Using nanomaterials at work Using nanomaterials at work: Including
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Transcript of Lesson 9 2014. Lesson 9 2014 Our goal is, that after this lesson, students are able to recognize the...
BK50A2700 Selection Criteria of Structural Materials
Lesson 92014
Selection of nanomaterials
Lesson 92014
The goal of this lesson
Our goal is, that after this lesson, students are able to recognize the main groups of nanomaterials with their typical properties and are able to name the most important aspects to adjust material properties by utilizing nanotechnology.
Outline
Outline1 Terminology and definitions2 Basic theory of fullerenes and nanotubes3 Nanotube materials4 Structural nanomaterials5 Applications of nanomaterials 6 Briefly about manufacturing aspects7 Scientific research of nanomaterials
Terminology and definitions
Three different viewpointsViewpoint based
on the observations of atomic or molecular level.
Viewpoint focused to applications of materials, which are based on utilization of nanoparticles, nanopowders or nanofibres.
Viewpoint of nanomechanisms used in nanosystems and nanomachines.
Dimensions
3 nanodimensions < 100nm Particles
2 nanodimensions < 100nm Tubes, fibres, wires
1 nanodimension < 100nm Layers, films.,coatings
States
One solid state Crystal structured, amorphous structures
Several solid states Matrix composites
Several states Cell structures, liguid states
Manufacturing
Gas phase reaction CVD- or plasma coating
Liquid phase reaction Solid-gel techniq
Mechanic Grinding, elastic deformation
Materials
Carbon based Fullerens, carbon nanotubes
Metal based Silver, gold, metal oxides
Polymer based PEA, PP, PA
Composites
Viewpoint of (structural) material selection
Basic theory of fullerenes and nanotubes
The development of nanomaterials has started from recognizing the different states of carbon and utilizing their different (material) properties
Different states of carbon: Diamond, Graphite and graphene,Fullerene(s), Amorphous carbon, Carbon nanotube
Diamond• Each carbon atom has the bond with
four adjacent carbon atoms (strong 3D-net)
Graphite• A layered structure, in which carbon
atoms have bonds only on one atomic plane
• Graphene is one of these layers
Fullerene• A spherical-shaped construction of 60
carbon atoms
Basic form is the spherical-shaped construction of 60 carbon atoms The fullerene can encapsulate different atoms inside its hollow core, eg. a
nitrogen atom. The structure is formed of several fullerenes, there is a hollow space also
between each fullerene, into which different atoms can be positioned.The control of these types of encapsulations and positions
including the bonds of different atoms are in key-role in nanotechnology.
Fullerenes
The schematic illustration of a cesium-fullerene-construction Cs3C60.
By controlling the positions of cesium atoms between the fullerenes it is possible to produce the crystal structure which reacts to the changes of external pressure or temperature.
NanotubesThe utilization of nanotubes to develop better constructional
materials requires knowledge about different structures with different properties of nanotubes made of different materials.
E.g. carbon nanotubes can be applied as nanofilters in nuclear technology by utilizing them to absorb and filter Tritium from the cooling water.
The knowledge of these kinds of properties is in key-role in nanotechnology.
• Dimension• Diameter• Length
• Different twisted forms• Bundles of nanotubes
How to adjust the properties of (carbon) nanotubes?
In theory the nanotubes could be regarded as rolled graphene sheets.
These sheets can be tightened (rolled) into different form, which have different (mechanical) properties.
The names for these twisted forms are:”Zig-zag”, ”Armchair” and ”Chiral”.
In practice the problem is to separate different form from each other during the manufacturing process.
Zig-Zag
Armchair
Chiral
DIFFERENT TWISTED FORMS OF THE CARBON NANOTUBE
Number of walls in the nanotube
Abbreviations:SWNT, DWNT and MWNT)
”VISIONS” OF Y-, W- AND STAR-BRANCHED NANOTUBE STRUCTURES
Branched nanotube structures
Type of the naotube
Property ↓
Single-Wall Carbon
Nanotubes (SWNT)
Double-Wall Carbon
Nanotubes (DWNT)
Multi-Wall Carbon
Nanotubes (MWNT)
Diameter ~ 1.3 nm ~ 4 nm 10-100 nm Length 0.5 ~ 40 um 0.5 ~ 40 um 0.5 ~ 40 um
Direction of the twist
The regular forms of atomic structures in nanotube walls can be disturbed purposely in different ways…
Deviations of the symmetric hexagonic positioning of the carbon atoms
SYMMETRIC POSITIONING OF CARBON ATOMS ON THE WALL OF A CARBON NANOTUBE
ARRANGED REGULAR DEVIATIONS OF CARBON ATOMS’ POSITIONING
Mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes can be tuned by arranging regular deviations of the symmetric hexagonic positioning of the carbon atoms.
Nanotube materials
MATERIALS:C-nanotubesBN-nanotubesMoSI-nanotubesSi-nanotubesMnO2-nanotubesTi-nanotubesPAni-nanotubes
DIAMETER TWISTED FORMS DIRECTION OF THE TWIST
BUNDLES OF NANOTUBES NUMBER OF WALLS
NANOTUBES
Zig-Zag
Armchair
Chiral
3 walls 2 walls 1 wall TWNT DWNT SWNT (MWNT = multi-wall nanotube)
DEVIATIONS OF CARBON ATOMS’ POSITIONING
BRANCHING
Industrial nanotube materialsCarbon nanotubesBoron-based nanotubesSilicon nanotubesTitanium nanotubesManganese oxide nanotubesMolybdenum-Sulfur-Iodine nanotubePolyaniline nanotubes
NANOTUBE MATERIAL
ABBREVIATION
PICTURE MAIN PROPERTY
Carbon nanotubes
C - Utilized to strengthen different composite materials
Boron-based nanotubes
B and BN - Superconductors in high temperatures
- Chemical resistant coatings
Silicon nanotubes
Si - Improved energy efficiency of batteries
Titanium nanotubes
Ti - Small sized hydrogen sensors
Manganese oxide nanotubes
MnO2- Improved energy efficiency of
batteries
Molybdenum-Sulfur-Iodine nanotubes
MoSI - Utilized in lubricants
Polyaniline nanotubes
PAni - Electrically conductive synthetic polymers
Structural nanomaterials
Structural nanomaterialsThe main material group in engineering is
nanocomposites.Main nanocomposites are divided into three
groups: Nanoparticle applicationsNanofibre applications Nanocoating applications
In addition to these remarkable number of engineering applications are based on the utilization of nanowires or -rods made of Silver, Gold or Palladium.
NanocompositesBy utilizing nano technology it is possible
to improve the properties of
polymer, ceramic and metal
matrix composites.
It is also possible to form nano-nano-composites.
Examples: polymer matrix and inorganic nanoparticles
Typical polymer matrix materials:Polyamide (PA) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Polyethyleneakrylate (PEA)
Typical nanoparticles are made of:Metals such as Al, Fe, Au, AgMetal oxides such as ZnO, Al2O3,CaCO3, TiO2
Non-metallic oxides e.g. SiO2 Other. e.g. SiC
Nano-nano-composites
Example:
How to establish the required mechanical properties?
The observations should be made on three levels:
Bonding propertiesof different atomsand molecules
Adjusted properties ofthe selected nanotubes
Matrix + reinforcementProperties of the nano-composite
ESWNT
EMWNT
~1000 GPa (SWNT)~1200 GPa (MWNT)
Ultimate tensile strength
~ 100 GPa
Heat conductivity
2000 W/m/K
Density ρSWNT
ρMWNT
1300 kg/cm3
1400 kg/cm3
Properties of carbon nanotubes
Bonding between the nanotubesPurposely made deviations of carbon atoms’
positioning can be utilized to ensure the joints inside the bundles of nanotube groups.
!
Effects of nanotubes diameter and twisted forms on modulus of elasticity
Effects of nanofibres on stress-strain-curve
Pure epoxy
0.3 % added nanofibres
Strain
Str
ess
[MP
a]
Effects of the carbon nanotube content on composite’s modulus of elasticity
Polymer matrix
Polymer’sE [Mpa]
Nanotubes[Weigth %]
Composite’s E [Mpa]
Increase of E
PS 2400 5 3500 × ~ 1.5
MEMA 708 1 2340 × ~ 3.3
Failure modes of nanofibre reinforced composites
Carbon fibre Matrix
Carbon nanotube reinforced matrix
Unreinforced ”empty” space between the fibres
IMPROVEDSTENGTH
ANDDUCTILITY
Carbon nanotube Graphite fibres Kevlar-fibres Steel
Tensile strength 200 5 3 1.2
3.16
31.62
316.23
TENSILE STRENGTH
TE
NS
ILE
ST
RE
NG
TH
[M
Pa
]
Carbon nanotube
Carbon fibre Aluminium alloy Steel
Relative strength 4760 280 13 10
250
750
1250
1750
2250
2750
3250
3750
4250
4750
Relative strength
UL
TIM
AT
E T
EN
SIL
E S
TR
EN
GT
H/
DE
NS
ITY
Nanoparticles can be used to improve the ductility of ceramics.
Nanoparticles increase also the hardness and wear resistance of ceramics.
Effects on the properties of ceramics
What are the reasonable values for the ratios of
strength/ rigidity, strength/ density and rigidity/ weight
of a handlebars in a bicycle?
Effects of the nano reinforcement on the properties of polymer matrixIncreased:
StrengthDuctilityRigidity (depends on geometry)Dimensional stabilityHeat resistanceChemical resistancePossibilities to produce adjusted material properties
Decreased:Viscosity
difficult for extrusion
Quality of the properties due to Different portion of nanoparticles due to different shapes of the product Anisotropic properties due to nanofibres directions Possible unwanted layered structure
Appearance Unwanted colours (typically black or gray)
Applications of nanomaterials
APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRONICS
Nanomaterials in batteries
Touch screen of mobile phones
APPLICATIONS IN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
Solar panels
APPLICATIONS IN SPACE TECHNOLOGY
Satellites
ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
The potential impact areas for nanotechnology in water applications are divided into three categories:1. Treatment and remediation, 2. Sensing and detection 3. Pollution prevention
APPLICATIONS IN CHEMISTRY
MEDICINE
FOOD INDUSTRY
Carbon nanotubes are utilized e.g. in badminton rackets
SPORTS EQUIPMENT
CUTTING TOOLS
MILITARY APPLICATIONS
ANTI-SLIPPERY COATINGS
Briefly about the manufacturing aspects
MANUFATCURING OF
NANOTUBES, -FIBERS AND PARTICLES
MANUFACTURING OF
THE PRODUCT
WHOLE GEOMETRY
SURFACE
What are we actually manufacturing?
RAW MATERIAL =
NANOMATERIAL
DIMENSIONSAND OTHERPROPERTIES
RAW MATERIALSMANUFACTURING
PROCESSES
PHASES
1 nano dimension: Coating 2 nano dimensions: Wires 3 nano dimensions: Particles
SolidComposite matrixLiquid
Gas-phase reactionLiquid-phase reactionMechanical manufacturing
Carbon-basedMetal-basedPolymer-basedComposites
!
Some manufacturing methodsGas phase synthesis to manufacture
nanoparticles or nanotubes for further use. Vapourisation with plasma, laser or chemical methods
Sol-gel-synthesis to manufacture several types of products and semi-products of nanobased materials.
Different coating methods to manufacture the nanoscaled surface layer of the product CVD -coating (Chemical Vapor Deposition) HVOF -coating (High Velocity Oxy Fuel).
Mechanical grinding and alloying to manufacture nanoscaled powders for sintering and pressing processes.
Sol-gel-method
Kuidun muodostus
MAIN PRODUCTSRAW MATERIAL OPTIONAL PROCESSES
Scientific research of nanomaterials
Research interest areas (scientific vs. industrial topics)
EXPOSURE TO NANOMATERIALS
PRODUCTION PROCESSES OF
NANOMATERIALS
PRODUCTION OF PRODUCTS MADE
OF NANOMATERIALS
RECYCLING PROCESSES OF
NANOMATERIALS
RE-USE OF NANOMATERIALS
EXPOSURE DURING THE USE
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE DURING WORK CONSUMER’S EXPOSURE
HEALTHYRISKS