billiards _____________________ _____________________________________

4. civics _____________________ _____________________________________

5. darts _____________________ _____________________________________

6. draughts _____________________ _____________________________________

7. economics _____________________ _____________________________________

8. electronics _____________________ _____________________________________

9. ethics _____________________ _____________________________________

10. mathematics _____________________ _____________________________________

11. measles _____________________ _____________________________________

12. molasses _____________________ _____________________________________

13. mumps _____________________ _____________________________________

14. news _____________________ _____________________________________

15. physics _____________________ _____________________________________


9

ANSWERS

Assessment

1. (i) subject (ii) first (iii) nearest (iv) singular2. (i) T (ii) F (iii) F (iv) T3. (i) was (ii) are (iii) has (iv) is

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) varies (ii) is (iii) are (iv) describes

(v) is (vi) are (vii) was (viii) was(ix) has (x) loves

2. (i) is (ii) wait (iii) has (iv) is(v) is (vi) is (vii) was (viii) are(ix) is (x) is

Vocabulary:(i) (f) (ii) (h) (iii) (k) (iv) (b)

(v) (a) (vi) (d) (vii) (o) (viii) (n)

(ix) (m) (x) (p) (xi) (q) (xii) (r)

(xiii) (t) (xiv) (g) (xv) (s) (xvi) (j)

(xvii) (i) (xviii) (e) (xix)(c) (xx) (l)

Test Paper

1. (c), 2. (b), 3. (a), 4. (d), 5. (b), 6. (a), 7. (d) , 8. (a), 9. (b), 10. (a)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : Punctuation


20. Tick () the correct option. Punctuate the given sentences by using capital letters wherever required. Punctuate and use capital letters in the given paragraph wherever required.Learner’s Drill Read the given extract from a famous story, and punctuate it.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definition of ‘punctuation’. They will also learn about different types of punctuationmarks, and their use in sentences.


3. Procedure to Open the Lesson:••••• Begin by writing few sentences on the board. Each of the sentences should have different types of

punctuation marks. Ask students if they know the name of punctuation marks used in them. Ask forvolunteers to come to the board, and explain at least any five commonly used punctuation marks withtheir use in sentences. Explain meaning of new and difficult words.




The definition of ‘punctuation’ Commonly used punctuation marks such as:

full stop, comma, semicolon, colon, question mark, exclamation mark, inverted commas, dash, hyphen,apostrophe and parentheses.


2

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘punctuation’ using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assess student’sunderstanding by recognizing their ability to correctly use different kinds of punctuation marks in sentences.

7. Modification and Differentiation:For homework, student can study correct usage of punctuation marks in British and American English, andsome major differences between the two styles.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :


(i) Comma (a) (!)

(ii) Colon (b) (;)

(iii) Semicolon (c) (,)

(iv) Exclamation mark (d) (:)


(i) ............................means the right use of putting in points or stops in writing.

(ii) The comma represents the shortest ........................... .

(iii) The question mark is used, instead of the full stop, after a ...................question.

(iv) The inverted commas are used to enclose the exact words of a ...................... .


(i) The full stop represents the greatest pause and separation.

(ii) The dash is used in writing compound words.

(iii) The colon is used after interjections.

(iv) The apostrophe is used to show possession and to indicate contractions.

Ch.20-Punctuation

Teacher’s Signature: ............................................... Parent’s Signature: ............................................


4

WORKSHEETCh.20-Punctuation

GRAMMAR

1. Insert appropriate punctuation marks in the following sentences:

(i) It was a true amazing and incredible story

(ii) He asked what time will they arrive

(iii) Bring your own pens pencils rulers etc.

(iv) Mother Teresa was a kind, large-hearted woman; and we all respected her.

(v) What a terrible storm it is

(vi) Relatives friends colleagues all deserted her

(vii) Dickens novels provide a wonderful insight into Victorian England

(viii) Its been a long day

(ix) Have you seen the film yet

(x) Mount Everest in the Himalayas is the highest mountain in the world

2. Use capital letters in the following sentences wherever required:

(i) mars has two small satellites, phobos and deimos.

(ii) the united provinces of agra and oudh was a province of india under the british raj.

(iii) pacific ocean is the largest of the world’s oceans, lying between america to the east and asia and australasiato the west.

(iv) our own species, homo sapiens, probably evolved in africa.

(v) there are two ice giants in our solar system : uranus and neptune.

(vi) the himalayas consist of a series of parallel ranges rising up from the ganges basin to the tibetan plateau.

(vii) william shakespeare was an english poet, playwright and actor.

(viii) the population of ladakh is predominantly buddhist.

(ix) the first recorded efforts to reach everest’s summit were made by british mountaineers.

(x) the kathmandu valley is the most developed and populated place in nepal.


5

VOCABULARY

ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION

One word substitution is one of the integral parts of vocabulary building. It is a verbal ability by which a group ofwords or a full sentence is replaced with a single word without creating any ambiguity or any change in meaning.

Write one word for the following groups of words:

1. a list of items to be discussed at a formal meeting ___________________

2. a person unselfishly concerned for or devoted to the welfare of others ___________________

3. a person who takes part in an activity for pleasure, not as a job ___________________

4. an animal that can live both on land and in water ___________________

5. a person who loves or collects books ___________________

6. a person or thing that is the centre of attention or admiration ___________________

7. a person who leaves their own country in order to settle permanently in another ___________________

8. a person who compiles dictionaries ___________________

9. a person who studies linguistics, or skilled in foreign languages ___________________

10. a person who believes that good things will happen ___________________

11. someone who is good at making speeches and persuading people ___________________

12. a solution or remedy for all difficulties or diseases ___________________

13. a rich person who gives a lot of money to help poor people ___________________

14. a person who knows, and is able to use several languages ___________________

15. someone who does not complain or show their emotions ___________________

6

TEST PAPER


Ch.20-Punctuation



1. Punctuation means the right use of putting in points or stops in:

(a) reading (b) speaking

(c) writing (d) listening

2. A full stop in also called a:

(a) colon (b) comma

(c) dash (d) period

3. An assertive sentence can be ended by a/an:

(a) exclamation mark (b) full stop

(c) question mark (d) colon

4. The greatest pause and separation is represented by:

(a) full stop (b) comma

(c) semicolon (d) colon

5. We use ....................... after an indirect question:

(a) exclamation mark (b) full stop

(c) question mark (d) semicolon

7

6. The symbol for ‘semicolon’ is:

(a) , (b) :

(c) ; (d) !

7. The full stop is used:

(a) to close a statement or a command (b) after abbreviations

(c) to indicate a decimal fraction (d) all of these

8. The symbol for ‘parentheses’ is:

(a) ( ) (b) { }

(c) [ ] (d) none of these

9. The ....................... is used in writing compound words:

(a) dash (b) colon

(c) hyphen (d) apostrophe

10. Capitals are used:

(a) to begin a sentence (b) to begin each new line of a poem

(c) to begin all proper nouns (d) all of these

8


Punctuation marks show the reader where sentences start and finish, and if they are used properly,they make writing easy to understand. A list of some commonly used punctuation marks is givenbelow. Use these punctuation marks in sentences. One has been done for you.

1. apostrophe ( ’ ) William Shakespeare’s plays have been translated into every majorliving language.

2. colon ( : ) _____________________________

3. comma ( , ) _____________________________

4. dash ( — ) _____________________________

5. ellipsis ( ... ) _____________________________

6. exclamation mark ( ! ) _____________________________

7. full stop (period) ( . ) _____________________________

8. hyphen ( - ) _____________________________

9. inverted commas (‘‘ ’’) _____________________________(quotation marks)

10. parentheses ( ( ) ) _____________________________

11. question mark ( ? ) _____________________________

12. semicolon ( ; ) _____________________________

Ch.20-Punctuation

9

ANSWERSAssessment

1. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (b) (iv) (a)2. (i) Punctuation (ii) pause (iii) direct (iv) speaker3. (i) T (ii) F (iii) F (iv) F

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) It was a true, amazing and incredible story.

(ii) He asked, ‘‘What time will they arrive?’’(iii) Bring your own pens, pencils, rulers, etc.(iv) Mother Teresa was a kind, large-hearted woman; and we all respected her.(v) What a terrible storm it is!(vi) Relatives, friends, colleagues: all deserted her.(vii) Dickens’s novels provide a wonderful insight into Victorian England.(viii) It’s been a long day.(ix) Have you seen the film yet?(x) Mount Everest (in the Himalayas) is the highest mountain in the world.

2. (i) Mars has two small satellites, Phobos and Deimos.(ii) The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh was a province of India under the British Raj.(iii) Pacific Ocean is the largest of the world’s oceans, lying between America to the east and Asia and

Australasia to the west.(iv) Our own species, Homo sapiens, probably evolved in Africa.(v) There are two ice giants in our solar system: Uranus and Neptune.(vi) The Himalayas consist of a series of parallel ranges rising up from the Ganges basin to the Tibetan plateau.(vii) William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright and actor.(viii) The population of Ladakh is predominantly Buddhist.(ix) The first recorded efforts to reach Everest’s summit were made by British mountaineers.(x) The Kathmandu Valley is the most developed and populated place in Nepal.

Vocabulary:1. agenda 2. altruist 3. amateur 4. amphibian5. bibliophile 6. cynosure 7. migrant 8. lexicographer9. linguist 10. optimist 11. orator 12. panacea

13. philanthropist 14. polyglot 15. stoic

Test Paper1. (c), 2. (d), 3. (b), 4. (a), 5. (b), 6. (c), 7. (d), 8. (a), 9. (c), 10. (d)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapters : ‘Phrasal Verbs’ and ‘Idioms’


21. & 22. Tick () the correct option. Find out meanings of phrasal verbs, and use them in sentences. Fill in the blanks.Word Game Find ten phrasal verbs in the word grid. Write the given verbs in the correct column. Complete the sentences with the correct phrasal verbs.Learner’s Drill Complete the sentences using weather idioms.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definition of ‘phrasal verb’ and ‘idiom’. They will also learn about some commonlyused phrasal verbs and idioms.


3. Procedure to Open the Lesson:••••• Begin by writing two phrasal verbs and two idioms with their correct meaning on the board. Ask students

to use them in sentences. Ask for volunters to come to the board, and describe some other phrasal verbsand idioms commonly used by them. Explain meaning of new and difficult words.




The definitions of ‘phrasal verb’ and ‘idiom’


2

Formation of phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs in common use idioms in common use

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about some other idiomatic expressions using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assess thestudent’s understanding by looking at their definitions of ‘phrasal verb’ and ‘idiom’, and correct use of commonlyused idiomatic expressions in sentences.

7. Modification and Differentiation:For homework, student can compile lists of commonly used ‘phrasal verbs’ and ‘idiom’ with use in sentences.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :


(i) break up (a) to arrive at a place

(ii) give up (b) to make a mistake

(iii) mess up (c) to end a relationship with some one

(iv) show up (d) to stop trying to do something


(i) A ......................... is an idiomatic phrase consisting of a main verb, and an adverb or preposition.

(ii) Phrasal verb ‘go on’ means ......................... .

(iii) Phrasal verb ‘pass away’ means ......................... .

(iv) Idiom ‘off and on’ means ......................... .


(i) An idiom is an expression whose meaning is not different from the meaning of the individualwords.

(ii) Phrasal verb ‘call off’ means to cancelt something.

(iii) Idiom ‘leave no stone unturned’ means to make every possible effort.

(iv) Idiom ‘let grass grow under one’s feet’ means to act timely.

Ch.21&22-‘Phrasal Verbs’ and ‘Idioms’



4

WORKSHEETCh.21&22-‘Phrasal Verbs’ and ‘Idioms’

GRAMMAR

1. Complete the sentences with a phrasal verb from the box:brought up grew up hit off looked after put offran out ripped off stood out took after worked out

(i) They regularly walked, danced, ran and ................... at the gym.(ii) He was blonde and resembled his mother while his sisters ................... .(iii) The meeting has been ................... for a week.(iv) The evening was going well until someone ................... the subject of politics.(v) The agency really ................... us ................... .(vi) They ................... of money and had to abandon the project.(vii) He ................... his younger brother.(viii) They ................... in Mumbai.(ix) He was one of those men who ................... in a crowd.(x) We had similar ideas about the show, and the two of us ................... it ................... right away.

2. Complete the following sentences using appropriate idiom from the box given below:

at sixes and sevens dark horse get into hot water hand in glovekeep the wolf from the door kick up a row rest on one’s oars spilled the beansunder the weather worth one’s salt

(i) Any doctor .............................. should be able to correctly diagnose the illness.

(ii) He .............................. and told me about the surprise party.

(iii) They were working .............................. with our evemies.

(iv) As a student, he took an evening job to ....................... .

(v) Once he became director, he was content to .............................. .

(vi) A lot of people are saying that he could be the .............................. for winning a medal in the championships.

(vii) You should not .............................. with your friends.

(viii) If you break the rules of the road, you will .............................. .

(ix) Everything is here .............................. .

(x) I was still feeling a bit .............................. .


5

VOCABULARY

COLOUR IDIOMS

We have many idiomatic expressions involving the whole range of colours in English. Here is a list ofcommon colourful idioms. Write meaning of these colour idioms with the help of a good dictionary orthe Internet.

Idioms Meaning

1. black sheep __________________________________________________________

2. blue blood __________________________________________________________

3. brown power __________________________________________________________

4. green thumb __________________________________________________________

5. grey matter __________________________________________________________

6. pink slip __________________________________________________________

7. purple prose __________________________________________________________

8. red tape __________________________________________________________

9. silver tongue __________________________________________________________

10. white lie __________________________________________________________

11. yellow press __________________________________________________________

6

TEST PAPER





1. A ............... is an idiomatic phrase consisting of a verb and an adverb or preposition:

(a) auxiliary verb (b) modal verb

(c) phrasal verb (d) transitive verb

2. A phrasal verb is formed in the following way:

(a) verb + preposition (b) verb + adverb

(c) verb + adverb + preposition (d) all of these

3. A/An ............... is an expression whose meaning is different from the meaning of the individual words:

(a) figure of speech (b) idiom

(c) paraphrasing (d) proverb

4. Phrasal verb ‘pass out’ means:

(a) to disperse (b) to disseminate

(c) to distribute (d) to divide

5. Phrasal verb ‘pass away’ means:

(a) to die (b) to exist

(c) to live (d) to survive

7

6. Phrasal verb ‘go on’ means:

(a) to continue (b) to drive

(c) to run (d) to walk

7. Idiom ‘loaves and fishes’ means:

(a) material gain (b) potential gain

(c) long-term gain (d) territorial gain

8. Idiom ‘take someone to talk’ means:

(a) to have a conversation (b) to scold someone

(c) to praise someone (d) to encourage someone

9. Idiom ‘off and on’ means:

(a) regularly (b) irregularly

(c) frequently (d) rarely

10. Idiom ‘keep the wolf from the door’ means:

(a) to keep enemy away (b) to keep thirst away

(c) to keep enmity away (d) to keep starvation away

8


IDIOMS WITH NOUNS IN COMBINATION:

There are a number of pairs of nouns in English which always occur together, and have a fixed order. Here is alist of the most frequent pairs. Add more idioms in the list with the help of a good dictionary

1. alpha and omega: the beginning and the end 2. bag and baggage: with all one’s belongings

3. bed and breakfast: overnight accommodation 4. beer and skittles: fun and pleasureand breakfast in a hotel

5. body and soul: completely 6. bread and butter: a person’s livelihood

7. bread and water: the most minimal meal possible 8. flesh and blood one’s family or relations

9. heart and soul: all one’s feeling and spirit 10. house and home: a person’s home(used for emphasis)

11. kith and kin: one’s relations 12. life and limb: one’s life and physical health

13. might and main: strength 14. part and parcel: an essential or basic element

15. rack and ruin: decay 16. Pros and cons: the positive and negative aspeetsof something

17. skin and bones: extremely thin 18. tooth and nail: with ferocity and force

19. __________________________________ 20. ____________________________________

21. __________________________________ 22. ____________________________________

23. __________________________________ 24. ____________________________________

25. __________________________________ 26. ____________________________________

27. __________________________________ 28. ____________________________________

29. __________________________________ 30. ____________________________________

31. __________________________________ 32. ____________________________________

33. __________________________________ 34. ____________________________________

35. __________________________________ 36. ____________________________________

37. __________________________________ 38. ____________________________________


9

ANSWERSAssessment

1. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (b) (iv) (a)

2. (i) Phrasal verb (ii) to happen (iii) to die (iv) irregularly

3. (i) F (ii) T (iii) T (iv) F

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) worked out (ii) took after (iii) put off (iv) brought up

(v) ripped off (vi) ran out (vii) looked after (viii) grew up(ix) stood out (x) hit off

2. (i) worth his salt (ii) spilled the beans (iii) hand in glove (iv) keep the wolf from the door(v) rest on his oars (vi) dark horse (vii) kick up a row (viii) get into hot water(ix) at sixes and sevens (x) under the weather

Vocabulary:1. black sheep — a person who is a disgrace to a family or group.2. blue blood — someone from a noble or wealthy family3. brown power — energy that is derived from traditional, non-renewable resources, such as coal,

oil, and gas4. green thumb — a proclivity for successfully growing plant life5. grey matter — intelligence6. pink ship — a notice of termination from an employer7. purple prose — writing that is full of flowery or excessively elaborate language8. red tape — too much formal paperwork to do something9. silver tongue — oratory skills

10. white lie — a small or harmless lie that you tell to avoid hurting someone11. yellow press — journalism with the primary aim of sparking reader interest—reporting the facts are

secondary

Test Paper

1. (c), 2. (d), 3. (b), 4. (c), 5. (a), 6. (a), 7. (a), 8. (b), 9. (b), 10. (d)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : Words liable to be Confused and Misused


23. Fill in the blanks. Choose the correct words from the given alternatives to complete the sentences. Distinguish between the pair of words by using them in sentences.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will learn about some words which are liable to be confused and misused due to their similarity insound or form. Knowledge of confused and misused words will certainly help students take care to differentiatebetween them.


3. Procedure to Open the Lesson:••••• Begin by writing any two words which should be similar in sound or form, but different in meaning such

as stationary, stationery or principal, principle. Ask students to use them in sentences to differentiatebetween their meanings. Ask for volunteers to come to the board, and write some other words which arecommonly confused and misused in writing or speaking.




The meaning of words liable to be confused and misused

Some of the words which are commonly confused and misused


2

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘words liable to be confused and misused’ using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assess thestudent’s understanding by looking at their usage of words which are commonly confused and misused.


For homework, student can compile a list of some more commonly confused and misused words, apart fromthose given in the chapter. They can also use such words in sentences.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :

1. Match the following : 3(i) cite (a) view(ii) sight (b) a particular place(iii) site (c) to mention as an example

2. Match the following : 3(i) root (a) a way from one place to another(ii) rout (b) the basic cause, source, or origin of something(iii) route (c) a disorderly retreat of defeated troops

3. Match the following : 3(i) vain (a) a blood vessel(ii) vane (b) a revolving pointer to show the direction of the wind(iii) vein (c) useless

4. Distinguish between the following pairs of words by using them in sentences: 3

(i) access : _________________________________________________________

excess : _________________________________________________________

(ii) fair : _________________________________________________________

fare : _________________________________________________________

(iii) raise : _________________________________________________________

raze : _________________________________________________________

Ch.23-Words liable to be Confused and Misused



4

WORKSHEETCh.23-Words liable to be Confused and Misused

GRAMMAR

Choose the correct words from the alternatives given below to complete the following sentences:

(i) The train was ............................. for 90 minutes. (stationary/stationery)

(ii) The authorities did not ............................. to the striker’s demands. (accede/exceed)

(iii) He is very ............................. at dealing with the media. (adapt/adept)

(iv) A large mirror in a room can create ............................. the of space. (allusion/illusion)

(v) He has been released on ............................. . (bail/bale)

(vi) The humiliation was more than they could ............................. . (bare/bear)

(vii) The ............................. of journalistic ethics compel me to make this information (canons/cannons)

available to the reader.

(viii) Herdsmen dwell in large tents made of ............................. . (canvas/canvass)

(ix) The UN Security Council met in an emergency ...................... to discuss the crisis. (cession / session)

(x) Economists ............................. sufficient reasons why people get into debt. (cite/site)

(xi) Listen to the ............................. of your elders. (council/counsel)

(xii) His ............................. from his family’s religious beliefs caused a lot of ill-feeling. (descent/dissent)

(xiii) Campaigners have said that they are prepared to .......................... the law in order to (defy/deify)achieve their aims.

(xiv) He held the post until his untimely ............................. in 2015. (decease/disease)

(xv) They tried to ............................. the security men by sneaking through a back door. (allude/elude)

(xvi) He seriously wounded a man in a ............................. . (dual/duel)

(xvii) They found it difficult to expel illegal ............................. . (emigrants/immigrants)

(xviii) Your doctor may ............................. a medicine for depression or anxiety. (prescribe/proscribe)

(xix) The house has a ............................. kitchen. (spacious/specious)

(xx) The president ended his visit by laying a ...........................at the war memorial. (wreath/wreathe)


5

VOCABULARY

10 pairs of English words, that we are liable to confuse and misuse, are given below. Write meaningsof these words:

1. aisle : __________________________________________________________

isle : __________________________________________________________

2. appraise : __________________________________________________________

apprise : __________________________________________________________

3. brake : __________________________________________________________

break : __________________________________________________________

4. censor : __________________________________________________________

censure : __________________________________________________________

5. complacent : __________________________________________________________

complaisant : __________________________________________________________

6. desert : __________________________________________________________

dessert : __________________________________________________________

7. discreet : __________________________________________________________

discrete : __________________________________________________________

8. flaunt : __________________________________________________________

flout : __________________________________________________________

9. palate : __________________________________________________________

palette : __________________________________________________________

10. wary : __________________________________________________________

weary : __________________________________________________________

6

TEST PAPER





1. Students are liable to confuse and misuse words that are similar in sound or form, but different in:

(a) meaning (b) origin

(c) position (d) none of these

2. You have to go through an initiation .................. before you become a full member:

(a) right (b) rite

(c) wright (d) write

3. The battle turned into a ..................:

(a) root (b) rout

(c) route (d) ruit

4. We may.................. an example or two:

(a) cite (b) sight

(c) site (d) none of these

5. The nurse was having trouble finding a .................. in his arm:

(a) vain (b) vane

(c) vein (d) none of these

7

6. He cannot .................. his arms above his shoulders due to severe injuries:

(a) raise (b) rays

(c) raze (d) res

7. The best view of the .................. is from the hills surrounding it:

(a) vail (b) vale

(c) veil (d) none of these

8. I cannot .................. this stifling humidity:

(a) bair (b) bare

(c) beer (d) bear

9. The sails are bound to the mast with .................. :

(a) chord (b) cord

(c) cored (d) none of these

10. The voices of .................. were effectively smothered:

(a) decent (b) descent

(c) dissent (d) none of these

8


COMMONLY CONFUSED AND MISUSED WORDS

There are a lot of words in English that look or sound alike, but have very different meanings. Students are easilyliable to confuse and misuse such words.

10 pairs of commonly confused and misused words with their meanings are given below. Use these words insentences.

1. biannual (happening twice a year) ..........................................................................

biennial (happening once every two years) ..........................................................................

2. climactic (forming a climax) ..........................................................................

climatic (relating to climate) ..........................................................................

3. currant (a dried grape) ..........................................................................

current (happening now) ..........................................................................

4. defuse (to make a situation less tense) ..........................................................................

diffuse (to spread over a wide area) ..........................................................................

5. draught (a current of cool air in a room) ..........................................................................

drought (a prolonged period of low rainfall) ..........................................................................

6. forbear (to refrain) ..........................................................................

forebear (an ancestor) ..........................................................................

7. freeze (to turn to ice) ..........................................................................

frieze (a decoration along a wall) ..........................................................................

8. suit (a set of clothes) ..........................................................................

suite (a set of connected rooms) ..........................................................................

9. taut (tight or completely stretched) ..........................................................................tout (to attempt to sell something) ..........................................................................

10. weather (atmospheric conditions) ..........................................................................

whether (expressing a doubt or choice ..........................................................................between alternatives)


9

ANSWERSAssessment

1. (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (b)2. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (a)3. (i) (c) (ii) (b) (iii) (a)4. (i) The staircase gives access to the top floor.

He lived a life of excess.(ii) I bought a glass bowl at the local craft fair.

Train fare is going up again.(iii) He raised both arms above his head.

Many other important buildings were also razed to the ground.

WorksheetGrammar:

(i) stationary (ii) accede (iii) adept (iv) illusion(v) bail (vi) bear (vii) canons (viii) canvas(ix) session (x) cite (xi) counsel (xii) dissent(xiii) defy (xiv) decease (xv) elude (xvi) duel(xvii) immigrants (xviii) prescribe (xix)spacious (xx) wreath

Vocabulary:1. n. a passage between rows of seats 2. v. to assess

n. an island v. to inform someone3. v. to stop a vehicle 4. v. to ban parts of a book or film

v. to separate into pieces v. to criticize strongly5. adj. sung and self-satisfied 6. n. a waterless, empty area

adj. willing to please others n. sweet food served after the main part of a meal7. adj. careful and prudent in one’s speech or actions 8. v. to display ostentatiously

adj. individually separate and distinct v. to disregand a rule9. n. the roof of the mouth 10. adj. careful

n. a thin board on which an artist mixes colours adj. very tired

Test Paper1. (a), 2. (b), 3. (b), 4. (a), 5. (c), 6. (a), 7. (b), 8. (d), 9. (b), 10. (c)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : Prefixes and Suffixes


24. Make two words each with the given prefixes. Make two words each with the given suffixes. Write the meanings of the given prefixes and suffixes. Rewrite the words by replacing incorrect prefixes with correct ones.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definitions of ‘prefix’ and ‘suffix’. They will also learn about some commonly usedprefixes and suffixes.


3. Procedure to Open the Lesson:••••• Begin by writing four words on the board—first two words with the use of prefixes, and last two with

the use of suffixes. Ask students if they know the meaning of prefixes and suffixes used in the words.Ask for volunteers to come to the board and write any ten prefixes and suffixes with their meaning.Explain meaning of new and difficult words.




Definitions of ‘prefix’ and ‘suffix’

A list of prefixes with meaning and example sentences

A list of suffixes with meaning and example sentences


2

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘prefixes and suffixes’ using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assess thestudent’s understanding by looking at their definitions of ‘prefix’ and ‘suffix’, and their correct use in theformation of words.


For homework, student can compile a list of English, Latin and Greeks prefixes and suffixes with the help ofgood grammar books and the Internet.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :

1. Match the following : 4

(i) auto- (a) half

(ii) poly- (b) distant

(iii) semi- (c) self

(iv) tele- (d) many

2. Match the following : 4

(i) -cracy (a) stage or role in life

(ii) -hood (b) study of something

(iii) -logy (c) feeding on a certain thing

(iv) -vorous (d) rule


(i) A ....................... is a group of letters that is added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning.

(ii) A ....................... is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word to make a different word.

(iii) The prefix ‘post-’ means ....................... .

(iv) The suffix ‘-let’ means ....................... .

Ch.24-Prefixes and Suffixes



4

WORKSHEETCh.24-Prefixes and Suffixes

GRAMMAR

1. Make two words with each of the prefixes given below, and use them in sentences:

Prefix Word formation Use in sentence

(i) auto- ______________________ ________________________________________

______________________ ________________________________________

(ii) cent- ______________________ ________________________________________

______________________ ________________________________________

(iii) mis- ______________________ ________________________________________

______________________ ________________________________________

(iv) post- ______________________ ________________________________________

______________________ ________________________________________

(v) sub- ______________________ ________________________________________

______________________ ________________________________________

2. Make two words with each of the suffixes given below, and use them in sentences:

Prefix Word formation Use in sentence

(i) -able ______________________ ________________________________________

______________________ ________________________________________

(ii) -cide ______________________ ________________________________________

______________________ ________________________________________

(iii) -fold ______________________ ________________________________________

______________________ ________________________________________

(iv) -friendly ______________________ ________________________________________

______________________ ________________________________________

(v) -vorous ______________________ ________________________________________

______________________ ________________________________________


5

VOCABULARY

1. Make two words with each of the following prefixes:

Prefix Meaning Words

1. cyber- relating to electronic communication networks ______________________________

2. extra- outside ______________________________

3. hyper- having too much of a quality ______________________________

4. infra- below something in a range ______________________________

5. inter- between, among ______________________________

6. multi- having many ______________________________

7. super- more than usual ______________________________

8. thermo- relating to heat ______________________________

9. trans- across ______________________________

10. ultra- extremely ______________________________

2. Make two words with each of the following suffixes:

Prefix Meaning Words

1. -algia denoting pain ______________________________

2. -esque in the style of; resembling ______________________________

3. -mony denoting an action, state, or quality ______________________________

4. -phile having a fondness for a specified thing ______________________________

5. -phyte denoting a plant or plantlike organism ______________________________

6. -sion state or quality ______________________________

7. -tude state, condition or quality ______________________________

8. -ware things of the same type or material ______________________________

9. -wise in a specified manner, direction, or position ______________________________

10. -ism denoting a system, principle, or ideological ______________________________movement

6

TEST PAPERCh.24-Prefixes and Suffixes



1. A ..................... is a group of letters that is added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning:

(a) affix (b) infix

(c) prefix (d) suffix

2. A ..................... is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word to make a different word:

(a) affix (b) interfix

(c) prefix (d) suffix

3. prefix ..................... changes the meaning of a word to the opposite:

(a) in- (b) il-

(c) ir- (d) all of these

4. prefix ‘bi-’ means:

(a) one or once (b) two or twice

(c) three or thrice (d) none of these

5. Prefix ..................... means ‘half or partly’:

(a) anti- (b) mini-

(c) semi- (d) uni-


7

6. Suffix ‘-cide’ means:

(a) adding (b) separating

(c) killing (d) filling

7. Suffix ‘-phobia’ means:

(a) fear of something (b) love of something

(c) copy of something (d) none of these

8. Suffix ‘-let’ means:

(a) something big (b) something small

(c) something microscopic (d) none of these

9. Which prefix means ‘together’?

(a) co- (b) bi-

(c) de- (d) re-

10. Which suffix means ‘rule or power’

(a) -able (b) -cracy

(c) -hood (d) -logy

8


Make four words using each of the following suffixes:

1. -dom (a state or condition)

................................................................................................................................................................

2. -cide (killing)

................................................................................................................................................................

3. -cracy (rule or government by)

................................................................................................................................................................

4. -nym (name)

................................................................................................................................................................

5. -phile (lover of)

................................................................................................................................................................

6. -phyte (plant)

................................................................................................................................................................

7. -sion (denoting state)

................................................................................................................................................................

8. -some (with the quality of)

................................................................................................................................................................

9. -tude (denoting state)

................................................................................................................................................................

10. -vorous (eating)

................................................................................................................................................................

Ch.24-Prefixes and Suffixes

9

ANSWERSAssessment

1. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (b)2. (i) (d) (ii) (a) (iii) (b) (iv) (c)3. (i) Prefix (ii) suffix (iii) after (iv) something small/young

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) autobiography : He has just written his autobiography.

automobile : Automobile industry is expanding rapidly.(ii) centimetre : They are small birds, 9-15 centimetres in length.

century : The world has changed fundamentally over the last century.(iii) misinterpretation : The statement is unclear and open to misinterpretation.

misunderstanding : Your comments indicate a serious misunderstanding of the situation.(iv) postindependence : This book is about the postindependence period in India.

post-mortem : A post-mortem examination showed that he died from head injuries.(v) subtitle : The Chinese movie was shown with English subtitles.

submarine : Further funds were allocated to develop the new submarine.

2. (i) admirable : He is an admirable person.washable : Are these clothes washable.

(ii) pesticide : Environmentalists called for cuts in pesticide use.insecticide : The timber can be treated with insecticide.

(iii) twofold : The problem is twofold.manifold : The implications of this decision were manifold.

(iv) environment-friendly : Cycling is an environment-friendly form of transport.eco-friendly : I use only eco-friendly products.

(v) herbivorous : Mammoths were herbivorous mammals.omnivorous : Bears are omnivorous animals.

Vocabulary:1. (i) cyberpunk, cyberspace (ii) extracurricular, extraterrestrial (iii) hyperactive, hypersensitive

(iv) infrared, infrasonic (v) interdepartmental, international (vi) multicultural, multinational(vii) supercomputer, supermodel (viii) thermometer, thermodynamic (ix) transatlantic, trans-Alaskan(x) ultra-modern, ultrasonic

2. (i) neuralgia, otalgia (ii) carnivalesque, picturesque (iii) ceremony, harmony(iv) bibliophile, cinephile (v) epiphyte, zoophyte (vi) confusion, depression(vii) fortitude, gratitude (viii) glassware, kitchenware (ix) clockwise, lengthwise(x) feminism, hedonism

Test Paper1. (c), 2. (d), 3. (d), 4. (b), 5. (c), 6. (c), 7. (a), 8. (b), 9. (a), 10. (b)

10

Project Work

1. freedom, martyrdom, thraldom, wisdom2. bactericide, fungicide, germicide, insecticide3. aristocracy, autocracy, bureaucracy, democracy4. acronym, antonym, homonym, synonym5. bibliophile, cinephile, neophile, technophile6. geophyte, heliophyte, hydrophyte, zoophyte7. compulsion, confusion, depression, tension8. gladsome, meddlesome, quarrelsome, wholesome9. fortitude, magnitude, rectitude, servitude

10. carnivorous, herbivorous, insectivorous, omnivorous

1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapter : Synonyms and Antonyms


25. Solve the puzzle by filling in the synonyms of the given words. Solve the puzzle by filling in the antonyms of the given words.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will know the definitions of ‘synonym’ and ‘antonym’. They will also learn about some commonlyused synonyms and antonyms.


3. Procedure to Open the Lesson:••••• Begin by writing a set of five words with their synonyms, and another set of five words with their

antonyms. Ask for volunteers to come to the board, and write some other words with their appropriatesynonyms and antonyms. Explain meaning of new and difficult words.




The definitions of ‘synonym’ and ‘antonym’

Some commonly used words with their synonyms

Some commonly used words with their antonyms

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about ‘synonyms and antonyms’ using audio-visual aids.


2


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assess thestudent’s understanding by looking at their definitions of ‘synonym’ and ‘antonym’, and correct use of somesynonyms and antonyms in sentences.


For homework, student can compile some other frequently used words with their appropriate synonyms andantonyms with the help of a good dictionary and the Internet.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :

1. Match the words with the same meaning: 4

(i) alter (a) regret

(ii) bane (b) hide

(iii) conceal (c) curse

(iv) repent (d) change

2. Match the opposite words: 4

(i) admire (a) static

(ii) dynamic (b) prohibit

(iii) fertile (c) mock

(iv) permit (d) barren


(i) A ....................... is a word with the same meaning as another word in the same language.

(ii) An ....................... is a word that means the opposite of another word.

(iii) The synonym of ‘abhor’ is ....................... .

(iv) The antonym of ‘consent’ is ....................... .

Ch.25-Synonyms and Antonyms



4

WORKSHEETCh.25-Synonyms and Antonyms

GRAMMAR

1. Find the synonym of the underlined word from the word box:

concise confess curse danger detestobey regret tiredness trust win

(i) Healthcare professionals abhor politician’s interference in the national health service.

(ii) I said I would abide by their decision.

(iii) I have to admit my true age.

(iv) The boat tilted and boatmen cried out in alarm.

(v) Rain is the bane of holidaymakers.

(vi) The exam results encouraged the belief that he was a good teacher.

(vii) Introductions were brief and polite.

(viii) Alexander set out to conquer new territory.

(ix) They were nearly dead with fatigue.

(x) He urged his listeners to repent.

2. Find the antonym of the underlined word from the word box:

cheerful demolish deny departure discordfloat lend lenient repel reveal

(i) He was ashamed to admit to his mistake.

(ii) The train’s approximate time of arrival is 10.30.

(iii) Shops are being forced to put their prices down in order to attract customers.

(iv) Members can borrow up to ten books from the library at any one time.

(v) He had to conceal his identity to escape the police.

(vi) The couple dwelt together in harmony and concord.

(vii) There are plans to construct a new road bridge.

(viii) You must rid yourself of this gloomy mood.

(ix) Wood does not sink in water.

(x) This company is very strict about punctuality.


5

VOCABULARY

Write the synonyms and antonyms of the following words:

Word synonym antonym

1. admittance ____________________________ ____________________________

2. bravery ____________________________ ____________________________

3. comfort ____________________________ ____________________________

4. excess ____________________________ ____________________________

5. fact ____________________________ ____________________________

6. fame ____________________________ ____________________________

7. forgiveness ____________________________ ____________________________

8. freedom ____________________________ ____________________________

9. friend ____________________________ ____________________________

10. honesty ____________________________ ____________________________

11. hope ____________________________ ____________________________

12. knowledge ____________________________ ____________________________

13. luxury ____________________________ ____________________________

14. mercy ____________________________ ____________________________

15. peace ____________________________ ____________________________

16. praise ____________________________ ____________________________

17. reveal ____________________________ ____________________________

18. satisfaction ____________________________ ____________________________

19. smile ____________________________ ____________________________

20. victory ____________________________ ____________________________

6

TEST PAPERCh.25-Synonyms and Antonyms



1. A ..................... is a word with the same meaning as another word in the same language:

(a) acronym (b) antonym

(c) homonym (d) synonym

2. An ..................... is a word that means the opposite of another word:

(a) heteronym (b) cryptonym

(c) antonym (d) homonym

3. synonym of ‘battle’ is:

(a) conflict (b) struggle

(c) war (d) all of these

4. synonym of ‘anger’ is:

(a) fury (b) rage

(c) wrath (d) all of these

5. Synonym of ‘belief’ is:

(a) hope (b) faith

(c) consent (d) humility


7

6. The words ‘despise, detest, scorn’ are synonyms of:

(a) hide (b) strict

(c) hate (d) discard

7. Antonym of ‘forgive’ is:

(a) pardon (b) help

(c) sympathize (d) rescue

8. Synonym of ‘famous’ is:

(a) renowned (b) eminent

(c) distinguished (d) all of these

9. Antonym of ‘permit’ is:

(a) allow (b) prohibit

(c) let (d) compel

10. The words ‘active, dynamic, mobile’ are antonyms of:

(a) forced (b) dull

(c) static (d) none of these

8


Write a sentence using the pair of synonyms given:

Example : (many, several)

There were many people invited to the party, so we needed several chairs.

1. (brave, bold)

................................................................................................................................................................

2. (close, shut)

................................................................................................................................................................

3. (crisp, crunchy)

................................................................................................................................................................

4. (right, correct)

................................................................................................................................................................

5. (success, victory)

................................................................................................................................................................

6. (cool, chilly)

................................................................................................................................................................

7. (famous, popular)

................................................................................................................................................................

8. (nice, decent)

................................................................................................................................................................

9. (precious, expensive)

................................................................................................................................................................

10. (mistake, error)

................................................................................................................................................................

Ch.25-Synonyms and Antonyms

9

ANSWERSAssessment

1. (i) (d) (ii) (c) (iii) (b) (iv) (a)2. (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (b)3. (i) synonym (ii) antonym (iii) detest/hate (iv) dissent

WorksheetGrammar:1. (i) detest (ii) obey (iii) confess (iv) danger

(v) curse (vi) trust (vii) concise (viii) win(ix) tiredness (x) regret

2. (i) deny (ii) departure (iii) repel (iv) lend(v) reveal (vi) discord (vii) demolish (viii) cheerful(ix) float (x) lenient

Vocabulary:1. entry, exclusion 2. courage, cowardice 3. ease, hardship4. surplus, dearth 5. reality, fiction 6. renown, obscurity7. pardon, punishment 8. liberty, captivity 9. companion, enemy

10. integrity, dishonesty 11. expectation, despair 12. learning, ignorance13. opulence, austerity 14. pity, cruelty 15. tranquillity, noise16. commend, criticize 17. disclose, conceal 18. contentment, dissatisfaction19. grin, frown 20. triumph, defeat

Test Paper

1. (d), 2. (c), 3. (d), 4. (d), 5. (b), 6. (c), 7. (a), 8. (d), 9. (b), 10. (c)


1

Teacher : ................................. Date : .................................

Subject : ................................. Period : .................................


Chapters (26-34) : Composition


26. Answer the questions very briefly on the basis of the reading of given passages.27. Write short formal letters, informal letters, and notes of invitations.28. Write short paragraphs on the given topics.29. Write essays on the given topics.30. Write newspaper reports to cover the events.31. Write speeches on the given topics.32. Write e-mails on the given topics.33. Write stories from the given outlines.34. Look at the picture, and write a narrative account of your experience at the railway station

while awaiting your train. Look at the picture, and write a descriptive passage about a hill station, and the natural

splendour that it possessed.

1. Objectives and Outcomes:The students will learn to write different types of composition, such as comprehension, letter, paragraph,essay, report, speech, e-mail, story and picture composition.


3. Procedure to Open the Lesson:••••• Begin by explaining meaning of ‘composition’ on the board. Also write types of composition as given in the

textbook. Ask for volunteers to come to the board, and make a format for any type of composition such asletter-writing, report-writing, etc.

••••• The teacher will show the complete lessons (26-34) to the students by using ‘Friends Smart ClassSoftware’.


2



The meaning of different types of compositions

Hints to answer the questions which follow a comprehension exercise

Formal letters, informal letters, and notes of invitation

Type of essays : descriptive, narrative, reflective, imaginative

Parts of an essay—the introduction, the body, the conclusion

Features of a typical newspaper report

Points to remember while writing a speech

Rules for writing e-mails

Important hints for writing a story

How to write a relevant narration (story, essay, etc.) using the picture as resource material

5. Closing:

Give more information to the students about different types of composition using audio-visual aids.


Students will provide evidence in their notebooks what they learnt. The teacher will be able to assess thestudent’s understanding of correct rules and format to write different types of composition.


For homework, student can learn about the differences between British and American styles of letter-writing.

3

ASSESSMENT


Name : Class :

Roll No. : Date :

1. Match the following: 4

(i) Descriptive Essays (a) Essays on events, journeys, happenings,biographies, matches, etc.

(ii) Narrative Essays (b) Essays on topic that can be imagined only

(iii) Reflective Essays (c) Essays on people, places, things, animals, etc.

(iv) Imaginative Essays (d) Essays on abstract topics—habits, facts, feelings,customs, etc.


(i) A ....................... is a group of related sentences that develop a single point.

(ii) An ....................... consists of a number of paragraphs designed and developed sequentially on thegiven subject.

(iii) ....................... is a medium of putting forward one’s views on a subject in front of an audience.

(iv) E-mails have become the need of the hour and preferred mode of ....................... .


(i) Letter form an integral part of communication.

(ii) A paragraph can deal with more than one topic or one central idea.

(iii) Essay consists of a number of paragraphs designed and developed sequentially on thegiven subject.

(iv) Speech is a medium of putting forward one’s views on a subject in front of an audience.

Ch. 26-34–Composition



4

WORKSHEETCh. 26-34–Composition

1. Read the passage below, and then answer the questions which follow it:

Food can maintain or save a life. It can destroy life as well. Proper food serves the purpose of medicine.Improper food works as poison and causes diseases. We may take pride in calling ourselves civilized, but wefloat all the norms about the quality or quantity of food. We mostly eat processed foods. We have drifted fromMother Nature. Thus the incidence of diabetes has increased very much. According to a survey, diabetes wasrare in the natives of Canada a few years ago. With the advent of processed and junk food, the incidence ofdiabetes has shot up within a very short time. By offering ice creams, chocolates and cakes too often to ourchildren, and by attending parties every other day, we, in fact, invite obesity and diabetes.

Questions

(i) What is improper food?

............................................................................................................................................

(ii) What is the effect of improper food?

............................................................................................................................................

(iii) ‘We float all the norms about the quality and quantity of food.’ What does this expression mean?

............................................................................................................................................

(iv) How have we changed our food habits?

............................................................................................................................................

(v) What causes obesity and diabetes?

............................................................................................................................................

(vi) What was the incidence of diabetes a few years ago in Canada?

............................................................................................................................................


5

2. Write a short letter to the principal for ‘Remission of Fine’:

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

3. Write a short paragraph on the subject ‘Child Labour’:

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

6

4. Write a short essay on ‘the Pleasures of Reading’:

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

7

5. You are school correspondent Mr. Ritesh Kumar. Your school Delhi Public School organised thePrize Distribution Function on March2, 2014. The school Patron Sh. Mahendra Pratap was the chiefguest of the function.Write a detailed report for the school magazine:

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

8

6. Write a speech on the topic ‘the Problem of Pollution’:

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

7. Send an E-mail to your friend who has met with an accident:

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

9

8. Write a Story from the given outlines:

Old peasant .............all his sons lazy ..............peasant dying ...............called all his sons..............told them ofa treasure ..............hidden in the fields ..............to find it they must dig for it...............then died............sonsdug every bit of the land.........no treasure...............sowed the corn ............a very fine crop..................sonslearnt the lesson

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

9. Look at the picture shown below, and write a narrative account of your experienceat the school picnic. You are with your teachers:

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

10

VOCABULARY

Match the following words with their meanings:

1. audience (a) the ability to understand

2. biography (b) prose literature describing imaginary events and people

3. byline (c) the story of a person’s life written by somebody else

4. communication (d) a symbol representing a smiling face

5. comprehension (e) the assembled spectators or listeners at an event

6. excerpt (f) the act of exchanging information, ideas or feelings

7. farewell (g) a form of polite leave-taking such as ‘Yours sincerely’at the end of a letter

8. fiction (h) a greeting

9. salutation (i) all the words that someone knows

10. smiley (j) a short extract from a piece of writing

11. subscription (k) a line in a newspaper naming the writer of an article

12. vocabulary (l) the act of saying goodbye to somebody

11

TEST PAPERCh. 26-34–Composition



1. Reading ..................... is an exercise where excerpts from literature are given, and students have to answerquestions based on their reading and understanding of the passage.

(a) paragraph (b) comprehension

(c) report (d) essay

2. Formal letters include:

(a) business letters (b) letters of application

(c) letters to government officers (d) all of these

3. An essential feature of a good paragraph is:

(a) only one central idea (b) logical development of thought

(c) varied patterns of sentences (d) all of these

4. Essays on abstract topics such as habits, facts, feelings, customs, etc are called:

(a) descriptive essays (b) imaginative essays

(c) narrative essays (d) reflective essays

5. ‘Headline, Dateline and Byline’ are features of a/an:

(a) essay-writing (b) paragraph-writing

(c) report-writing (d) speech-writing


12

6. ..................... is a medium of putting forward one’s views on a subject in front of an audience.

(a) essay (b) paragraph

(c) speech (d) report

7. In precent-day world, ..................... have become the preferred mode of communication.

(a) e-mails (b) letters

(c) paragraphs (d) reports

8. To write a good story, one must have a clear idea of the whole ..................... in one’s mind before starting:

(a) narration (b) description

(c) plot (d) none of these

9. We can write a relevant ..................... in the form of story, essay, etc. using the picture as resource material.

(a) plot (b) synopsis

(c) narration (d) none of these

10. Informal letters include:

(a) letters to relations (b) letters to intimate friends

(c) notes of invitation (d) all of these

13


Write a short paragraph on the topic ‘The Republic Day of India’.

Ch. 26-34–Composition

14

ANSWERS

Assessment

1. (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (b)2. (i) paragraph (ii) essay (iii) speech (iv) communication3. (i) T (ii) F (iii) T (iv) T

Worksheet

1. (i) Food that does not serve the purpose of medicine is called improper food.(ii) Improper food works as poison and causes diseases.(iii) This expression means that our eating habits are not good.(iv) We mostly eat processed food.(v) Processed and junk food cause obesity and diabetes.(vi) A few years ago diabetes was rare in the natives of Canada.

2. Do it yourself.

3. Do it yourself.

4. Do it yourself.

5. March 8, 2018, Delhi : Ritesh Kumar

Delhi: Delhi Public School organized its Awards Function—‘Ashirwad-2014’–here on Tueseday in its schoolcampus. The telented students were awarded for their achievements in various fields. These included writing,painting, fancy dress competition, science exhibition, folk dance, slogan writing and sports like kho-kho, kabaddi,volleyball, basketball and chess. As many as 45 students were awarded for 100% attendance.

School patron Shri Mahendra Pratap gave his blessings to the students. In his speech he said that all children aretalented, but they need proper moulding and guidance. This can be done only by a teacher. The school principalread out the Annual Report. He exhorted student to take part in extra-curricular activities.

A lively dance ballet was performed by the students, and a patriotic song was sung by Ms Kavita. The functionended with the singing of National Anthem.

6. Do it yourself.

7. Do it yourself.

8. A peasant had four sons who were all lazy. They did not help their father in the farm. One day the peasantbecame ill. He knew he was dying. So he called all his sons, and said to them, ‘A treasure lies hidden in my fields,but to find it, you will have to dig hard.’ The peasant died. At once his sons went to the fields, and dug every bitof dry land, but they found no treasure. They were sad. Soon the rains fell. As the earth had been well dug, theysowed the corn. There was a very fine crop that year. The sons now learnt what their father meant by treasure.The treasure could be got only by hard work.

9. Do it yourself.

15

Vocabulary:1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (k)4. (f) 5. (a) 6. (j)7. (l) 8. (b) 9. (h)

10. (d) 11. (g) 12. (i)

Test Paper

1. (b), 2. (d), 3. (d), 4. (d), 5. (c), 6. (c), 7. (a), 8. (c), 9. (c), 10. (d)


Lesson Plan THE GRAMMARIAN The Journey Begins · 2020. 4. 7. · An interrogative sentence asks a:...

Documents

Transcript of Lesson Plan THE GRAMMARIAN The Journey Begins · 2020. 4. 7. · An interrogative sentence asks a:...