Modal reviewModal reviewA modal is a helping verb that can express many things such as ability, possibility or necessity.We already reviewed the modals can, should, may and might.Michael can cook spaghetti.In this sentence, can is used to express ability.

Barb should make lunch soon.In this sentence, should is used for a good idea.

We may use the wok tonight.In this sentence, may is used for possibility.

Kyle might come for dinner.In this sentence, might is used for possibility.

Should means it is important or a good idea to do something.Allen should cook the meat tonight.It is important that Allen cook the meat tonight. If he doesn’t have time, he may be able to cook ittomorrow.

Must and have to mean it is very, very important or necessary to do something.Allen must cook the meat tonight.It is very important that Allen cook the meat tonight. He will have no time tomorrow.

We can use must not or mustn’t in negative sentences.She mustn’t serve dinner now.The waiter mustn’t be so rude.

Has/ have to can be used in past forms.She had to leave early for the restaurant.I had to make a casserole for dinner.

A doctor must _________________________________

A doctor mustn’t _________________________________

A veterinarian must _________________________________

A veterinarian mustn’t _________________________________

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Lesson Lesson Review lessons 10-Review lessons 10-18182929

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences.

A pilot has to _________________________________

A pilot mustn’t _________________________________

A dentist mustn’t _________________________________

A dentist has to _________________________________

A teacher must _________________________________

A teacher mustn’t _________________________________

Comparative reviewComparative reviewA comparative is a sentence which shows a relationship between two or more things.She is shorter than Kevin.Tom is funnier than Clark.Matt is better at pool than Larry.Terry is more handsome than Marty.

There are many rules when making a sentence in the comparative form.Than is used between the two adjectives.For one syllable adjectives, -er is added.Walt is smarter than Joe.

For some one syllable adjectives, the final consonant is doubled.I am fatter than my wife.

For two syllable words, more is used.English is more difficult than French.

For adjectives ending in –y, the –y is changed to –ier.Janet is prettier than Gladys.

Better is the comparative form of good.Hal is better at chess than Julia.

Worse is the comparative form of bad.Julia is worse at chess than Hal.

The opposite of more is less in comparatives.Fritz is more tired than Steve.Steve is less tired than Fritz.

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Superlative reviewSuperlative reviewA superlative is an adjective which expresses the highest degreeof a certain quality.Mount Blanc isn’t the tallest mountain in the world.American women are the most beautiful women in the world.Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in the U.S.French roses are the prettiest roses in Europe.

As with comparatives, there are many rules with superlatives.For one syllable adjectives, -est is added.The Nile is the longest river in the world.

For some one syllable words, the consonant is doubled in the superlative.Russia is the biggest country in the world.

For two syllable words, the most is used.The Pyramids are the most important landmarks in Egypt.

For adjectives ending in –y, the –y becomes –iest.The Swiss are the friendliest people in the world.

Good becomes the best in superlatives.Italian food is the best food in the world.

Bad becomes the worst in superlatives.American beer is the worst beer in North America.

The opposite of the most is the least.Souvenirs at JFK Airport are the least expensive in the U.S.

Example: Billy is __bigger_______ than Annie. (big)

Maria is the ________________ girl here.(smart)Billy is the ______________ student in class. (tall)Annie is the _____________ student in class. (good)English is the ___________________ language to learn. (interesting)English is __________________ to learn than German.(easy)Billy has the _____________________ notebook.(big)Annie’s bookbag is _____________ than Billy’s. (big)Billy’s is ______________________________ than Annie’s. (expensive)Our classroom is __________________ than the next xlassroom. (bright)There are _______________ chairs in our classroom. (many)

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Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with an appropriate comparative or superlative.

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Review of there is and there areReview of there is and there areThere are and there is are used to give information.There are four chairs in the kitchen.There is a new stove.There are four plants in the living room.There is a new book on the table.

They can also be used in negative forms.There aren’t four chairs in the kitchen.There isn’t a new stove.There aren’t four plants in the living room.There isn’t a book on the table.

There is/ there are can also be used in positive and negative question forms.Are there four chairs in the kitchen?Isn’t there a new stove?Aren’t there four plants in the living room?Isn’t there a book on the table?

We can use some for count and non-count nouns. It expresses a quantity of something.There are some chairs in the living room.There was some noise in the kitchen.There were some pillows on the bed.There was some information in the book on the table.

We use any in negative sentences and questions. We can use any for count and non-count nouns.There aren’t any chairs in the living room.There wasn’t any noise in the kitchen.There weren’t any pillows on the bed.There wasn’t any information in the book on the table.Were there any chairs in the living room?Was there any noise in the kitchen?

Example: There are _some____ books on the table.

Are there ______ elephants here?There aren’t ____ monkeys in my bathroom.There are ________ people in the livingroom.Are there _________ flowers in the garden?There are ________ trees in the garden.There aren’t ___________ cactusses in the garden.Are there _________ magazines to read?There are ____________ books to read.There aren’t ________ lights on the balcony.There are __________ candles on the balcony.

Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

Review of can and would Review of can and would for polite questionsfor polite questionsCan and would are often used for polite questions. Please makes the question more polite.Would you buy me a ticket?Can I have the train schedule?Would you sit in this seat, please?Can I buy a bottle of perfume at this duty free shop?

Example: Can you tell me where the bus stops?

_____________ where the magazine store is, please?___________________ take me to the restroom?_____________________ when the bus leaves?____________________ where the postoffice is?_____________________ what time it is?________________ show me how to open this box?____________________ what to do with the garbage?_______________________ where I can do laundry?__________________________ what time the shop opens?______________________ help me carry these bags?________________________ what the man said?

Review of imperatives Review of imperatives and sequence wordsand sequence wordsAn imperative is an order or command. It is something that must be done immediately.It is often followed by an exclamation point.Stop shouting!Leave the room now!Please make your bed.Please help your sister.

A sequence word is used to show the order in which certain events happened.Examples are:firstsecondnextfinally

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Exercise 4: Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

First, open the box.Second, take the television out.Next, put it on the table.Finally, plug it in.

I want to make spaghetti. What should I do? __________________ , you must buy spaghetti.____________________, you must boil water._____________________, you put the spaghetti in the boiling water and cook it._____________________, after it’s cooked, you can put tomato sauce or butter on it.

Review of simple pastReview of simple pastThe simple past is used for an action that started and finished in the past.Columbus discovered America.Mother Teresa brought kindness to poor people.I was happy on the Fourth of July.George Bush dove into the pool.

Many verbs use –ed for the simple past.walk- walkedjump- jumpeddirect- directed

Many verbs are irregular. run- ranbring- broughtdo- did

When did Franco become the leader of Spain?_________________________________________________________

How did Columbus get to America?_________________________________________________________

When did Mussolini die?_________________________________________________________

When did World War II start?_________________________________________________________

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Exercise 5: Add the sequence words.

Exercise 6: Answer the questions.

When was John F. Kennedy president of the US?_________________________________________________________

Where was Einstein born?_________________________________________________________

Who invented the telephone?_________________________________________________

When did the Ottoman Empire start?_________________________________________________

When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?_________________________________________________

When did World War I end?_________________________________________________

Used to is also used for past experiences. It means you don’t do something anymore thatyou once did in the past.He used to be in the army.My mother used to run but now she doesn’t.We used to speak only our language but now we also speak English.

Example: I _learned________ English in high school.

I ____________________ smoke but I quit 10 years ago.

Stan ____________ my bicycle to work.

The hairdresser __________________ and _________________ the woman’s hair.

She _____________________ play with Barbie dolls.

They _____________________ on holiday two weeks ago.

We __________________ dinner with friends yesterday.

Billy ______________________ a truck last week.

I ______________________ some money out of the bank.

We ______________________ climb trees when we were young.

She ____________________ a book in English.

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Exercise 7: Fill in the blanks with the correct verb in the past.

Review of quantifiersReview of quantifiersQuantifiers are words used with nouns to show quantity.John has a few computers in his office.All of the spaceships left for Mars.Most of the robots are in that building.The astronauts found a little water on the new planet.

Some examples of these are:much littlea lot of a fewall most

Review of hope and wishReview of hope and wishWe use hope and wish to talk about possible future actions.

With the verb hope, there is a possibility something might happen.Tom hopes he can go to the United States this year. = there is a possibility he can go.

Tom wishes he could go to the United States this year. = there is little or no possibility he could go.

When we use the verb wish, we must use a past form of the verb in the clause following it.Dan wishes he had more money.We wish you could come.

When we use the verb be after wish, were is always used.I wish I were a rich man.He wishes he were an Italian.

When we use hope, the second verb is usually can be a different tenseHe hopes he will play guitar like his brother.

We can also use modals such as would, may and might with hope and wish.

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Example: I want to have a lot of children.

I hope I have a lot of children.

Not all my students can pass the exam.____________________________________________

I want to go to the café after school.____________________________________________

I can’t visit every planet in the universe.____________________________________________

I want to go on holiday this summer.____________________________________________

My father smoke too much.____________________________________________

My apartment is too small.____________________________________________

I want to buy a car.____________________________________________

I don’t have enough money to buy a car.____________________________________________

I want to get a good job.____________________________________________

I don’t speak Spanish.____________________________________________

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Exercise 8: Rewrite the sentences with I hope or I wish.

ReadingReading

1). What is Al researching?

2). Where is he doing his research?

3). When was Alvin Harrison born?

4). Why did Alvin come to the New World?

5). Why was Alvin unsuccessful?

6). Where had Clem Harrison owned a plantation?

7). How many people were in Clem’s family?

8). What were the advantages of inheriting his father’s plantation?

9). Who leveled Clem’s plantation?

10). What does Al hope to find in the library?

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Al Harrison is doing research on the background of hisfamily. He is at the city library. He is going to make a

family tree for the Harrison family. He will stay the entire day ifit is necessary.

Al has traced his roots back to old Alvin Harrison. He wasborn in the early 17th century in what is now Maine. Maine wasinhabited by mostly British settlers. Alvin Harrison had comewith his wife to the New World to plant tobacco. He soon learned that he couldn’tgrow tobacco in Maine. Maine had some of the coldest winters in the New World.

Al also discovered that one of his ancestors had owned a plantation in Georgia inthe 19th century. This man’s name was Clem Harrison. He was the oldest and richestbrother in a family of five. His father’s plantation was passed on to him when hedied. It was bigger than all the other plantations in the area. It had more fertileearth. It also had the most slaves of any plantation in Georgia. That is why WilliamTecumseh Sherman leveled the plantation on his march through Georgia in 1864.

Al hopes to find a famous person or two in his family. Remember, two Presidentsof the United States had Harrison as their surname!

Read the following story and answer the questions.

ANSWER KEY Lesson 29

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences. Your answers may be different.

A doctor must be very patient and friendly.A doctor mustn’t make mistakes.A veterinarian must like animals.A veterinarian mustn’t be rude to his customers.A pilot has to get lots of sleep.A pilot mustn’t fly too long.A dentist mustn’t hurt people.A dentist has to fix teeth.A teacher must know many things.A teacher mustn’t be late.

Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with an appropriate comparative or superlative.

Maria is the smartest girl here. Billy is the tallest student in class.Annie is the best student in class.English is the most interesting language to learn. English is the easiest language to learn.English is easier to learn than German.Billy has the biggest notebook. Billy has the largest notebook.Annie’s bookbag is bigger than Billy’s.Billy’s is more expensive than Annie’s.Our classroom is brighter than the next classroom.There are more chairs in our classroom.Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

Are there any elephants here?There aren’t any monkeys in your bathroom.There are some people in the livingroom.Are there any flowers in the garden?There are some trees in the garden.There aren’t any cactusses in the garden.Are there any magaznes to read?There are some books to read.There aren’t any lights on the balcony.There are some candles on the balcony.Exercise 4: Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

Can you tell me where the magazine store is, please?Would you take me to the restroom?Could you tell me when the bus leaves?Do you know where the post office is?Could you tell me what time it is?Would you show me how to open this box?

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Could you tell me what to do with the garbage?Do you know where I can do laundry?Can you tell me what time the shop opens?Would you help me carry these bags?Do you know what the man said?Exercise 5: Add the sequence words.

I want to make spaghetti. What should I do? First, you must buy spaghetti.Second/Then/Next, you must boil water.Third/Then/Next/After that, you put the spaghetti in the boiling water and cook it.Finally, after it’s cooked, you can put tomato sauce or butter on it.Exercise 6: Answer the questions.

When did Franco become the leader of Spain?He became the leader in 1928.How did Columbus get to America?He sailed in his boat/ship. When did Mussolini die?He died in 1945.When did World War II start?World War II started in 1939.When was John F. Kennedy president of the US?John F. Kennedy was president from 1961 to 1963.Where was Einstein born?Einstein was born in Germany.Who invented the telephone?Graham Bell invented the telephone.When did the Ottoman Empire start?It started in 1299.When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?He died in 1821.When did World War I end?It ended in 1918.

Exercise 7: Fill in the blanks with the correct verb in the past.

I used to smoke but I quit 10 years ago.Stan rode your bicycle to work.The hairdresser washed and cut the woman’s hair.She used to play with Barbie dolls.They went on holiday two weeks ago.We ate dinner with friends yesterday.Billy drove a truck last week.I took some money out of the bank.We used to climb trees when we were young.She read a book in English.

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Exercise 8: Rewrite the sentences with I hope or I wish.

Not all my students can pass the exam.I wish all my students could pass the exam.I want to go to the café after school.I hope I can go to the café after school finishes.I can’t visit every planet in the universe.I wish I could visit every planet in the universe.I want to go on holiday this summer.I hope I can go on holiday this summer.My father smoke too much.I wish he would stop smoking.My apartment is too small.I wish I had a bigger apartment.I want to buy a car.I hope I can buy a car.I don’t have enough money to buy a car.I wish I had enough money to buy a car.I want to get a good job.I hope I get a good job.I don’t speak Spanish.I wish I spoke Spanish.

ReadingReading1). What is Al researching?

He is researching his family background.2). Where is he doing his research?

He is doing his research at the library.3). When was Alvin Harrison born?

He was born in the early 17th century.4). Why did Alvin come to the New World?

He wanted to plant tobacco.5). Why was Alvin unsuccessful?

The Maine winters were too cold for the growing of tobacco.6). Where had Clem Harrison owned a plantation?

He had owned a plantation in Georgia.7). How many people were in Clem’s family?

There were five people in his family.8). What were the advantages of inheriting his father’s plantation?

It was the biggest plantation in the area. The earth was fertile. He had the most slaves in Georgia.

9). Who leveled Clem’s plantation?It was leveled by the Union general, William Tecumsuh Sherman.

10). What does Al hope to find in the library?He hopes to find that one of his ancestors was famous.

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wherewho