Lesson One Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Languages and Literature Pu...

Lesson One Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Languages and Literature Pu Dong-mei

Text A _ Your College Years

Contents 1. Teaching Objectives 2. In-class Discussion 3. Background information: 1) about the author 2) about the text 3) Ericksons Theory of Developmental Stages 4. Language points 5. Text analysis: 1) theme; 2) structure 6. Writing devices: developing paragraphs by examples

Teaching Objectives 1. To grasp some psychological terms, such as developmental changes, identity crises, psychological independence, and internalizing religious faith. 2. To guide students to think over the real meaning of college life and how to take advantage of it to serve their bright future. 3. To grasp the following important language points: 1) the use of anticipatory it; 2) the use of gerund; 3) frequently used words and phrases;

In-class Discussion Talk about your summer holiday with your partners. Introduction 1. How old are you when you entered college? Do you think there are some changes happened to you after one years study? What are they? 2. Have you experienced any crucial developmental changes since you entered this university? Have you gone through any identity crisis? 3. Have you gained psychological independence from your parents? Can you properly handle relations with both sexes at this university? 4. What values and beliefs you have come to internalize in your college years? Any new insights?

Background information About the author Dr. Bob Hartman is a childrens story-teller and part- time pastor. He was born in Pittsburgh, the United States, and moved to England in the summer of 2000. He's been using his dynamic and interactive style to entertain audiences on both sides of the Atlantic - from the Pittsburgh Children's Museum to schools, bookshops and major festivals throughout the UK, which in 2005 include Greenbelt, Edinburgh International Book Festival and the Northern Children's Book Festival.

About the text This is a text about what students will experience in their college years. It is addressed to college students in the United States. In the article, the author touches upon the developmental changes experienced by college students, many important adjustments and decisions concerning young peoples education, career, values and social responsibilities. To have a meaningful and rewarding life, we must learn to handle what the author calls the identity crises, to find out who we are, what are our strong points and weaknesses, what we should do and where we should go. Of course, we must learn to be independent or self-reliant psychologically as well as in other matters.

About the text In this article, the author also talks quite a bit about students need to achieve sexual identity in order to form a healthy and correct world outlook. In addition, as English majors, students should also think about the realistic questions concerning the position of English major, be it a tool or a specialized subject, the future goal of self-development, etc.

Ericksons Theory of Developmental Stages: Basic Theory Babies are born with some basic capabilities and distinct temperaments. But they go through dramatic changes on the way to adulthood and old age. According to psychologist Erik H. Erickson, each individual passes through eight developmental stages. Each developmental stage is characterized by a different psychological crisis, which must be resolved by the individual before the individual can move on to the next stage. If the person copes with a particular crisis in a maladaptive( ) manner, the outcome will be more struggles with that issue later in life. To Erickson, the sequence of the stages is set by nature. It is within the set limits that nurture works its ways.

Eight developmental stages Stage 1: Infant Trust VS Mistrust Needs maximum comfort with minimal uncertainty to trust himself/herself, others, and the environment. Stage 2: Toddler Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt Works to master physical environment while maintaining self-esteem. Stage 3: Preschooler Initiative VS Guilt Begins to initiate, not imitate, activities; develops conscience and sexual identity. Stage 4: School-age Child Industry VS Inferiority Tries to develop a sense of self-worth by refining skills.

Eight developmental stages contd Stage 5: Adolescent Identity VS Role Confusion Tries integrating many roles (child, sibling, student, athlete, worker) into a self-image under role model and peer pressure. Stage 6: Young Adult Intimacy VS Isolation Learns to make personal commitment to another as spouse, parent or partner. Stage 7: Middle-Age Adult Productivity VS Stagnation Seeks satisfaction through productivity in career, family, and civic interests. Stage 8: Older Adult Integrity VS Despair Reviews life accomplishments, deals with loss and prepares for death.

Passage of our life (p1) fertilized egg with DNA code embryo fetus newborn infant / child Teenager (infml)/ adolescent (p1) adult (grown-up, infml) / youth / prime middle-aged pensioner old-aged / elderly / senile senior citizen / the state of infirmity

Language points 1. The use of anticipatory it: It occurs to sb. to that (p.1); it dawns on sb. that; it strikes sb. that / how e.g. 1) Has it ever occurred to you that your professors and other school personnel have certain goals for your growth and maturity during your college years? 2) Has it ever dawned on you that certain developmental changes will occur in your life as you move from adolescence to young adulthood. 3) It has just dawned on me that I can do it if I believe I can. 4) It never occurred to me that Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston could get divorced. 5) It never occurs to him to help the poor and the old.

Language points contd 2. The use of gerund: e.g. Probably one of the most stressful matters for young college students is establishing their sexual identity, which includes relating to the opposite sex and projecting their future roles as men or women. 3. During this time, students are going through an identity crisis go through: experiencing; undergoing 4. The use of perceive: 1) to think of as e.g. Stress is widely perceived as contributing to coronary heart disease. 2) to notice; to discover; to observe e.g. I perceived that I could not make her change her mind. 3) to understand, to grasp: e.g. A key task is to get pupils to perceive for themselves the relationship between success and effort.

Word study Affection Affection affirm affirm apply apply capability capability contribute contribute counsel counsel distinct distinct endeavor endowment ethical excessive handle inherit interpret inhibition involve observe occur perceive project shrink

Word study 1. affection: n. a gentle feeling of love and caring Examples: Every mother has/feels affection toward her children. He is held in great affection. c.f. affectionate a. e.g. He looks at her with affectionate looks. 2. affirm v. to declare (usually again) positively; strengthen beliefs, ideas, or feelings Examples: affirm ones judgment/innocence affirm sth. to sb. affirm that it is true

Word study contd 3. apply She is applying for a scholarship. We should apply what we have learned to practice. Not all natural laws can apply to human society. Apply some of this ointment to the swollen part, and the pain will soon be gone. 4. capability: the natural ability, skill, or power that makes you able to do sth. Examples: He has the capabilities of solving/to solve practical problems. Its quite above his capabilities.

Word study 5. contribute: v. a. to join with others in giving help, money b. to help to cause or produce Examples: contribute food and clothing for the refugees contribute to the Red Cross Exercises contribute to ones health. Drinking contributed to his ruin. 6. counsel: v. (fml.) to advise n. advice; opinion; suggestion Examples: counsel care in the forthcoming negotiation He counseled their giving up/to give up the plan.

Word study 7. distinct: a. clearly different or belonging to a different type b. easily seen, understood; plain Examples: Silk is distinct from rayon. They are similar in form but distinct in kind. There is a distinct improvement in his pronunciation. He is at a distinct advantage in the competition. 8. endeavor: v. (fml.) to try very hard n. (fml.) effort; attempt Examples: He endeavored to calm himself down but in vain. His endeavors to persuade her to go with him failed.

Word study 9. endowment n. a. quality or ability that someone has naturally b. money, property, etc. given to provide an income Examples: They are men of great endowments. The Oxford and Cambridge colleges have numerous endowments. endow v. a. to possess naturally, be born with b. to give a college, hospital, etc. a large sum of money that will provide it with an income She is endowed with both beauty and brains. That hospital is privately endowed.

Word study 10. ethical: a. connected with principles of what is right and what is wrong Examples: an ethical principle an ethical basis for education c.f. ethnic a. a. of race or the races of mankind b. (colloq.) of a particular cultural group Examples: ethnic clothes/food/music/restaurants 11. excessive: a. much more than is reasonable or necessary Examples: excessive rainfall excessive charges

Word study 12. handle: to manage, control or cope with Examples: This box contains delicate china. Please handle with care. This computer is easy to handle. We have to handle the relationship between our two countries carefully. This shop does not handle imported goods. 13. inherit: v. to receive (genetic characters) from ones parents Examples: inherit money/estate/title She inherited her mothers good looks and her fathers bad temper.

Word study inheritance: n. the money, property, etc. that you receive from sb. when they die; the fact of receiving sth. when sb. dies She spent all her inheritance in a year. n. sth. from the past or from your family that affects the way you behave, look, etc. our artistic/cultural inheritance heritage n. the history, traditions and qualities that a country or society has had for many years and that are considered an important part of its character national/cultural heritage

Word study 14. interpret: v. a. to make clear the meaning of (either in words or by artistic performance b. to consider to be the meaning of c. to give an immediate oral translation of Examples: interpret a difficult passage in a book We interpreted his silence as a refusal. Will you interpret for the foreign visitors? 15. inhibition: n. (psych.) a feeling of worry or embarrassment that stops you doing or saying what you really want to Example: Wine weakens a persons inhibitions. inhibit v. to hinder; to restrain inhibit sb. from doing sth.

Word study 16. involve: v. a. to include as a necessary part or result b. to affect Examples: All reforms involve certain tasks. The building of the dam involved relocating almost one million people. You have to involve every country in the fight against global warming. He was deeply involved in the scandal. 17. observe: v. a. to see or notice; watch carefully b. to say by way of comment Examples: The accused was observed trying to force the lock of the door. Some scientists observed that global warming is not necessarily related to human activities.

Word study 18. occur: v. a. to happen b. to come into ones mind suddenly Examples: Over the years many floods have occurred in that area. It occurred to him that there was a better way to do it. I guess it never occurred to him to put aside some money for a rainy day. 19. perceive: v. (fml.) to become aware of, esp. through the eyes or the mind Examples: Musicians can perceive small differences in sounds. He gradually perceived that language and culture cant be separated.

Word study 20. project: v. a. to plan b. to cause a shadow, an outline, etc. on a surface c. to present sb./sth./yourself to other people in a particular way, esp. one that gives a good impression project a dam/a new canal project a picture on a screen project the future roles as men or women 21. shrink: v. a. to make or become smaller, esp. through wetting b. to move back; show unwillingness to do sth. Examples: Will this shirt shrink in the wash? Car sales have been shrinking recently. A shy man shrinks from meeting strangers.

Phrases and Expressions be equal to be equal to dawn on/upon dawn on/upon drag ones feet drag ones feet for certain for certain freedom/free from freedom/free from go through go through in turn in/with relation to in a different light independent from/of stand back

Phrases and Expressions 1. be equal to: v. to be just as good as; have strength, courage, ability etc. for sth. Examples: Many of our products are equal to the best in the world. It is ridiculous to think one race is not equal to another because it has a different skin color. He is equal to doing this task. 2. dawn on/upon: v. to begin to appear; grow clear to the mind Examples: The truth began to dawn on him. It suddenly dawned on me that there was another thing that contributed to their economic success. C.f: It occurs to sb. that

Phrases and Expressions 3. drag ones feet: v. (figurative usage) to delay deliberately Examples: The local authorities are dragging their feet closing these coal mines. I can understand why they are dragging their feet over this reform. The reason is that it will affect their personal interests. 4. for certain: ad. certainly; definitely; no doubt Examples: He is probably an accountant. I dont know for certain. I cant say for certain how much this car will cost. It must be in the neighborhood of two hundred thousand yuan.

Phrases and Expressions 5. freedom/free from: no longer having sth. you do not want Examples: The most important freedom our people should have is the freedom from hunger. An ideal society is one free from exploitation and oppression. freedom from taxation freedom of press/speech We look forward to a world founded upon essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expressioneverywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear anywhere in the world. Franklin D. Roosevelt

Phrases and Expressions 6. go through: experiencing; undergoing e.g. During this time, New Orleans is going through a turmoil. 7. in turn: in succession Example: The candidates were summoned in turn to see the examiner. Put the following sentence into English: Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice. 8. in/with relation to: as regards; concerning Examples: I have a lot to say in relation to that affair. The project was outlined with relation to available funds.

Phrases and Expressions 9. in a different light: in a different way Examples: After I took that course, I began to see the world in a different light. What he did made us see him in a different light. 10. independent from/of: not dependent on or controlled by other persons or things Examples: If you have a car, you are independent from/of trains and buses. Thats an objective law independent from/of mans will. Cf: Promotion is dependent on/upon ones record of success.

Phrases and Expressions 11. to stand back: 1) to stand to the rear The child stood back at the sight of the ferocious dog. 2) to distance oneself mentally in order to understand or judge better Sometimes an administrator must stand back from day-to-day business to grasp the wider pattern of events. 3) to withdraw or retreat from making discussions, influencing events, etc. She ran the family and her husband stood back. These were vital discussions from which he couldnt afford to stand back.

Phrases and Expressions 12. be aware of (para.8): know about He was well aware of what was undergoing secretly inside the league. Those swimmers should have been aware of the danger near the shores of this area. 13. First and foremost Second Last but not least

Education hierarchy Nursery school Kindergarten Primary / elementary school Secondary school (age 11 to 18) Middle school (Am. age 6 to 11) High school (Br. 11 to 18; Am. Age 14 to 18) Undergraduate: freshman, sophomore, junior, senior, the bachelors degree in science or art, essay / thesis; thesis defense Graduate / postgraduate: the graduate school; the masters degree, the doctors degree; thesis, dissertation

Nothing + so + adj. / adv Nothing than(p5): to emphasize how strong or great a particular quality is Youngsters learn nothing so fast as how to beat the system. Theres nothing better than a good cup of hot coffee. After all, 15 minutes of exercise is better than nothing. Either he went through with this thing or he did not: it was all or nothing. It did nothing but make us ridiculous. Hollywood is nothing if not creative, especially if someone else will pick up the bills. Its all rubbish, and theres nothing in/to it. Not for nothing was the plane called widow-maker Never think you can get something for nothing.

Paraphrase 1) identity is determined by genetic endowment, shaped by environment, and influenced by chance event. (para. 2) Who we are is determined by three things: First, our genes, or what our parents have given us, our legacy; second, environment, and third, luck or opportunities. 2) First, there is functional independence, which involves the capability of individuals to take care of practical and personal affairs, such as handling finances, choosing their own wardrobes, and determining their daily agenda. (para. 4) First is the ability to solve practical problems, such as learning how to spend money wisely, how to choose their own clothes and making a list of what they are going to do every day.

Paraphrase 3) Fourth is freedom from excessive guilt, anxiety, mistrust, responsibility, inhibition, resentment, and anger in relation to the mother and father. (para. 4) Children often feel very guilty in relation to their parents because they think they have done something wrong; they are also anxious because they re eager to please their parents; they sometimes feel unhappy because they think that their parents have not been fair to them; they feel that they are responsible to their parents for everything they do; they are always afraid of not saying the right thing or not behaving properly; all these may make them angry with their parents or make them feel resentful. These feelings reflect their emotional dependence on their parents. When they grow up, they usually strive for the freedom from these.

Text Analysis: Theme of the text College is designed to be a time of changes for students. Threatening the changes may be, they contribute to young adults growth and maturity. College students are experiencing a lot. Not only are they being introduced to new people and new knowledge, but they are also acquiring new ways of assembling and processing information. They are also proudly growing in their understanding of themselves, others and the world.

Structure of the text Part 1 (para. 1) Many key changes happen to college students during their college years. Part 2 (para. 2-9) The key changes involve the following: identity crisis, the independence/dependence struggle, establishment of sexual identity, affection giving and receiving, internalization of religious faith, values and morals, development of new ways to organize and use knowledge, a new understanding of the world and himself/herself. Part 3 (para. 10) Conclusion.

Writing Devices: developing paragraphs by examples A statement which is very general is seldom impressive or convincing. It is usually necessary to give examples to prove, to illustrate, or to clarify a general statement. We may be too used to saying for instance or for example to realize that we are using a certain method for developing a topic. Paragraph 6 Paragraph 7 Paragraph 8 Paragraph 9

Other ways of developing paragraphs Developing by time Developing by process Developing by space Developing by detail Developing by generalization Developing by comparison and contrast Developing by cause and effect Developing by classification Developing by definition

Text B_ Preparing for College_ Lincoln Steffens In-class Discussion 1. You are now already in the second year of university studies. Can you still recall the days when you prepared yourself for admission to university? How did you prepare for college studies? 2. Are you opposed to examination-oriented preparation? 3. Lincoln Steffens is apparently against the standardized way of preparation. How did he prepare for his college Berkeley?

Excerpt from Lincoln Steffens Autobiography Steffens stated very clearly that there is no limit to knowledge and that no one seems to know the essential truth. In preparing for college, the most fundamental & essential task is: to possess immense knowledge; to have no fear to present ones own view or to be opposed by others; to be always ready to discuss; to make ones own view public and to argue for ones own stand; to be ready to be attacked or to be misunderstood.

About the author Lincoln Steffens Joseph Lincoln Steffens (Apr. 6, 1866 Aug. 9, 1936) was an American journalist and one of the most famous and influential practitioners of the journalistic style called muckraking( )-exposes of public and private corruption - aroused the American public during the early years of the twentieth century. His most famous book is his Autobiography (1931), from which the excerpt is taken. In this excerpt, Steffens makes an important revelation about learing, a fundamental discovery that every individual must make if he is to be successful in the world of ideas.muckraking 19 20 20 20

About the author Contd Lincoln Steffens Steffens was born and grew up in San Francisco, California, and studied in France (Sorbonne ) and Germany (Heidelberg, Leipzig) for several years after graduating (1889) from the University of California, Berkeley, where he was first exposed to what were known then as "radical" political views.San Francisco, CaliforniaUniversity of California, Berkeley At McClure's magazine, Steffens became part of a celebrated muckraking trio, along with Ida Tarbell and Ray Stannard Baker. He specialized in investigating government and political corruption, and two collections of his articles were published as The Shame of the Cities (1904) and The Struggle for Self-Government (1906). He also wrote The Traitor State, which criticized New Jersey for patronizing incorporation. In 1906, he left McClure's, along with Tarbell and Baker, to form American Magazine.McClure'sIda TarbellRay Stannard BakerThe Shame of the Cities New JerseyincorporationAmerican Magazine

On The Shame of the Cities In The Shame of the Cities, Steffens sought to bring about political reform in urban America by appealing to the emotions of Americans. He tried to make them feel very outraged and "shamed" by showing examples of corrupt governments throughout urban America.

GDP 4.9% 5.1% 4.1% 2002 3.41%; 2003 3.28%; 2004 2.79% 2005 GDP 2.16% 2009 2.4% http://www.infzm.com/content/36918 http://www.infzm.com/content/36918 GDP GDP 11% GDP GDP . 2006 7 5

20% 1% 2% 2005.7 2004 50% 40% 40% 40% 12% 45% 2004 105 173 1/10 1979 1980 GDP 2-3% 2003 9 53% 47% 1.04% 17.9% 2006 3 6 2005 3000 2000 1000 6000 20% 3 5 . 2008 9000

Unit 6. Preparing for College Lincoln Steffens - Dictionary Work 1.driving motive: the incentive/encouragement that urges them on 2. the rudiments: the basics, the fundamentals (The word rudiments is always in the plural form when used in this sense.) 3. metaphysics: the branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts, etc. 4. conscious culture: the cultures (i.e., customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular people or social group or nation) that is directly perceptible or known to us 5. fanatic: one who is very enthusiastic about a particular activity 6. personify: express or represent (a quality in human form)

About Culture Definition: Alfred L. Kroeber & Clyde Cluckhohn (1963: 11) Composition: ( ) Culture comes in layers, like an onion. To understand it you have to unpeel it layer by layer. On the outer layer are the explicit, observable products of the culture such as the language, food, architecture, fashions, social institutions and art. They are, however, only symbols of deeper layers of culture.

Culture Values and norms are the middle layer of culture and more difficult to identify. Norms are the mutual sense a group has of what is "right" and "wrong." Norms are reflected in laws and rules of conduct. Values determine the definition of "good" and "bad." Norms address how a person should behave, whereas values deal with how a person aspires to behave. What is taken for granted, unquestioned reality, core assumptions - is at the core of culture. These are the things, that when questioned, cannot be answered and provoke confusion and irritation. In the US, asking someone why he or she believes all people are equal only brings frustration. In the East, asking someone why he or she believes in arranged marriages would bring the same frustration.

Dictionary Work Contd 7. sedentary: inactive; done while sitting down 8. underline: indicate the importance of 9. balked: (here) baffled; frustrated 10. a maddening lot: a wild, uncontrollable group 11. righteous sects: morally justifiable groups of people whose religious beliefs are considered different from those of a larger group 12. relish: something such as a pickle or a sauce eaten with a meal or a drink; great enjoyment

Unit 6. Preparing for College - Library Work Homer was A Greek poet, to whom are attributed the great epics, the Iliad, the story of the siege of Troy (an ancient city in Asia Minor), and the Odyssey, the tale of wanderings of Ulysses, a Greek leader in the Trojan War. The place of Homers birth is doubtful, probably a Greek colony on the coast of Asia Minor. Arguments have long raged over whether his works are in fact by the same hand, or have their origins in the lays of Homer and his followers (Homeridae), and there seems little doubt that the works were originally based on current ballads which were much modified and extended. Of the true Homer, nothing is positively known. The so-called Homeric hymns are certainly of a later age.

Library Work Contd - Iliad & Odyssey Both epics deal with legendary events that were believed to have occurred many centuries before their composition. The Iliad is set in the final year of the Trojan War, fought between the Greeks and the inhabitants of the city of Troy. The legendary conflict forms the background for the central plot of the story: the wrath of the Greek hero Achilles. Insulted by his commander in chief, Agamemnon, the young warrior Achilles withdraws from the war, leaving his fellow Greeks to suffer terrible defeats at the hands of the Trojans. Achilles rejects the Greeks' attempts at reconciliation but finally relents to some extent, allowing his companion Patroclus to lead his troops in his place. Patroclus is slain, and Achilles, filled with fury and remorse, turns his wrath against the Trojans, whose leader, Hector (son of King Priam), he kills in single combat. The poem closes as Achilles surrenders the corpse of Hector to Priam for burial, recognizing a certain kinship with the Trojan king as they both face the tragedies of mortality and bereavement.

Odyssey The Odyssey describes the return of the Greek hero Odysseus from the Trojan War. The opening scenes depict the disorder that has arisen in Odysseus's household during his long absence: A band of suitors is living off of his wealth as they woo his wife, Penelope. The epic then tells of Odysseus's ten years of traveling, during which he has to face such dangers as the man-eating giant Polyphemus and such subtler threats as the goddess Calypso, who offers him immortality if he will abandon his quest for home. The second half of the poem begins with Odysseus's arrival at his home island of Ithaca. Here, exercising infinite patience and self-control, Odysseus tests the loyalty of his servants; plots and carries out a bloody revenge on Penelope's suitors; and is reunited with his son, his wife, and his aged father.

Library Work Contd Dante( ) Alighieri (1265-1321) The greatest Italian poet and one of the most important writers of European literature. Dante is best known for the epic poem COMMEDIA, c. 1310-14, later named LA DIVINA COMMEDIA. It has profoundly affected not only the religious imagination but all subsequent allegorical creation of imaginary worlds in literature. Dante spent much of his life traveling from one city to another. This had perhaps more to do with the restless times than his wandering character or fixation on the Odyssey. However, his Commedia can also be called a spiritual travel book.

Library Work Contd Julius Caesar (100BC - 44BC) Caesar was a politician and general of the late Roman republic, who greatly extended the Roman empire before seizing power and making himself dictator of Rome, paving the way for the imperial system. Julius Caesar was born in Rome on 12 July 100 BC into the prestigious Julian clan. His family were closely connected with the Marian faction in Roman politics. Caesar himself progressed within the Roman political system, becoming in succession quaestor (69), aedile (65) and praetor (62). In 61-60 he served as governor of the Roman province of Spain. Back in Rome in 60, Caesar made a pact with Pompey and Crassus, who helped him to get elected as consul for 59 BC. The following year he was appointed governor of Roman Gaul where he stayed for eight years, adding the whole of modern France and Belgium to the Roman empire, and making Rome safe from the possibility of Gallic invasions. He made two expeditions to Britain, in 55 BC and 54 BC.

Caesar Contd Caesar then returned to Italy, disregarding the authority of the senate and famously crossing the Rubicon river without disbanding his army. In the ensuing civil war Caesar defeated the republican forces. Pompey, their leader, fled to Egypt where he was assassinated. Caesar followed him and became involved with the Egyptian queen, Cleopatra. Caesar was now master of Rome and made himself consul and dictator. He used his power to carry out much-needed reform, relieving debt, enlarging the senate, building the Forum Iulium and revising the calendar. Dictatorship was always regarded a temporary position but in 44 BC, Caesar took it for life. His success and ambition alienated the strongly republican senators. A group of these, led by Cassius and Brutus, assassinated Caesar on the Ides (15) of March 44 BC. This sparked the final round of civil wars that ended the Republic and brought about the elevation of Caesars great nephew and designated heir, Octavian , as Augustus, the first emperor.

Robert Owen, 1771-1858 A "doer" more than a "talker", utopian socialist Robert Owen founded the famous New Lanark Mills in Scotland as an example of the viability of co-operative factory communities. Many industrialists actually visited these "model factories" and some even adopted parts of Owen's system. Owen attempted to extend these into agriculture - advocating collective farming, as in New Harmony, Indiana. Although most of these efforts failed, he continued on his social work - becoming the head of one of the largest trade union federations in Britain in 1843.utopian socialist

Tories ( ) ToryTory n. pl. {Tories} (Eng. Politics) A member of the conservative party, as opposed to the progressive party which was formerly called the Whig , and is now called the Liberal, party; an earnest supporter of existing royal and ecclesiastical authority.nplToriesEngPolitics Note: The word Tory first occurs in English history in 1679, during the struggle in Parliament occasioned by the introduction of the bill for the exclusion of the duke of York from the line of succession, and was applied by the advocates of the bill to its opponents as a title of obloquy or contempt. The Tories subsequently took a broader ground, and their leading principle became the maintenance of things as they were. The political successors of the Tories are now commonly known as Conservatives.

Roman Catholic A qualification of the name Catholic commonly used in English- speaking countries by those unwilling to recognize the claims of the One True Church. Out of condescension for these dissidents, the members of that Church are wont in official documents to be styled Roman Catholics as if the term Catholic represented a genus of which those who owned allegiance to the pope formed a particular species. It is in fact a prevalent conception among Anglicans to regard the whole Catholic Church as made up of three principal branches, the Roman Catholic, the Anglo- Catholic and the Greek Catholic. One True ChurchChurchCatholicsCatholicpopespecies AnglicansCatholicChurchCatholic

Lesson One Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Languages and Literature Pu...

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Transcript of Lesson One Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Languages and Literature Pu...