Lentil Plant

8/14/2019 Lentil Plant

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Classification:

Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb.

Kingdom Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plantsDivision Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass Rosidae

Order Fabales

Family Fabaceae – Pea family

Genus Vicia L. – vetch

Specie Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. – lentil vetch

Economically important symbiosis of nodule bacteria with legume plants and the

associated fixation of atmospheric nitrogen are enabled, from the bacterial side, by theso-called nodulation (nod) genes, regulated from the beginning of symbiosis by the host

stimuli. A technique was optimized for the detection of nod gene activity, as based on the

visualization of Beta-galactosidase activity transcriptionally fused to nodABC operon

using a chromogenic substrate. The technique was adapted both for the symbiosis of peaas a standard host of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and for a suggested laboratory

model Vicia tetrasperma. The use of the technique in early pea symbiotic mutants

carrying mutations in gene sym8 excluded disturbances in the bacterial nod geneactivation as a reason for the symbiotic fault Economically important symbiosis of nodule

bacteria with legume plants and the associated fixation of atmospheric nitrogen are

enabled, from the bacterial side, by the so-called nodulation (nod) genes, regulated from

the beginning of symbiosis by the host stimuli. A technique was optimized for thedetection of nod gene activity, as based on the visualization of Beta-galactosidase

activity transcriptionally fused to nodABC operon using a chromogenic substrate. The

technique was adapted both for the symbiosis of pea as a standard host of Rhizobiumleguminosarum bv. viciae and for a suggested laboratory model Vicia tetrasperma. The

use of the technique in early pea symbiotic mutants carrying mutations in gene sym8

excluded disturbances in the bacterial nod gene activation as a reason for the symbioticfault.

Visualization of nodulation gene activity on the early stages of Rhizobium

leguminosarum bv. viciae symbiosis

Datum: 31.5.2006

Chovanec P, Novak K.

Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czechia.

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http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=Fabales&display=63


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http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=VICIA&display=63


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http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=Tracheobionta&display=63

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A technique was optimized for the in situ detection of nodulation (nod) gene activity in Rhizobiumleguminosarum bv. viciae symbiosis with compatible plant hosts Vicia tetrasperma (L.) SCHREB.

and Pisum sativum L. The transcription of nodABC-lacZ fusion was visualized as beta-galactosidase(beta-Gal) activity after reaction with the chromogenic substrate X-Gal and subsequent light

microscopy, while the background of the indigenous beta-Gal activity of rhizobia and the host plantwas eliminated by glutaraldehyde treatment.

V. tetrasperma was suggested as a suitable model plant for pea cross-inoculation group due to itsadvantages over the common model of V. hirsuta (L.) S.F. GRAY: compactness of the plant,

extremely small seeds, fast development and stable nodulation under laboratory conditions. In theroots of both plants, a certain extent of nod gene activity was detectable in all rhizobia colonizingthe rhizoplane. In pea 1 d after inoculation (d.a.i.), the maximum was localized in the region of emerging root hairs (RH) later (3 and 6 d.a.i.) shifting upwards from the root tip.

Nodulation genes sustained full expression even in the infection threads inside the RH and the rootcortex, independently of their association with nodule primordia. Comparison of two pea symbiotic

mutant lines, Risnod25 and Risnod27, with the wild type did not reveal any differences in the RHformation, RH curling response and rhizoplane colonization. Both mutants appeared to be blocked atthe infection thread initiation stage and in nodule initiation, consistent with the phenotype causedby other mutant alleles in the pea sym8 locus. Judging from the nod gene expression level and

pattern in the rhizoplane, flavonoid response upon inoculation is preserved in both pea mutants,

being independent of infection thread and nodule initiation.

Source

Visualization of nodulation gene activity on the early stages of Rhizobiumleguminosarum bv. viciae symbiosis.

A technique was optimized for the in situ detection of nodulation (nod) gene activity

in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae symbiosis with compatible plant hosts Vicia

tetrasperma (L.) SCHREB. and Pisum sativum L. The transcription of nodABC-lacZfusion was visualized as beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) activity after reaction with the

chromogenic substrate X-Gal and subsequent light microscopy, while the background

of the indigenous beta-Gal activity of rhizobia and the host plant was eliminated by

glutaraldehyde treatment. V. tetrasperma was suggested as a suitable model plant

for pea cross-inoculation group due to its advantages over the common model of V.

hirsuta (L.) S.F. GRAY: compactness of the plant, extremely small seeds, fast

development and stable nodulation under laboratory conditions. In the roots of both

plants, a certain extent of nod gene activity was detectable in all rhizobia colonizing

the rhizoplane. In pea 1 d after inoculation (d.a.i.), the maximum was localized in the

region of emerging root hairs (RH) later (3 and 6 d.a.i.) shifting upwards from the

root tip. Nodulation genes sustained full expression even in the infection threads

inside the RH and the root cortex, independently of their association with nodule

primordia. Comparison of two pea symbiotic mutant lines, Risnod25 and Risnod27,

with the wild type did not reveal any differences in the RH formation, RH curling

response and rhizoplane colonization. Both mutants appeared to be blocked at the

infection thread initiation stage and in nodule initiation, consistent with the

phenotype caused by other mutant alleles in the pea sym8 locus. Judging from the

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nod gene expression level and pattern in the rhizoplane, flavonoid response upon

inoculation is preserved in both pea mutants, being independent of infection thread

and nodule initiation

Visualization of symbiotic tissue in intact root nodules of Vicia tetrasperma using GFP-

marked Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae.

In rhizobial symbiosis with legume plant hosts, the symbiotic tissue in the root

nodules of indeterminate type is localized to the basal part of the nodule where the

symbiotic zones contain infected cells (IC) interspersed with uninfected cells (UC)

that are devoid of rhizobia. Although IC are easily distinguished in nodule sections

using standard histochemical techniques, their observation in intact nodules is

hampered by nodule tissue characteristics. Tagging of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.

viciae strain 128C30 with a constitutively expressed gene for green fluorescent

protein (nonshifted mutant form cycle3) in combination with the advantages of the

tiny nodules formed by Vicia tetrasperma (L.) SCHREB . allowed for vital observation

of symbiotic tissue using fluorescence microscopy. Separation of a red-shifted

background channel and digital image stacking along z-axis enabled us to construct a

nodule image in a classical fluorescence microscopy of nodules exceeding 1 mm in

diameter. In parallel, visualization of nodule bacteria inside the symbiotic tissue by

confocal microscopy at the excitation wavelength 488 nm clearly distinguished IC/UC

pattern in the nodule virtual sections and revealed red-shifted fluorescence of

nonrhizobial origin. This signal was located on the periphery of IC and increased with

their degradation, thus suggesting accumulation of secondary metabolites,

presumably flavonoids. The simultaneous detection of bacteria and secondary

metabolites can be used for monitoring changes to intact nodule physiology in the

model legumes. The advantage of V. tetrasperma as a suggested laboratory modelfor pea cross-inoculation group has been demonstrated.

Isozyme variation and phylogenetic relationships in Vicia subgenus Cracca (Fabaceae).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The phylogenetic relationships among 27 vetch species

belonging to the subgenus Cracca of the genus Vicia were studied in comparison with

three species of Lathyrus section Lathyrus on the basis of isozyme variation.

METHODS: Isozymes encoded by 15 putative loci of ten enzymes were resolved by

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isozyme variation was analysed by using

parsimony and neighbour-joining methods. KEY RESULTS: The analyses revealed 63

parsimony-informative and 36 species-specific orthozymes. Of the latter, 23 are

monomophic and are suitable for identification of V. benghalensis, V. palaestina, V.

dumetorum, V. pisiformis, V. sylvatica, V. onobrychioides, V. cappadocica, V. cretica,

V. articulata, V. tetrasperma, V. ervilia, V. hirsuta and V. loiseleurii. Polymorphism

with heterozygous and homozygous isozyme genotypes was found for V. cracca, V.

tenuifolia, V. ochroleuca, V. villosa, V. sylvatica, V. cassubica, V. sparsiflora, V.

megalotropis, V. altissima, V. onobrychioides, V. cassia, V. cretica and L.



heterophyllus, reflecting outcrossing in these species. By contrast, V. benghalensis,

V. palaestina, V. disperma, V. dumetorum, V. pisiformis, V. orobus, V. pauciflora, V.

tetrasperma and V. loiseleurii had only homozygous isozyme genotypes at

polymorphic loci. Isozyme-based phylogenetic trees are presented. CONCLUSIONS:

Sections Cracca, Ervum, Pedunculatae and Lenticula of traditional taxonomy are

monophyletic groups, whereas sections Oroboideae (= Vicilla) and Panduratae

appear polyphyletic and section Cassubicae is split into two species-couples linked at

a low level of support. Treatment of ervoid species in a separate subgenus Ervum is

not supported because of its polyphyly.

Larvicidal activity of leguminous seeds and grains against Aedes aegypti and Culexpipiens pallens.

Larvicidal activity of methanol extracts of 26 leguminous seeds and 20 grains against

early 4th-stage larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens was examined. At

200 ppm of the extracts from Cassia obtusifolia, Cassia tora, and Vicia tetrasperma,

more than 90% mortality was obtained in larvae of Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens

pallens. Extract of C. tora gave 86.7 and 100% mortality in the larvae of Ae. aegypti

and Cx. pipiens pallens at 40 ppm but 59.2 and 78.3% mortality against larvae of

Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens pallens at 20 ppm, respectively. At 40 ppm, extract of C.

obtusifolia caused 51.4 and 68.5% mortality of the 4th-stage larvae of Ae. aegypti

and Cx. pipiens pallens, respectively. Larvicidal activity of extract of C obtusifolia was

significantly reduced when used at 20 ppm. Further studies of these plants as

possible agents for mosquito control are warranted.

Response of pollen germination and tube growth to cadmium with special reference to

low concentration exposure.

Cadmium is one of the most important heavy metal pollutants highly hazardous to

plants. Pollen is considered to be more sensitive to pollutants than are vegetative

parts of the plants. Five herb species were tested for responses in pollen germination

and tube growth to Cd exposure in vitro. Pollen germination of all the species was

inhibited at Cd concentrations of 2.51 microg/mL and higher, and tube growth was

inhibited at concentrations of 1.58 microg/ml and higher. Cadmium, at low

concentrations, stimulated pollen tube growth. The pollen response to Cd stress

exhibited interspecies differences. Vicia angustifolia and V. tetrasperma were

sensitive to Cd, and were inhibited in either pollen germination or tube growth by Cd

at 0.01 microg/mL. Plantago depressa was less sensitive; pollen germination and

tube growth were not inhibited until the Cd concentration reached 2.51 and 1.58

microg/mL, respectively, and its tube growth displayed two stimulatory peaks; the

one that appeared at 1.00 microg/mL showed the highest tube length in all species

tested. These results suggest that Cd, even at low concentrations, may adversely

affect plant reproduction by inhibiting pollen germination and tube growth.



Vicia tetrasperma (four-seeded vetch) ingestion by a 3-year-old child.

Rhode Island Poison Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903.

We report an ingestion of Vicia tetrasperma (four-seeded vetch), initially

misidentified as crown vetch (Coronilla varia). Vicia tetrasperma is not listed in

POISINDEX; little is known of its toxic effects and we found no published human case

reports. The child suffered only minor gastrointestinal effects which lasted a few

hours and had no residual effects upon 24- and 96-hour followups.

V.faba genes:\

1- gene encoding legumin

1: Z26488 Reports Links

V.faba gene encoding legumin (partial)gi|403337|emb|Z26488.1|[403337]

2: Y00506Reports Links

Vicia faba vicilin gene

gi|829146|emb|Y00506.1|[829146]

3: Z35164Reports Links

V.faba (VfVCINV) mRNA for vacuolar invertase

gi|511158|emb|Z35164.1|[511158]


V.faba gene encoding legumin

gi|403335|emb|Z26489.1|[403335]

5: X56240Reports Links

V.faba USP gene for an unknown seed proteingi|22042|emb|X56240.1|[22042]


Vicia faba VfLEB7 genegi|22024|emb|X14241.1|[22024]


Vicia faba VfLEB6 gene

gi|22020|emb|X14240.1|[22020]


Vicia faba VfLEB2 gene for legumin storage protein

gi|22013|emb|X14237.1|[22013]


Vicia faba VfLEB1 pseudogene

gi|22010|emb|X14238.1|[22010]


Vicia faba mRNA for Legumin A2 pre-pro-polypeptidegi|22007|emb|X55014.1|[22007]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/403337?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Sequence.Sequence_ResultsPanel.Sequence_RVDocSum

http://popupmenu2_set%28reports403337%29/










































Vicia faba mRNA for Legumin A1 pre-pro-polypeptide

gi|22006|emb|X55013.1|[22006]

12: AJ292221Reports Links

Vicia faba sbpl gene for putative sucrose binding protein, genomic RNAgi|12580893|emb|AJ292221.1|[12580893]


Vicia faba var. minor aap1 gene, promoter region

gi|15216031|emb|AJ318812.1|[15216031]


Vicia faba var. minor mRNA for amino acid permease AAP4 (aap4 gene)gi|15216029|emb|AJ318811.1|[15216029]


Vicia faba var. minor mRNA for amino acid permease AAP3 (aap3 gene)

gi|15216027|emb|AJ318810.1|[15216027]


Vicia faba var. minor mRNA for amino acid permease AAP1 (aap1 gene)

gi|15216025|emb|AJ318809.1|[15216025]


Vicia faba partial mRNA for putative kinetochore protein (skp1-2 gene)

gi|7573586|emb|AJ400727.1|[7573586]


Vicia faba partial mRNA for putative kinetochore protein (skp1-1 gene)

gi|7573583|emb|AJ400726.1|[7573583]


V.faba mRNA for an RNA- or ssDNA-binding proteingi|2104686|emb|X97905.1|[2104686]


V.faba mRNA for putative transciption factor (1399bp)

gi|2104684|emb|X97909.1|[2104684]

21: X97908 Reports Links


gi|2104682|emb|X97908.1|[2104682]



gi|2104680|emb|X97907.1|[2104680]


V.faba mRNA for transcription factor containing HMG-box

gi|2104678|emb|X97906.1|[2104678]
























































V.faba mRNA for transcription factor containing bZIP and zinc finger

gi|2104676|emb|X97904.1|[2104676]


V.faba mRNA for transcription factor containing bZIPgi|2104674|emb|X97903.1|[2104674]


V.faba mRNA for sucrose phosphate synthase

gi|1022364|emb|Z56278.1|[1022364]


V.faba VFVCINV mRNA for invertase (beta-fructofuranosidase)gi|861158|emb|Z49831.1|[861158]


V.faba VFCWINV2 mRNA for cell wall invertase II

gi|861156|emb|Z35163.1|[861156]


V.faba VFCWINV1 mRNA for cell wall invertase I

gi|861154|emb|Z35162.1|[861154]


Vicia faba var. minor partial mRNA for sucrose-phosphate synthase

gi|732985|emb|Z48640.1|[732985]


Vicia faba var. minor mRNA for alpha 1,4-glucan phosphorylase L isoform

precursor (VfPho1 gene)

gi|534971|emb|Z36880.1|[534971]


Vicia faba var. minor mRNA for alpha 1,4-glucan phosphorylase type H, (VfPho2

gene)

gi|510931|emb|Z35117.1|[510931]


V.faba mRNA (VfAGPP) for ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

gi|440594|emb|X76941.1|[440594]


V.faba mRNA (VfAGPC) for ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylasegi|440592|emb|X76940.1|[440592]


V.faba gene encoding legumin (partial)gi|403380|emb|Z26518.1|[403380]


V.faba gene encoding legumin (partial)























































gi|403333|emb|Z26487.1|[403333]

37: Y00462Reports Links

Vicia faba mRNA for vicilin storage proteingi|22052|emb|Y00462.1|[22052]

38: X14239

Reports Links

Vicia faba VfLEB5 pseudogene

gi|22019|emb|X14239.1|[22019]


Vicia faba mRNA for HMG box

gi|393703|emb|Z21703.1|[393703]













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