Lesson 4.1 Bone as a Living Tissue Chapter 4: The Skeletal System.

Lesson 4.1

Bone as a Living Tissue

Chapter 4: The Skeletal System

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• functions of the skeletal system• structures and classifications of bones• growth and development of bones• remodeling of bones

Bone as a Living Tissue


• support– body framework

• protection– surround organs

• movement– muscles pull bones

• storage– minerals

• blood cell formation– red bone marrow in medullary cavity

Functions of the Skeletal System


• composition of bones– osteocytes–mature bone cells

• organization of bones– Cortical-Dense stiff strong

bone– Trabecular-Spongy flexible

Structures and Classifications of Bones


• long• short• flat• irregular

Shape Categories of Bones


Anatomical Structure of Long Bones


• osteoblasts – build bone tissue

• osteoclasts– break down bone tissue

• bone formation– ossification

Growth and Development of Bones


• longitudinal growth– epiphyseal plate

• circumferential growth– change in diameter

• adult bone development– aging causes loss of bone mass

Growth and Development of Bones


• hypertrophy of bones– stronger bones

• atrophy of bones– weaker bones

Remodeling of Bones


Match these words with 1–4 below: flat, osteocytes, osteoblasts, storage.

1. build bone tissue

2. one example of bone shape

3. a function of the skeletal system

4. mature bone cells

Review and Assessment

Lesson 4.2

The Axial Skeleton



• the skull• the vertebral column• the thoracic cage

The Axial Skeleton


The Axial Skeleton


• the cranium– surround the brain

• the facial bones– protect the front of the head

The Skull


• frontal bone• parietal bones (2)• temporal bones (2)• occipital bones (2)• ethmoid bone• sphenoid bone

The Cranium


• maxillary bones (2)• palatine bones (2)• zygomatic bones (2)• lacrimal bones (2)• nasal bones (2)• vomer • inferior concha bones (2)• mandible

The Facial Bones


The Cranial and Facial Bones


• regions of the spine– cervical– thoracic– lumbar– sacrum– coccyx

• curves of the spine– cervical curve– thoracic curve– lumbar curve– sacral curve

The Vertebral Column


• the vertebral body• the vertebral arch• the transverse processes• the spinous process• the superior and inferior articular processes

Structures of the Vertebrae


Structures of the Vertebrae


• lordosis• kyphosis• scoliosis

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures


• located between vertebrae• shock absorbers• allow flexibility

The Intervertebral Discs


• sternum– manubrium– body of the sternum– xiphoid process

• ribs– true ribs– false ribs– floating ribs

The Thoracic Cage


True or False?

1. All ribs are true ribs.

2. The facial bones surround the brain.

3. The sphenoid bone is part of the cranium.

4. There are 4 regions in the spine.

5. Intervertebral discs allow spinal flexibility.


Lesson 4.3

The Appendicular Skeleton



• the shoulder complex– scapula– clavicle

• the arm– humerus– radius– ulna

The Upper Extremity


• the wrist and hand– carpals (8)– metacarpals (5)– phalanges (14)

The Upper Extremity


• the pelvic girdle– ilium– ischium– pubis

• the leg– femur– tibia– fibula– patella

The Lower Extremity


• the ankle and foot – tarsals (7)– metatarsals (5)– phalanges (14)

The Lower Extremity


Fill in the blanks with: foot, shoulder complex, humerus, or pelvic girdle.

1. The proximal bone of the arm is the _______________.

2. The tarsals are found in the _______________.

3. The scapula and clavicle make up the _______________.

4. The ilium is part of the _______________.


Lesson 4.4

Joints



• immovable joints–synarthroses• slightly movable joints–amphiarthroses• freely movable joints–diarthroses

Categories of Joints


• sutures– skull

• syndesmoses– coracoacromial joint– distal tibiofibular joint

Immovable Joints


• synchondroses– sternocostal joint– epiphyseal plates

• symphyses– vertebral joints– pubic symphysis

Slightly Movable Joints


Freely Movable Joints


• bursae• tendon sheaths• articular tissues

– articular fibrocartilage– tendons– ligaments

Freely Movable Joint Structures


Match these words with 1–4 below: skull, diarthroses, amphiarthroses, synarthroses.

1. immovable joint

2. slightly movable joint

3. freely movable joint

4. sutures


Lesson 4.1 Bone as a Living Tissue Chapter 4: The Skeletal System.

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Transcript of Lesson 4.1 Bone as a Living Tissue Chapter 4: The Skeletal System.