Lesson 2 Begin With The End in Mind: Operation Desert Shield 1.
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Transcript of Lesson 2 Begin With The End in Mind: Operation Desert Shield 1.
Lesson 2
Begin With The End in Mind:Operation Desert Shield
1
Lesson Objectives
• Understand and be able to discuss the causes, conduct, and consequences (C³) of the Gulf War.
• Develop a methodology for systematically studying the changes in war over time.
• Begin to appreciate the impact of technology and logistics on modern war.
• Establish recognizable end points for the major threads of modern war (weapons, logistics, communications, strategy, and operational art).
2
Operation Desert Storm Preview
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
(Not available online)
If you would understand a war …
Study the War Before
If you would understand a war …
Study the War Before
Study the War Before
Operation Desert Storm
Study the War Before
The War Before:
Vietnam
Legacies of Vietnam
Vietnam Memorial
Veterans Issues
Agent Orange
Suspension of Draft
War Powers Act
Weinberger Doctrine
Weinberger Doctrine
Lessons Learned from Vietnam War
Weinberger Doctrine
• Secretary of Defense under President Reagan
"The Uses of Military Power"
National Press Club, Washington, D.C.
Nov. 28, 1984
• Drafted by his military assistant, Brig Gen Colin Powell
Caspar W. Weinberger
• The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies . . . .
Weinberger Doctrine
National Interest
10
National Interest:
the collection of issues that support our vision and goals
National Interest
National Interest:
The security of the United States, its citizens, and U.S. allies andpartners;
A strong, innovative and growing U.S. economy in an open internationaleconomic system that promotes opportunity and prosperity;
Respect for universal values at home and around the world; and
An international order advanced by U.S. leadership that promotes peace,security, and opportunity through stronger cooperation to meet globalchallenges.
National Security Strategy of the US, 2010
Vital National Interest
12
Vital National Interests:
those issues of such importance over which the nation is willing to go to war
• The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies . . . .
Weinberger Doctrine
• If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning . . .
• The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies . . . .
• If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning . . . .
Weinberger Doctrine
• If we do decide to commit forces to combat overseas, we should have clearly defined political and military objectives . . . .
• The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies . . . .
• If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning . . . .
• If we do decide to commit forces to combat overseas, we should have clearly defined political and military objectives . . . .
Weinberger Doctrine
• The relationship between our objectives and the forces we have committed -- their size, composition, and disposition -- must be continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary . . . .
• The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies . . . .
• If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning . . . .
• If we do decide to commit forces to combat overseas, we should have clearly defined political and military objectives . . . .
• The relationship between our objectives and the forces we have committed -- their size, composition, and disposition -- must be continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary . . . .
Weinberger Doctrine
• Before the United States commits combat forces abroad, there must be some reasonable assurance we will have the support of the American people and their elected representatives in Congress . . . .
• The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies . . . .
• If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning . . . .
• If we do decide to commit forces to combat overseas, we should have clearly defined political and military objectives . . . .
• The relationship between our objectives and the forces we have committed -- their size, composition, and disposition -- must be continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary . . . .
• Before the United States commits combat forces abroad, there must be some reasonable assurance we will have the support of the American people and their elected representatives in Congress . . . .
Weinberger Doctrine
• The commitment of US forces to combat should be a last resort.
• The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies . . . .
• If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning . . . .
• If we do decide to commit forces to combat overseas, we should have clearly defined political and military objectives . . . .
• The relationship between our objectives and the forces we have committed -- their size, composition, and disposition -- must be continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary . . . .
• Before the United States commits combat forces abroad, there must be some reasonable assurance we will have the support of the American people and their elected representatives in Congress . . . . • The commitment of US forces to combat should be a last resort.
Weinberger Doctrine
Thesis
The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) was the only war in U. S. history where we successfully implemented the lessons of the previous war from the beginning.
Weinberger Doctrine
Caspar W. Weinberger
1917 - 2006
From time to time, when you least expect it, when everyone thinks the world is quiet, someone pulls on Superman’s cape.
General Colin Powell, USAChairman, Joint Chiefs of StaffNY Times, August 17, 1990
21
The Middle East
US Military Academy, Dept. of History22
Kuwait
23
1979-1981 Iran Hostage Crisis
Timeline of Events
1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War
24
Timeline of Events
• Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990
25
Reasons for Invasion
• Iraqi heavily indebted to Saudi Arabia & Kuwait as a result of Iran-Iraq War
• Kuwait’s disregard for OPEC oil production quotas severely impacted Iraqi economy
• Iraq alleged Kuwait was drilling into its oil fields
26
Oilfield Disputes
27
Reasons for Invasion
• Iraqi heavily indebted to Saudi Arabia & Kuwait as a result of Iran-Iraq War
• Kuwait’s disregard for OPEC oil production quotas severely impacted Iraqi economy
• Iraq did not accept Kuwaiti independence
• Iraq resented the restrictions on access to the sea imposed by Kuwaiti control of the mouth of the Euphrates River
• Iraq alleged Kuwait was drilling into its oil fields
29
US Unified Commands
US Central Command
General Norman Schwarzhoph
CINCCENT CJCS Powell
President Bush
SecDef Cheney
OpCon Advice & Resources
Guiding Principles of U.S. Policy
• The immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait
National Security Directive 45US Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of KuwaitAugust 20, 1990
• The restoration of Kuwait’s legitimate government to replace the puppet regime installed by Iraq
• A commitment to the security and stability of the Persian Gulf
• The protection of the lives of American citizens abroad
Levels of War
FM 3-032
Runup to Gulf War
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
(Not available online: )
Timeline of Events
• Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990
• Operation Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7
34
Timeline of Events
Operation Desert ShieldAugust 7, 1990 – January 16, 1991
Operation Desert Storm
Deployment of forces to protect Saudi Arabia
January 17, 1991 – February 28, 1991
Use of force to expel Iraq from Kuwait
Operation Desert CalmMarch 1, 1991 --
Redeployment of forces
(unofficial)
Desert Shield Airlift
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
Winds of the Storm (YouTube: 1:30-5:12)
Operation Desert Shield
General Schwarzkopf’s
• Deploy fighting forces to defend Saudi Arabia?
38
With limited mobility resources, do you first:
• Deploy logistics infrastructure to prepare for a bigger fight?
or
dilemma:decision:
Deploy forces to defend Saudi Arabia
… and very aggressively!
Operation Desert Shield
39
“Some who questioned our policy in the Gulf felt this deployment was overkill, but General Norman Schwartzkopf had learned from Vietnam the problems of gradual escalation.”
Andrew Leyden“Summary of the Gulf War: Operation Desert Shield”Gulf War Debriefing BookGrants Pass, OR: Hellgate Press, 1997
* 22 Feb 1991Source: The Whirlwind War
What was different?
Vietnam: 1964 – 1968 (536,100 troops)
Gulf War: Aug 1990 - Jan-Mar 1991 (533,600 troops)*
Main Support Areas
Difference from Southeast Asia: Existing infrastructure (ports, airfields, roads)
34 nations* (29 sent forces)
Coalition Warfare
956,600 troops
Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark,
Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Honduras, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, The Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain,
Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and United States.
wikipedia
* Additionally, Germany & Japan made financial contributions
Nations Contributing Forces
Coalition Warfare
nationmaster.com
Nations Contributing Forces
Coalition Warfare
nationmaster.com
Nations Contributing Forces
Coalition Warfare
nationmaster.com
Timeline of Events
• Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990
• Operation Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7
• First call-up of Selected Reservists to active duty for 90 days, by executive order, Aug. 22
Timeline of Events
• Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990
• Operation Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7
• First call-up of Selected Reservists to active duty for 90 days, by executive order, Aug. 22
• Congress authorizes use of force against Iraq • Joint Resolution: Senate 52 to 47, House 250 to 183
Timeline of Events
• Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990
• Operation Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7
• First call-up of Selected Reservists to active duty for 90 days, by executive order, Aug. 22
• NSD 54, Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf, authorized the use of military force, Jan. 15
47
• Congress authorizes use of force against Iraq • Joint Resolution: Senate 52 to 47, House 250 to 183
National Security Directive 54Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf
. . . I hereby authorize military actions designed to bring about Iraqi’s withdraw from Kuwait.
This authorization is for the following purposes:
National Security Directive 54January 15, 1991
48
National Security Directive 54Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf
National Security Directive 54January 15, 1991
49
National Security Directive 54Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf
National Security Directive 54January 15, 1991 50
National Security Directive 54Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf
National Security Directive 54January 15, 1991 51
Timeline of Events
• Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990
• Operation Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7
• Operation Desert Storm air war phase begins, 3 a.m., Jan. 17, 1991 (Jan. 16, 7 p.m. EST)
• First call-up of Selected Reservists to active duty for 90 days, by executive order, Aug. 22
• NSD 54, Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf, authorized the use of military force, Jan. 15
• Congress authorizes use of force against Iraq • Joint Resolution: Senate 52 to 47, House 250 to 183
Lesson 3
Begin With The End in Mind:Operation Desert Storm
53
Lesson Objectives
• Understand how the military conduct of the Gulf War supported the strategic objectives of the conflict.
• Be able to discuss the impact of technology and logistics on modern war.
• Establish recognizable end points for the major threads of modern war (weapons, logistics, communications, strategy, and operational art).
54
End
55
56
Coalition Warfare
France: Opération Daguet
6e Brigade Légère Blindée(light armored brigade)
AMX-30 Main Battle Tank (MBT)
18,000 men
Augmented and redesignated Division Daguet
57