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Lesson 3: Individuals in Groups. When in groups we act differently than we would on our own ◦ The...
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Transcript of Lesson 3: Individuals in Groups. When in groups we act differently than we would on our own ◦ The...
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Lesson 3: Individuals in Groups
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When in groups we act differently than we would on our own◦The decisions we make & the actions we take in groups may depend less on our personal desires than on the structure & dynamics of the group itself
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Group Pressure & Conformity
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Conformity
Taking actions or adopting attitudes as a result of real or imagined group pressure
Line test◦Subjects in a group were asked to match line lengths.
◦Confederates in the group picked the wrong line.
◦Subjects went along with the wrong answer on 37% of trials.
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Declined since the 1950’s reflecting social norms
Varies with cultural norms tooRegardless of culture, everyone conforms under some circumstance & for similar reasons◦Identify with the group, want to be liked, believe the group has knowledge, & is superior to their own, self interest, to keep jobs, win promotions, or win votes
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Group members are often uncomfortable with deviants & will try to persuade them to conform◦May punish, isolate, or reject them
Positive- society runs smoothlyNegative- suppress critical thinking & creativity◦People may deny their private beliefs, agree with silly notions & even repudiate their own values
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GroupthinkIn close-knit groups, the tendency for all members to think alike and suppress disagreement for the sake of harmony.
Occurs when a group’s need for total agreement overwhelms its need to make the wisest decision
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Symptoms of Groupthink:◦Illusion of invincibility- group believes it can do no wrong
◦Self-censorship- dissenters keep quiet, rather than make trouble, offend their friends, or risk being ridiculed
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◦Pressure on dissenters to conform- leader teases or humiliates dissenters or pressures them to go along
◦Illusion of unanimity- create the illusion of consensusMay explicitly order suspected dissenters to keep quiet
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Key features of groups that are vulnerable of groupthink:◦Their members feel that they are part of a tightly connected team
◦They are isolated from other viewpoints
◦They feel strong pressure from outside forces
◦They have a strong, directive leader
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A main factor in determining whether a group will fall victim has to do with group norms◦The standards or rules about appropriate behavior & thought governing members of the groupSome groups demand consensus
Want all members to dress, think, & behave in the same way
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Myers in Modules, Module 54
Module 54Social Influence
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Others value innovative or dissenting views & set norms that call for independent thinking & action
Can be counteracted by creating conditions that explicitly encourage & reward the expression of doubt & dissent & by basing decisions on majority rule instead of unanimity
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The Anonymous Crowd
The more people around you, the less likely it is that one of them will come to your aid
Diffusion of Responsibility: In organized or anonymous groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking responsibility for actions or decisions because they assume that others will do so.
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Bystander apathy- in crowds, when someone is in trouble, individuals often fail to take action or call for help because they assume that someone else will do so◦People are most likely to come to a stranger’s aid if they are the only ones around to help because responsibility can’t be diffused
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In work groups, the diffusion of responsibility sometimes takes the form of social loafing◦Each member of a team slows down, letting others work harderOccurs when: Individual group members are not accountable for the work they do
People feel that working harder would only duplicate their colleagues’ efforts
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The challenge of the job is increased when each member of the group has a different, important job to do, the sense of individual responsibility rises & social loafing declines
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Extreme instances of diffusion of responsibility occur in large anonymous mobs or crowds where people often lose all awareness of their individuality◦DeindividuationMore likely to feel this in a large city or large classes
Some groups promote deindividuation of their members in order to enhance conformity & allegiance to the group
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◦Uniforms & masks- eliminating identity
Don’t feel responsible for their actions & are more likely to violate social norms or break laws than on their own◦Sometimes makes people more friendly
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Disobedience & Dissent
Dissent & altruism (the willingness to take a selfless or dangerous action on behalf of others) are a matter a personal convictions & conscience◦There are external influences on a person’s decisions to state an unpopular opinion, choose conscience over conformity, or help a stranger in trouble
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Situational factors contributing to nonconformity:◦You perceive the need for intervention or helpSometimes people willfully blind themselves to wrongdoing to justify their own inaction of when the situation imposes too many demands on people’s attention
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The situation increases the likelihood that you will take responsibility◦When you’re in an environment that rewards independent thinking & dissent & discourages social loafing, you may behave accordingly
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Decision to take responsibility also depends on the risk involved◦People are less likely to take an independent action if situational risks are high (need the job)
Some cultures place a higher value on helping strangers
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Cost-benefit ratio supports your decision to get involved.◦Cost of helping or protesting might be embarrassment or wasted time, lost income, loss of friends, or physical danger
◦Cost of not helping or remaining silent might be guilt, blame from others, loss of honor, or the injury or death of others
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You have an ally.◦Reassured a person of the rightness of the protest & their combined efforts may eventually persuade the majority
You become entrapped.