Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Transcript of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
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A 100-slide introduction to the mind of
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) by Piero Scaruffi 2021
www.scaruffi.com
"Léonard de Vinci, miroir profond et sombre,
Où des anges charmants, avec un doux souris
Tout chargé de mystère, apparaissent à l'ombre
Des glaciers et des pins qui ferment leur pays"
("Leonardo, dark, unfathomable mirror,
In which charming angels, with sweet smiles
Full of mystery, appear in the shadow
Of the glaciers and pines that enclose their country")
(Charles Baudelaire, "Les fleurs du mal", 1857)
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Leonardo biographers
• Paolo Giovio (1527)
• Vasari’s “Lives” (1550)
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Leonardo’s life
His life was sandwiched between two historical events
• 1453: The Ottomans conquer Constantinople/ Byzantium
• 1517: Luther publishes the “Ninety-five Theses”
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Leonardo’s Italy
Southern Italy: conquered by Aragonia (Spain)
Northern Italy: split among Venezia, Savoy, Milano
and Genova
Papal states: after the Avignon papacy (1309–77)
and the “great schism” (1378-1417),
disintegrated into autonomous principati (eg the
Este of Ferrara and the Montefeltro of Urbino)
Consolidation of the city states: the most powerful
city-states annex smaller neighbors (eg Firenze
takes Pisa, Venezia takes Padova and Verona,
Milano takes Pavia)
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Leonardo’s Italy
• Italy is controlled by foreign powers
• The result of endemic warfare in previous centuries
• Rise of the merchant class: the landed nobility is
becoming poorer than the urban bourgeoisie
• The trade routes become also major conduits of culture
• After the fall of Byzantium, immigration of Greek
scholars
• Relative peace in Italy between 1454 and 1494
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Firenze
• Firenze’s original wealth: the manufacture of wool
and silk
• Giovanni Bicci de Medici (died in 1429) introduces
the double entry bookkeeping system, a system to
record financial transactions that fosters
international trade (cash-less commerce!)
• The Medicis become the bankers of the pope and
of many monarchies
• 1437: Jewish bankers are formally granted the
license to lend money at interest
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Firenze’s Culture
1414: The Florentine scholar Poggio
Bracciolini discovers a copy of Vitruvius'
“De architectura” in a Swiss monastery
and brings it to Firenze
1462: Cosimo (Lorenzo’s grandfather)
decides to refound Plato’s Academy and
chooses Ficino to organize it at the
Careggi villa
1469: Lorenzo il Magnifico becomes the
head of the Medici family
1471: A printing press opens in Firenze
1478: Angelo Poliziano’s "Stanze per la
Giostra"
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Marsilio Ficino Physician, priest and musician
Chief tutor of Medici children, notably Lorenzo
1463: Ficino translates the “Corpus Hermeticum” (an
unauthorized copy is printed in Treviso in 1471
and became Ficino's all-time bestseller)
1474 Ficino completes his treatise on the immortality
of the soul which synthesizes Christianity and
Platonism
1484 Ficino publishes the first Latin translation of
Plato’s complete extant works
1489 Ficino accused of magic by the Inquisition
1492: Ficino writes a letter about “Platonic love” to
poet Giovanni Cavalcanti
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Leonardo’s role models
Role models (mentioned in Leonardo’s notes) that
epitomize what would be called "the Renaissance Man"
• Leon Battista Alberti (an illegitimate son): priest, artist,
architect, poet and philosopher
• Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli: astronomer, mathematician,
geographer, physician and philosopher (who in 1474
wrote a letter to a Portuguese friend in which he argued
that the shortest way to Asia was to sail west across the
Atlantic at the latitude of Spain, which is precisely what
Columbus did in 1492)
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Leonardo
“Veramente mirabile e celeste fu Lionardo figliuolo di ser
Piero da Vinci; nella erudizione e principi delle lettere
arebbe fatto profitto grande, se egli non fusse stato tanto
vario ed instabile. Perciocché egli si mise a imparare
molte cose; e incominciate, poi l'abbandonava” (Vasari)
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Andrea del Verrocchio
1467: The teenager Leonardo joins Andrea De Verrocchio's
workshop in Firenze
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Madonna del Garofano (c1475)
Paintings of the Madonna and Child are enormously popular
across Italy
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L’Annunciazione (1475)
Most likely done by Lorenzo di Credi but…
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Homosexual?
1476: Leonardo da Vinci and three other kids are accused
anonymously of engaging in sodomy with male prostitute
Jacopo Salterelli
Leonardo never married but...
Petrarca never married
Donatello never married
Botticelli never married
Leon Battista Alberti never married
Michelangelo never married
Galileo never married
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Madonna Benois (c1478)
• The happiness and sweetness of being mother (a
euphoric Maria)
• A dynamic scene
(Note: Benois is the name of
the old owner of the painting)
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Ginevra de’ Benci (1478) • Leonardo’s first secular painting
• Three-quarter view (Rogier van der
Weyden's Lady of 1460)
• Background: mountains, water, town
• No jewels and she looks older
• Outdoors, not in her own house
• The junipers almost distract
• But the eyes are powerful
Van der Weyden
(c1460)
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Ginevra de’ Benci (1478) • The painting has been cut
• Missing the hands!
• Back of the painting
The missing part of the painting
probably had hands like these
(sketch of 1474, which is when
the painting was commissioned)
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Ginevra de’ Benci (1478)
A typical portrait of Florentine women of
Leonardo’s time: in their domestic
environment (and profile)
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Ginevra de’ Benci (1478)
Jacometto Veneziano: "Portrait of a Nun" (148x)
• outdoors
• painted on both sides
• Not profile
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Drawings (1480)
"Shackled Prisoner" (c1480)
“Horserider" (c1480)
"Lady with a Unicorn" (c1480)
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Adorazione dei Magi (1482) • Unfinished
• A very dynamic scene
• Note the workers who are building (rebuilding?) a temple
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Adorazione dei Magi This is how Lippi finished it in 1496 for the same monastery
(San Donato in Scopeto)
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Leonardo’s rivals in Firenze
Sandro Botticelli
• 1481: Dante's “Commedia” is printed with
illustrations by Botticelli
• 1481-2 Pope Sixtus IV summons Botticelli to
paint the walls of the Sistine Chapel
• 1482-5 Large-scale paintings inspired by
classical mythology: “La Primavera” (c1482)
and “Nascita di Venere” (c1485) both seen by
Vasari at the Villa di Castello, owned by
Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici
• (Note: Venus was a central figure in
Renaissance neoplatonism)
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Leonardo’s rivals in Firenze
1483 Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Filippino
Lippi (and Perugino) paint Lorenzo Medici’s villa at
Spedalletto near Volterra
1486 Ghirlandaio paints his Last Supper
1485-90 Ghirlandaio paints the Tornabuoni chapel
1487-1503 Lippi decorates the Strozzi family chapel in
Santa Maria Novella
1484-86 Giuliano da Sangallo, Lorenzo Medici’s favorite
architect, works on the Medici villa at Poggio a Caiano
and the church Santa Maria delle Carceri (both
unfinished, like most of his designs)
1488-90 Michelangelo apprentice in Firenze
1490 Botticelli gives up painting (temporarily)
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Sforza’s Milano Italy in 1494
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Sforza’s Milano • In Milano (1482-99) serving Ludovico Sforza
• Milano is at war with Venezia (1483-84)
• Ludovico Sforza’s budget is 70% for military expenses
• Leonardo in 1482 applies for a job as an artist but mainly
introduces himself as a military architect:
“My Most Illustrious Lord…
1. … 2. …
3. …I have methods for destroying every fortress…
4. I have also types of cannon, most convenient and easily portable…
5. …
6. Also, I will make covered vehicles, safe and unassailable…
7. Also, should the need arise, I will make cannon…
8. Where the use of cannon is impracticable, I will assemble catapults,
mangonels, trebuckets…
9. And should a sea battle…
10. In time of peace … the construction of both public and private buildings
Also I can execute sculpture in marble, bronze and clay. Likewise in painting, I
can do everything possible”
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Leonardo musician
“Fu condotto a Milano con gran riputazione Lionardo al
duca, il quale molto si dilettava del suono della lira,
perchè sonasse; Lionardo portò quello strumento
ch’egli aveva di sua mano fabbricato d' argento gran
parte, in forma d' un teschio di cavallo, cosa bizzarra e
nuova, acciocché l' armonia fosse con maggior tuba e
più sonora di voce; laonde superò tutti i musici che
quivi erano concorsi a sonare. Oltra ciò, fu il migliore
dicitore di rime all' improvviso del tempo suo.“ (Vasari)
Lira da braccio
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Portrait of a Musician (c1485)
Is it a self-portrait?
(unfinished, but his best preserved
work… if it’s his)
(possibly painted by Bernadino
Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio,
Ambrogio de Predis…)
(possibly a portrait of Atalante
Migliorotti because Leonardo
wrote about "a portrait of
Atalante“)
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St Jerome (c1482)
St. Jerome at prayer at the end of
his life, a hermit in the
wilderness, alone save for his
lion companion staring up at his
crucifix
Unfinished
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Sforza’s court
Donato Bramante was already there: architect, musician
and poet
Engineers like Bergonzio Botta and Giuliano Guasconi
who worked at the canals
The composer Josquin Desprez arrived in 1484
Ludovico Sforza married the 15-year-old Beatrice d’Este
in 1491 (Leonardo may have been in charge of the
wedding festivities) and she became a patron of poets
and philosophers as well as the organizer of lavish
balls and spectacles
Luca Pacioli arrived only in 1497, 3 years after
publishing “Summa de arithmetica, geometria,
Proportioni et Proportionalita”
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The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian (c1483)
• Lost painting
• Eight studies known
The 8th study,
discovered in 2016
The Hamburg
version
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Vergine delle Rocce (1484) “E pregatolo, gli fece fare in pittura una tavola d' altare
dentrovi una Natività, che fu mandata dal duca
all'imperatore.” (Vasari)
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Vergine delle Rocce (1484) • St John Baptist and Jesus together
as infants
• No father around during the birth of Jesus?
• Main theme: seclusion (Franciscan influence?)
• Second theme: water (especially in the second version)
• Sfumato technique
• Commissioned by the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception but sold privately by Leonardo to someone else, and then re-painted later and sold to the same Confraternity (we don’t know why)
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Vergine delle Rocce The second version (1508), the one at the National
Gallery of London, is possibly by Ambrogio de Predis
like the two side panels
National
Gallery
Louvre
National
Gallery
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War Machines • Leonardo doesn’t produce any
paintings until the late 1480s
• 13,000 pages of drawings and notes
• Mostly he designs war machines
(more fantastical than practical)
1487
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War Machines 1487-90: He works on a military treatise, which he
never completed (1487–90)
The lords are good and just: “per mantenere il dono
principal di natura, cioè libertà, trovo modo da
offfendere e difendere, in stando assediati dalli
ambiziosi tiranni; e prima dirò del sito murale e
perché i popoli possino mantenere i loro boni e
giusti signori”
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Architecture
• 1486: A pestilence kills half the population of Milano
• 1487-90: Leonardo sketches an “ideal city” (100s of
drawings in “Paris Manuscript B”)
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Architecture None of his architectural models for buildings are built
Not clear how he pays his bills.
1487
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Entertainment Leonardo was “inventor of all beautiful things,
especially in the field of stage performances,
and (in addition) sang masterfully to his own
accompaniment on the lira" (Giovio)
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Entertainment 1495: Ludovico Sforza puts Leonardo in
charge of a pageant at his court
The Automa Cavaliere/ Mechanical Knight
(a drawing discovered in 1957), operated
by a combination of pulleys and cables,
was probably built for this occasion
1496: the stage machinery for “Danae”
Were Leonardo's fantastic machines
designed as stage machinery and
scenery for stage performances?
Was he mainly a theatrical designer and
producer at the court?
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Entertainment So many party boys and girls in costumes…
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Engineering
• Leonardo never went to school (he grew up
as the illegitimate son of a peasant woman)
• Leonardo never used mathematical formulas
– his math was “visual” not numeric
• Leonardo ignorance of Latin made it
impossible for him to correspond with the
learned scholars of his time
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Engineering
• A self-propelled car (1495)
• 100s of pages to avian anatomy
• The “ornithopter” with flapping wings
inspired by birds
• A helicopter
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No Math Leonardo was not into math, but his
contemporaries were:
• Piero della Francesca: "Libellus
de de Quinque Corporibus
Regularibus" (1480)
• Albrecht Duerer: "Four Books on
Measurement" (1525)
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Engineering
• Systematic experimentation (not just speculation)
• Not interested in tradition
• “He really invented a new way of inventing, by
combining his talent as an artist with his skill as
an engineer” (Claudio Giorgione)
• Manuscripts "lost" until the 18th century but
widely circulated in his lifetime
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Engineering
…but not easy to understand…
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Engineering
Leonardo’s influence:
Gerolamo Cardano’s “Opus novum de
proportionibus” (1570),
Giambattista della Porta’s “Magia Naturalis”
(1558),
Georg Bauer “Agricola”’s “De re Metallica”
(1550), “founder of geology”
Agostino Ramelli’s “"Li diverse et artifiose
machine del Capitano A. R.” (1588),
Vittorio Zonca’s “Novo Teatro di Machine et
Edificii” (1603)
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Geometry
The Duplication of the Cube
3D Geometry
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Geometry
1482: Erhard Ratdolt in Venezia publishes
Johannes Campanus’ 13th-century Latin
translation of Euclid, "Elementa Geometriae“
(the first printed edition of Euclid, with the first
ever printed geometrical diagrams)
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Anatomy
He dissected corpses to study anatomy
"Italian Renaissance artists became anatomists by
necessity, as they attempted to refine a more
lifelike, sculptural portrayal of the human figure“
(Carmen Bambach, 2002)
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Anatomy
Where is the “senso comune”?
1490 1489
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Eyes & Lips
These gruesome studies gave us those
gentle eyes and lips
1489
1489
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Theory of Proportion
The theory of proportion is already popular before Leonardo
Piero del Pollaiuolo: “Martirio di San Sebastiano” (147x)
Leon Battista Alberti: “De Statua” (144x)
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Leonardo’s workshop
He had many pupils starting from around 1490 and
many had to pay for school and board
In 1496 he writes to Ludovico that he has to feed six
people
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Grotesque Heads
A pastime? He never used them in his painting.
His paintings are full of angelic faces!
1493 1503
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Grotesque Heads
Caricatures: Beatrice & Dante; Boccaccio, Petrarca &
Dante, etc…
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Grotesque
1480s: Pinturicchio discovers the ruins of Roman emperor Nero’s extravagant residence whose walls are decorated with frescos of bizarre figures taken from Ovid’s “Metamorphoses”. These “teste caricate” are “grotesque” because they are in the “grotte” (caves).
Several painters (Ghirlandaio, Filippino Lippi, Perugino) enjoy copying them
Lippi, c.1488-93
Pinturicchio, Piccolomini Library, Siena (1502)
Pietro Perugino,
Collegio del Cambio, 1500
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Grotesque
Raffaello’s grotteschi for the Logge del Vaticano (1519)
Raffaello, Vatican, 1519
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Grotesque Heads Leonardo’s grotesque heads were widely known
and copied.
Until the 19th century they were more famous
than Leonardo’s paintings
Almost all of Leonardo’s paintings were in
private collections, and the “Cenacolo” was
inside the Convent of Santa Maria delle
Grazie.
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The Vitruvian Man (1490)
• Squaring of the circle
• Ideal human body proportions
• Taken from Vitruvius’ “De architectura 3.1.2–3”
First printed and illustrated edition of De Architectura
(by Giovanni Giocondo, 1511)
First translation into Italian (by Cesare Cesariano, 1521)
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The “Computer” (1493)
• A machine with 13 interlocking
wheels and 10 faces
• "Leonardo was possibly studying the
properties of gear trains in
comparison with systems of levers"
(Silvio Henin)
• Note: Roberto Guatelli's replica is
mostly his own imagined device
(Madrid Codices I, discovered
in 1965 in Madrid)
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Madonna Litta (1490)
Really?!? This is a Leonardo?!?
More likely Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio
Based on this
design by Leonardo
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Dama con l’Ermellino (1491)
• The duke’s lover Cecilia Gallerani
• Black background
• She doesn’t look at us
• Compare with Antonello’s
“Annunciata” (1476)
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The Horse (1493)
• A colossal bronze monument to the duke's
father Francesco Sforza, intended to be the
largest equestrian statue in the world
• Commissioned in 1482
• The project is aborted in 1494 following
technical complications (the pit can’t
support the weight) and for the need for
bronze to make cannons against the
French invaders
• Leonardo built a clay model in 1493,
destroyed by French soldiers in 1499
1488
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La Belle Ferroniere (1495)
Ludovico Sforza‘s wife Beatrice?
Trivia: in 1929 the art critic Joseph Duveen was
sued for defamation by the owner of a similar
painting for stating that it was an 18th century
copy and had to pay a hefty fine; this copy was
sold in 2010 for $1.5 million.
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1492
1492: Lorenzo "Il Magnifico" Medici dies
1492: Muslims and Jews are expelled from Spain
1492: Columbus discovers a route to the "West
Indies" (America)
1492: Rodrigo Borgia is elected Pope Alexander VI
in 1492 (and becomes a symbol of Papal
decadence and corruption)
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Meanwhile in Firenze…
1490: The Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola
preaches that the apocalypse is coming with
the year 1500
September 1494: Savonarola’s prophecies seem
to come true when France invades Italy
1494: Savonarola’s followers expel the Medicis
from Firenze
1497: Savonarola’s followers burn paintings and
books as heretical (“the bonfire of vanities”)
1498: The Inquisition tries, condemns, hangs and
burns Savonarola in Piazza della Signoria (he
had refused to join Alexander VI's Holy League
against France)
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Pacioli
1497-98: Leonardo illustrates Luca Pacioli’s “Divina
Proportione” (published in 1509)
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Pacioli
Portrait of Luca Pacioli (1500): author unknown
Similar to Leonardo’s
illustration of a
rhombicuboctahedron
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Sala delle Asse (1498)
1496-98: Leonardo works at the arboreal decoration for the
ceiling of the Sala delle Asse in Sforza's castle (knots!)
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Il Cenacolo (1498)
Commissioned in 1494 by Ludovico Sforza for his
favorite church, Santa Maria delle Grazie, right
after Donato Bramante finished renovation
Leonardo had just failed to build the horse so it's not
clear why Ludovico gave him another chance
It took Leonardo 4 years to complete it
Matteo Bandello in 1497:
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Il Cenacolo (1498)
The traditional, well-known method of fresco
painting: tempera on wet plaster, and paint
quickly before the plaster dries
Leonardo instead paints on dry plaster so he
can take his time
The result:
Before Brambilla’s restoration (1999)
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Il Cenacolo (1498)
The Cenacolo decayed rapidly
The opposite wall of the refectory is
covered by Giovanni Donato da
Montorfano’s Crucifixion fresco
which is in much better conditions
Leonardo didn’t know how to make a
fresco, despite the fact that the
technique was well known since
Giotto’s times?
Leonardo never though of asking
Montorfano how to make a fresco?
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Last Suppers in Firenze
Taddeo Gaddi: Cenacolo di Santa
Croce (1340)
Domenico Ghirlandaio: Cenacolo di
Ognissanti (1480)
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Last Suppers in Firenze
Andrea del Castagno: Cenacolo di Sant’Apollonia (1447)
Pietro Perugino: Cenacolo del Fuligno (149x)
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Leonardo’s Cenacolo in Milano
A faithful representation of John's Gospel 13:21,
when Jesus tells the apostles that one of them
will betray him
More traditional than you think: Leonardo had to
paint the apostles according to stereotypes, so
that they would be easily recognized (Peter
angry and holding a knife, Judas with the purse
of silver, John youthful and effeminate);
Leonardo had to “copy” the “last suppers” painted
before him
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Leonardo’s Cenacolo in Milano • No halos: Jesus and the apostles are portrayed like
common people
• A dramatic, dynamic scene compared with
Ghirlandaio’s
• 4 groups of 3 people
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Leonardo’s Cenacolo in Milano Read it right to left (the way Leonardo wrote)
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Leonardo’s Cenacolo in Milano
Jesus is isolated
A calm, sorrowful pose
One hand up, one hand down
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Leonardo’s Cenacolo in Milano
Most of the action is in the hands
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Leonardo’s Cenacolo in Milano
A perfect example of one-point perspective: all elements of
the painting converge into the midpoint: Jesus’ head
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Leonardo’s Cenacolo in Milano
Peter whispering to John
The effeminate John Thomas
What is Peter telling John?
(No, St John is not Mary Magdalene:
women sat in the kitchen, and it would have
been blatant heresy: obviously his
customers didn't think there was anything
wrong with an effeminate John. Leonardo
wanted to convey drama, not heresies)
Judas spilling salt while
while clutching a small bag
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Isabella d’Este (1500)
Ludovico Ariosto and Leonardo shared a
patron in Isabella d’Este
Isabella commissioned Leonardo a “Christ
among the Doctors” but he only made a
cartoon (lost)
Bernardino Luini (arguably the most
“leonardesque” of his pupils) painted one
in 151x
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Out of Milano
1499: French king Louis XII invades Italy and captures Milan,
driving Ludovico Sforza out of Italy
1500 Leonardo returns to Firenze (briefly a republic between the
insurrection of 1494 against the Medici family and the
Congress of Mantova of 1512 when the Medicis were
reinstated)
1502-3: military architect for the ruthless mercenary Cesare
Borgia, an illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI who leads
French armies in Italy and the inspiration for Machiavelli’s
“The Prince”. For 10 months Leonardo travels across Borgia’s
territories and surveys them
1504: The Treaty of Lyon assigns northern Italy to France and
southern Italy to Spain
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Leonardo’s rivals 1490 Sangallo begins work on Palazzo Gondi
1494 Domenico Ghirlandaio dies
1496 21-year-old Michelangelo moves to Roma
1496 Lippi’s Adoration of the Magi (the one
Leonardo left unfinished)
1500 Michelangelo's Pietà in Roma
1501-4 Michelangelo is back in Firenze and makes
the statue of David (1504), the first colossal
statue since antiquity
1504 21-year-old Raffaello moves to Firenze
1504 Lippi dies, mourned by the whole city
1505 Michelangelo is invited back to Roma by the
newly elected Pope Julius II
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Back in Firenze
1500: Leonardo is hired to paint for the altar of della
Santissima Annunziata monastery but never
finished it
He draws a famous cartoon of St Anne (lost, not the
one at the National Gallery):
"ma finita ch'ella fu, nella stanza durarono duoi giorni di
andare a vederla gli uomini e le donne, i giovani et i
vecchi, come si va a le feste solenni, per vedere le
maraviglie di Lionardo, che fecero stupire tutto quel
popolo“ (Vasari)
1500-02: Leonardo lives and works in the monastery
but seems to concentrate more on mathematical
studies than on painting
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Back in Firenze
1504-..: 100s of pages are devoted to squaring the circle
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Back in Firenze
1504-..: 100s of pages are devoted to squaring the circle
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Back in Firenze
Leonardo tries to paint “The Battle of Anghiari”
(1505), the only time that Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo worked in the same place
Leonardo’s fresco was not completed because he
messed up again the fresco technique and
Michelangelo never completed his because the
Pope called him back to Roma.
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Back in Firenze
Large-scale drawing of “Madonna and Child with St Anne
and the Young St John the Baptist” (1508) on eight
sheets of paper glued together
(no, it is not a prototype of the Madonna dei Fusi, one of the many wrong Leonardo attributions)
Mary seated on
the knees of her
mother Anne
holding Jesus
while John the
Baptist watches
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Salvator Mundi (150x) • Possibly painted by Bernardino Luini
• The Salvator Mundi depicts Christ
holding a transparent crystal orb in his
left hand…
• …but the rendering of the orb is
devoid of standard optical effects
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The Virgin and Child with St Anne (1503)
The faces of the Mona Lisa and of St
Anne were painted as early as
October 1503 (when they were
seen in the artist’s studio by
Agostino Vespucci)
Unfinished painting (it was still in his
possession upon his death)
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Mona Lisa (1506?)
Lisa Gheradini, wife of merchant Francesco del Giocondo
(“monna” = “my lady”)
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Mona Lisa
“Prese Lionardo a fare per Francesco del Giocondo il ritratto
di mona Lisa sua moglie ; e quattro anni penatovi, lo
lasciò imperfetto ; la quale opera oggi è appresso il re
Francesco di Francia in Fontanableo” (Vasari)
Note about the smile: “Usovvi ancora questa arte : che
essendo madonna Lisa bellissima, teneva, mentre che la
ritraeva, chi sonasse o cantasse, e di continuo buffoni che
la facessino stare allegra, per levar via quel malinconico
che suol dar spesso la pittura a' ritratti che si fanno : ed in
questo di Lionardo vi era un ghigno tanto piacevole, che
era cosa più divina che umana a vederlo”
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Mona Lisa
The scene as imagined by Cesare Maccari (“Leonardo
Che Ritrae la Gioconda”, 1863)
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Mona Lisa
The greatest icon of painting after the painting was
kidnapped by an Italian nationalist (1911)
Duchamp’s Gioconda (1919) - L.H.O.O.Q = "Elle a chaud
au cul“
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Mona Lisa remixes
Dali, Warhol, Botero, Basquiat, …
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Mona Lisa remixes
Banksy, Nychos… Scaruffi!
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Back in Milano
1506: Leonardo is summoned to Milano by the French
governor Charles II d'Amboise
1506-8: Leonardo designs a villa outside Milano for
d’Amboise
1512: The Sforzas briefly regain control of Milano
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La Scapigliata (1508) Similar to the Vergine delle Rocce
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Leonardo’s rivals
1508 Raffaello hired by the Pope in
Roma to paint the Stanze
1508-12 Michelangelo paints the Sistine
Chapel's ceiling in the Vaticano
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Anatomy
1510-1511: Leonardo collaborates with the
anatomist Marcantonio della Torre
(appointed to the chair of Medicine of the
University of Pavia in 1509 and killed by
plague in 1511)
1508
1510 1508 1508
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Self-portrait (1512)
One of the most depressing self-
portraits of all times
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• The faces of the Mona Lisa and of
St Anne in The Virgin and Child with
St Anne, were painted as early as
October 1503 (when they were
seen in the artist’s studio by
Agostino Vespucci)
Raffaello: “Scuola di Atene” (1511)
Plato
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France
1513: Lorenzo de' Medici's son Giovanni is elected
pope (as Leo X) and Leonardo is invited to Roma,
where he meets Raffaello
1515: Francois I of France invades Italy and
reconquers Milano
1516 Leonardo is hired by French king Francois I
and moves to his castle
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St. John the Baptist (1516)
Another effeminate youth
His finger raised towards
heaven
The body blurs with the black
background
The same enigmatic smile of
Mona Lisa and St Anne
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St. John the Baptist (1516)
This is how St John was usually represented:
as a hermit living in the desert
Tiziano El Greco
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Château Royal d'Amboise
1510 Botticelli dies
1516 Giuliano da Sangallo dies
Leonardo dies in 1519
Raffaello dies in 1520
The Platonic Academy is dissolved in 1523
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Did Leonardo know about America?
• Missinne’s claim that Leonardo depicted America and talks about Amerigo Vespucci
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Did Leonardo know about America?
But “Vespucci” is a common last name and Leonardo knew at least two of them:
Agostino witnessed him working on the Mona Lisa in 1503
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Did Leonardo know about America?
And the one to whom Leonardo was referring is probably Amerigo’s nephew Bartolomeo
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Did Leonardo know about America?
Vespucci never returned to Firenze after his American travels, so Leonardo could never have met him in person
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Did Leonardo know about America?
Leonardo was certainly familiar with
Amerigo’s claim that Colombo had
discovered a “new world” because
– Amerigo Vespucci’s letter about the
Mundus Novus to Vespucci's former
schoolmate Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco
de' Medici (1503) was famous
– And even more famous was the book
“Paesi novamente retrovati et novo
mondo da Alberico Vesputio
Florentino” (1507)
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Did Leonardo know about America? Small globe from Pavia (1504?), made from two halves of
two ostrich eggs, engraved by a left-handed artist
(discovered in 2012)
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The naked Mona Lisa
• French one
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The naked Mona Lisa
• In Firenze
Andrea Salai’s “Monna Vanna”
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Sindone of Torino
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List of Paintings Madonna of the Carnation - Alte Pinakothek, Munich
Ginevra de' Benci - National Gallery, Washington
Benois Madonna - Hermitage, Saint Petersburg
The Adoration of the Magi (u) - Uffizi, Firenze
Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (u) - Uffizi, Firenze
Virgin of the Rocks - Louvre, Paris
Portrait of a Musician (u) - Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan
Lady with an Ermine - Czartoryski Museum, Krakow
La Belle Ferronniere - Louvre, Paris
The Last Supper - Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan
Sala delle Asse - Castello Sforzesco, Milan
The Virgin and Child with Anne and John the Baptist - National Gallery, London
The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (u) - Louvre, Paris
Mona Lisa - Louvre, Paris
La Scapigliata (u) - Galleria Nazionale, Parma
Saint John the Baptist - Louvre, Paris
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Piero Scaruffi 2021
www.scaruffi.com
English names of cities:
Firenze = Florence
Milano = Milan
Roma = Rome
Genova = Genoa
Napoli = Naples