Lesson 48

Objectives Distinguish between the different types of

diabetes. Identify the risk factors for diabetes and

how to manage having diabetes. Discuss ways to reduce the risk of

diabetes. Identify the incidence of chronic health

conditions in young people. Identify adjustments to make for different

chronic health conditions.

Chronic health condition InsulinGlucoseAutoimmune diseaseOsteoarthritisCystic fibrosisHemophiliaMultiple sclerosis (MS)NarcolepsySickle-cell anemia

A person develops diabetes when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin. Insulin-a hormone that regulates the

blood sugar level.Disrupts the metabolism.

Rate at which food is converted into energy for the body.

Glucose-a simple sugar that is the main source of energy for the body.

Glucose levels will build up in the blood if there is not enough insulin, or the body does not use the insulin.

Excess glucose will overflow into the urine and passes out of the body. Body will lose it’s main source of energy.

3 types Insulin-dependent diabetes millitus

(IDDM) Non-insulin-dependent diabetes millitus

(NIDDM) Gestational diabetes

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) Diabetes in which the body produces

little or no insulin. Also called Type 1 diabetes. Considered to be an autoimmune

disease.▪ A disease that results when the immune

system produces antibodies that turn against the body’s own cells.

IDDM Immune system attacks and destroys

cells that produce insulin. Occurs most often in children. Appears suddenly. Progresses quickly.

IDDM Symptoms▪ Increased thirst.▪ Frequent urination.▪ Constant hunger.▪ Weight loss.▪ Blurred vision.▪ Extreme tiredness.

Symptoms are caused by the buildup of sugar in the blood and the loss of sugar in the urine.

May require daily injections of insulin and a special diet.

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) A type of diabetes in which the body’s

cells do not respond normally to insulin that is produced.

Also called Type 2 diabetes. Appears most often in adults over 40.

NIDDM Symptoms▪ Feeling tired.▪ Frequent urination.▪ Unusual thirst.▪ Weight loss.▪ Blurred vision.▪ Frequent infections.▪ Slow healing of sores.

Can often be treated with weight loss, diet, physical activity, and oral medications

Gestational Diabetes Diabetes that occurs in some females

during pregnancy. Insulin is produced, but the body does not

respond normally to it. Usually treated with diet. Usually disappears after the birth of the

baby. Can cause baby to be larger than average.▪ weight

Managing Diabetes Must control their blood glucose levels.▪ Diet▪ Exercise▪ medication

Monitoring blood glucose levels. Blood test kits allow people to test their

own blood glucose levels. Test several times a day. Tests allow diabetics to see how their

body responds to meals, exercise, and insulin shots or oral medication.

People who manage their blood sugar levels have a reduced risk of developing complications from diabetes.

Arthritis Cerebral Palsy Chronic fatigue syndrome Cystic fibrosis Down syndrome Epilepsy Hemophilia Migraine headaches Multiple sclerosis Muscular dystrophy Narcolepsy Parkinson’s disease Peptic ulcer Sickle-cell anemia Systemic lupus erythematosus.

Painful inflammation of the joints. Affects the muscles, tendons, and

ligaments that surround joints.Osteoarthritis-The wearing down of

the moving parts of joints.Rheumatoid Arthritis-A condition in

which joints become deformed and may lose function.

Arthritis may be treated with medication, physical therapy and activity, and surgery.

A disorder of the nervous system that interferes with muscle coordination.

Too much pressure on the head during childbirth, head injury, lead poisoning, accidental injury, and certain illnesses are possible causes.

Treatments Physical therapy and physical activity. Speech therapy. Special devises to assist the motion. Medications. Surgery.

*A CONDITION IN WHICH LARGE AMOUNTS OF THICK MUCUS ARE PRODUCED, AFFECTING THE LUNGS AND PANCREAS.*CAUSED BY AN ABNORMAL GENE.

Signs and symptom Coughing Wheezing Difficulty breathing Vomiting Constipation

Treatments Physical therapy Dietary changes Vitamins Medications The use of oxygen to

help with breathing.

A genetic disorder in which a child is born with an extra chromosome in each cell.

Children born with Down Syndrome will have a mental disability. Slightly flattened face with upward,

slanting eyes.Surgery is sometimes used to correct

heart defects and other problems.

A disorder in which abnormal electrical activity in the brain causes a temporary loss of control of the mind and body.

May have seizures. Petit mal-small seizure in which a person loses

consciousness for a few seconds. Grand mal-major seizure in which a person may

have convulsions. During a convulsion, the body stiffens and

twitching may occur. Do not place anything in the mouth. Move objects that may be dangerous away

from person.

Mainly affects children. People of any age can have epilepsy.

Can be caused by head injury, brain tumor, stroke, poisoning, or an infection.

Heredity can play a role. Medication is used to control seizures,

adequate rest and sleep, regular physical activity.

Surgery is often a last resort.

An inherited condition in which blood does not clot.

Minor injuries can lead to uncontrolled bleeding.

Spontaneous bleeding can occur.

Occurs mostly in males.

Defective gene passed from father.

Treatment Avoiding injuries that

can cause bleeding. Learning how to

manage bleeding when cut or scraped.

Learning how to recognize emergency situations.

Blood transfusions, if necessary.

Severe head pain that is caused by the dilation of blood vessels in the brain.

Symptoms Severe throbbing Blurred vision Nausea Vomiting

Treatments Medications to

reduce pain. Rest. Relaxation. Stress

management. Management of

conditions that may lead to headaches.

A disease in which the protective covering of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord are destroyed.

Signs/Symptoms Tingling and numbness

in the body . May feel tired or dizzy.

There is no cure. More common in

young adults.

Treatments Physical therapy to

strengthen muscles. Medications. Avoidance of stress

and extreme temperatures.

Psychological counseling and support from family members.

A genetic disease in which the muscles progressively deteriorate.

There is no cure.

Treatment Physical therapy. Physical activity. Weight

management. Surgery in some

cases. Canes and

wheelchairs to improve mobility.

A chronic sleep disorder in which people are excessively sleepy.

Often become drowsy and fall asleep in inappropriate situations.

Cause is unknown. No cure, but there

is treatment.

Medication can control sleepiness.

Must have adequate rest and sleep .

Support of family members.

A brain disorder that causes muscle tremors, stiffness, and weakness.

Signs and symptoms Rigid posture. Slow movement. Fixed facial expression. Shuffling walk.

Intellect is not affected until late in the disease.

Speech is slow.

Treatments Medications. Physical therapy. Surgery. Support of family

members and friends.

An open sore on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or first part of the small intestine.

Symptoms Burning pain in the

abdomen (most common).

Upset stomach. Back pain. Bleeding.

Caused by a bacterial infection, which is treated with an antibiotic.

Bleeding ulcers require emergency treatment.

Avoid Cigarettes Alcohol Aspirin Caffeinated beverages

An inherited blood disease in which the red blood cells carry less oxygen.

Occurs primarily in Africa-Americans.

Red blood are sickle shaped and are fragile and easily destroyed.

Sickle shaped cells do not easily pass through tiny blood vessels.

Symptoms Fatigue Headache Shortness of breath.

Children are at increased risk for developing pneumonia and other infections.

Treatment Immunization against

communicable diseases. Oxygen therapy. Antibiotics. Medications and fluids to

prevent dehydration during physical activity, sickness, and hot weather.

A condition in which connective tissue becomes inflamed.

Affects the skin, kidneys, joints, muscles, and central nervous system.

Symptoms Fatigue Fever Loss of appetite Nausea Joint pain Weight loss

Treatments Medications to

reduce inflammation, fever, skin rashes.