AS Physical Education

Unit G451: An Introduction to Physical Education

Anatomy and Physiology (Section A)

2hr written exam = 90 marks (60% of total AS mark)

Exam includes:

A. Anatomy and Physiology (30 marks)

B. Acquiring movement skills (30 marks)

C. Socio-cultural studies (30 marks)

All sections include one 10 mark question

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

A&P: Summary of content

The skeletal and muscular

systems

Motion and movement

(Biomechanics)

The cardiovascular and respiratory

systems in relation to the performance of

physical activity

Your responsibilities!

• Attend all lessons• Complete all homework and hand in on time• Catch up on work if absent• Keep all your work together in a folder and

review it on a regular basis• Supplement your work class work and

homework with independent reading • 100% effort• Listen and show respect to one another• Contribute to class discussion

The skeletal and muscular system

• Overview of the skeletal system• Joints, movement and muscles• The role of muscular contraction• Movement analysis of physical activity• Muscle fibre types • Warm up/cool down• Impact of different types of physical activity on

the skeletal and muscular systems

Today’s learning objectives

To know and understand:

• The structure and function of the skeletal system

• The difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton

• The different types of bones

• The different types of cartilage and their function

The skeletal system

You have 10 minutes to cut out the bones of the skeleton and stick them on sugar

paper to form a skeleton.

Label the skeleton with as many bones as you can

Aim for 21 bones!

The skeletal system

You have three minutes to label one member of you group with as many bones

names as you know using the stickers provided

Aim for 21!

Cranium

Clavicle

Pelvis

Humerus

Radius

Femur

Ulna

Tibia

Patella

Fibula

Scapula (back)

Sternum

Vertebrae

Ribs

Phalanges

Metacarpals

Carpals

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Skip to labelled diagram

The Skeletal System

Mandible

New additions

• Talus

• Calcaneus

Axial vs. AppendicularAppendicular skeleton

The bones of the upper and lower limbs and their

girdles that join to the axial skeleton

Axial skeleton

Forms the long axis of the body and includes the

bones of the skull, spine and rib cage

Skull

Ribs

Vertebral column

Sternum

Shoulder girdle

Upper limbs

Pelvic girdle

Lower limbs

Clavicle? Scapula?

Pelvis?

Types of bonesComplex shapes and

have a variety of functions including

protection

Small and compact, designed for weight

bearing and strength.

Cyclindrical in shape and found around the limbs of

the body. Their main function is to act as levers

for movement.

Ease joint movement and resist friction and

compression. Usually covered in cartilage.

Offer protection to the internal organs and

provide suitable sites for muscle attachment.

Type of bone

Description Key example Other examples

Long

Short

Irregular

Flat

Sesamoid

Cyclindrical in shape and found around the limbs of the body. Their main function is to act as levers for movement.

Small and compact, designed for weight bearing and strength.

Complex shapes and have a variety of functions including protection.

Offer protection to the internal organs and provide suitable sites for muscle attachment.

Ease joint movement and reduce friction and compression. Embedded in tendon and usually covered in cartilage

When running the iliopsoas pulls on the femur to cause flexion at the hip.

The bones in the wrist when performing a handstand

The vertebrae – protect the spinal cord and help absorb shock The sternum & ribs – protects the lung but provides attachment for the intercostal muscles

Patella – aids the smooth articulation and movement between the femur and tibia

Femur, Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Tibia, Fibula, Femur, Metacarpals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

Carpals, tarsals

Mandible, Calcaneus Talus

Cranium, Scapula, Pelvis, Ribs, Clavicle

Patella(some metatarsals and metacarpals)

The skeletal system

Label the skeleton with all the bones

Choose 5 colours and use them to identify the 5 types of bones

Long bones

• Longer than it is wide

• Made of collagen fibres

• Filled with minerals (mostly calcium salts)

• Contains cavity filled with bone marrow – BC generation

• Long shaft – diaphysis

• Two rounded ends – epiphysis

• Ends covered by articular cartilage – cushions/absorbs shock, reduces friction

• Growth plate in region between diaphysis and epiphysis until adulthood – promotes longitudinal bone growth

Functions of the skeletal system

Functions

SupportBlood cell production

Movement

ProtectionMineral store

Functions of the skeletal system1. Support - provides a rigid framework to the body giving it shape and

providing suitable sites for the attachment of skeletal muscle. 2. Protection – protects the internal organs .e.g. the ribcage protects the

heart and lungs. 3. Movement – the bones of the skeleton give a large surface area for the

attachment of muscles. The long bones provide a system of levers against which the muscles can pull.

 4. Blood production – bone marrow produces both RBC and WBC. RBC

are produced at the end of long bones. 5. Mineral storage – the bones store vital minerals such as calcium which

can be distributed to other parts of the body when required.

Give examples of how the functions of the skeleton enable you to carry out your every–day needs and routines and sporting actions.

Today’s learning objectives

To know and understandThe structure and function of the skeletal

system The difference between the axial and

appendicular skeletonThe different types of bones

• The different types of cartilage and their function

Cartilage

• Articular (hyaline) cartilage– Found on articulating surfaces of bones that form joints. – Fairly resilient and made up of collagen fibres. – Protects the bone from wear and reduces friction between articulating

bones • White fibrocartilage

– Denser, tougher tissue– Allows shock absorption– Found in the parts of the body where there is a high amount of stress.

E.g. the socket of a hip joint, vertebral discs

• Elastic cartilage– Pliant and flexible tissue– Giving support and flexibility, e.g. pinna and Eustachian tube of ear

Other important fibres

• Tendons– Strong connective tissue that

attaches skeletal muscle to bone

• Ligaments– Tough band of fibrous, slightly

elastic connective tissue– Connect bone to bone – Prevents dislocation

Home study

• Organise folder • Reading

• Joints: Carnell et al. pages 7-10 “Types of joints”• The skeleton: Carnell et al. pages 1-7

Next lesson

• Synovial joints and planes of movement

• You will need Glossary Movement analysis sheet Answer to set question An understanding of the types and structure

of synovial joints

Quiz

Round 1 – picture board

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

9 10

11

12