Leisure Needs 1908 McDougall proposed that people are born with an instinct to play that motivates...

Leisure NeedsLeisure Needs

1908 McDougall proposed that people are 1908 McDougall proposed that people are born with an instinct to play that born with an instinct to play that motivates their behavior.motivates their behavior.

Expressed Leisure NeedsExpressed Leisure Needs– Usually identified through a list of leisure Usually identified through a list of leisure

needs from which a respondent rates the needs from which a respondent rates the importance of that needimportance of that need

Levels of causality in Leisure Behavior

Biological Dispositions and Early socialization experiences

Need for optimalArousal and incongruity

Perceived FreedomAnd competence

ExpressedLeisure Needs

Situ

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ituat

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Social Environment

Social Environment

So, what do we really know about So, what do we really know about motivations?motivations?

Recreation Experience Preference Scale Recreation Experience Preference Scale (REP)(REP)

Paragraphs about Leisure (PAL)Paragraphs about Leisure (PAL) On, and on, and on!!!On, and on, and on!!! Iso-AholaIso-Ahola

– Two basic motivational dimensionsTwo basic motivational dimensions» Seeking and escapingSeeking and escaping

Seeking/EscapingSeeking/Escaping

Based on Iso-Ahola’s modelBased on Iso-Ahola’s model Personal satisfactions are mainly Personal satisfactions are mainly

comprised ofcomprised of– Self-determination, sense of competence, Self-determination, sense of competence,

challenge, learning, exploration and challenge, learning, exploration and relaxationrelaxation

Both seeking and escaping motives are Both seeking and escaping motives are forms of intrinsic motivationforms of intrinsic motivation

Seeking/escaping dimensions of Seeking/escaping dimensions of leisure motivationleisure motivation

Seeking Personal Rewards

Escaping Interpersonal Environments

EscapingPersonal Environments

Seeking Interpersonal Rewards

(1) Attraction:Seeking and Coping with risk

(2) Cognitive AppraisalOf situational Risk

(4) Performance Experience

(3) Decision making:

Approach/withdrawal

(5) Intuitive-Reflective

Appraisal

Declarative and Procedural Knowledge

Psychological Antecedents:Need for stimulationNeed for Autonym

Social Environment

Objective/Subjective RiskPerceived RiskPreviewed CompetenceAnticipation of Outcome

Task SelectionRisk Engagement

Intense Task InvolvementCognitive and Affective Arousal

Positive AffectSelf-ExpressionCentrality to Lifestyle

SatisfactionSatisfaction

I can’t get no ,I can’t get no ,satisfactionsatisfaction

Appraisal and EvaluationAppraisal and Evaluation Quality of LifeQuality of Life

– Morale,Morale,– HappinessHappiness– SatisfactionSatisfaction

» With what?With what?


HappinessHappiness– Reflects a person’s more temporary affective feeling Reflects a person’s more temporary affective feeling

of the present momentof the present moment

MoraleMorale– More future-oriented optimism or pessimism with More future-oriented optimism or pessimism with

peoples livespeoples lives

SatisfactionSatisfaction– ““an act of judgment, a comparison of what people an act of judgment, a comparison of what people

have to what they think they deserve, expect, or may have to what they think they deserve, expect, or may reasonably aspire to.reasonably aspire to.


A lot of satisfaction research focuses on A lot of satisfaction research focuses on the specific event (recreation) and is not the specific event (recreation) and is not necessarily tied to a leisure construct necessarily tied to a leisure construct (theory)(theory)

Consumer literatureConsumer literature– Service Quality (ServQual)Service Quality (ServQual)– Assesses how well an agency does what it Assesses how well an agency does what it

says it does.says it does.

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Pop QuizPop Quiz 1. Think about a recreation activity that 1. Think about a recreation activity that

you do or have doneyou do or have done 2. When, where and with whom did you 2. When, where and with whom did you

start the activitystart the activity 3. Who was the most influential person 3. Who was the most influential person

on your leisure behavioron your leisure behavior 4. Why did your family participate in the 4. Why did your family participate in the

leisure behavior(s) that they did?leisure behavior(s) that they did?

PlayPlay

Play:Play:– Intrinsically motivated behaviorIntrinsically motivated behavior– Freely chosenFreely chosen

So why do we play?So why do we play?– Practice?Practice?

» For later lifeFor later life

PlayPlay

Stages people go throughStages people go through Autoshpere: (birth to 2 years)Autoshpere: (birth to 2 years)

– The world of play that includes the body and The world of play that includes the body and what is immediately around it.what is immediately around it.

Microsphere: (2 to 4)Microsphere: (2 to 4)– Near environmentNear environment– ““the world of manageable toys”the world of manageable toys”

During these two periods play is largely During these two periods play is largely solitarysolitary

PlayPlay

Macrosphere: (4 to 7)Macrosphere: (4 to 7)– Wider world of others (going beyond the self)Wider world of others (going beyond the self)– Parallel playParallel play– Associative playAssociative play– Symbolic & practice playSymbolic & practice play

7-127-12– Cooperative playCooperative play

Self-SocializationSelf-Socialization

Seeking to become a greater part of the world Seeking to become a greater part of the world around them.around them.

Children are “producers of their own Children are “producers of their own development”development”

How can this be facilitated (helped)How can this be facilitated (helped)– 1. leisure opportunities1. leisure opportunities

» Cognitive development, Cognitive development,

– 2. Enjoyable activities and personally expressive 2. Enjoyable activities and personally expressive activitiesactivities

– 3. Social interaction3. Social interaction

Changing patterns through Changing patterns through ChildhoodChildhood

Erikson defined life stages for childrenErikson defined life stages for children Trust vs. mistrust (earliest stage)Trust vs. mistrust (earliest stage)

– Will this person come back and give me food?Will this person come back and give me food?– Will this person leave me in the dark?Will this person leave me in the dark?

Autonomy (1 to 3)Autonomy (1 to 3)– Being able to say noBeing able to say no

Initiative (3-4)Initiative (3-4) Industry (above 4)Industry (above 4)

– Children begin to produceChildren begin to produce– ““Age in instruction”Age in instruction”

Leisure OrientationsLeisure Orientations

Socialization “into” and “through” leisureSocialization “into” and “through” leisure Socialization into leisureSocialization into leisure

– ““the process, by which children acquire the process, by which children acquire motives, attitudes, values, and skills that motives, attitudes, values, and skills that affect their leisure choices, behavior and affect their leisure choices, behavior and experiences throughout their lives”experiences throughout their lives”

Socialization through leisureSocialization through leisure– Preparing children for their future social roles Preparing children for their future social roles

and responsibilitiesand responsibilities

Leisure InfluencesLeisure Influences

Agents of influence:Agents of influence:– Those entities that influence ones leisure Those entities that influence ones leisure

behavior.behavior. Professionalized into sports?Professionalized into sports?

– What do children value in sports?What do children value in sports?» YoungerYounger

Fairness & EqualityFairness & Equality

» OlderOlder WinningWinning


Family (parenting styles)Family (parenting styles)– AuthoritarianAuthoritarian

» It’s my way or the highwayIt’s my way or the highway

– Laissez faireLaissez faire» Whatever!Whatever!

– Democratic/authoritativeDemocratic/authoritative The Harried Leisure ClassThe Harried Leisure Class

– LinderLinder


Children achieving flow (optimal Children achieving flow (optimal experiences)experiences)

– Feeling of choice and controlFeeling of choice and control– Clarity of rules and structuresClarity of rules and structures– Recognition of the value of centering or Recognition of the value of centering or

focusing attentionfocusing attention– Encouragement of commitment to taskEncouragement of commitment to task– Creation of meaningful challenges.Creation of meaningful challenges.


How does culture influence the games that are How does culture influence the games that are played?played?

– Structured and obedientStructured and obedient» Games of strategyGames of strategy

– UnpredictableUnpredictable» Games of chanceGames of chance

– Conflict-enculturation hypothesis: Conflict-enculturation hypothesis: » Games and activities both prepare children for their life in Games and activities both prepare children for their life in

their culture and enable them to adjust and cope with their culture and enable them to adjust and cope with conflict and stress resulting from child-rearing practices that conflict and stress resulting from child-rearing practices that essentially attempt to control and shape their lives.essentially attempt to control and shape their lives.


Autotelic family contextAutotelic family context– A context where children learn to engage in activity A context where children learn to engage in activity

for its own sakefor its own sake

Peer influences on leisurePeer influences on leisure– Relatedness is important for childrenRelatedness is important for children

» They want to belong to a social groupThey want to belong to a social group

Play training?Play training?– Emphasizing the importance of play through Emphasizing the importance of play through

activities aimed at showing the benefits of playactivities aimed at showing the benefits of play» Often for disadvantaged youthOften for disadvantaged youth


Over programming children:Over programming children:– When we structure children's lives with so When we structure children's lives with so

much stuff that they cannot be kids.much stuff that they cannot be kids. Premature structuringPremature structuring

– Making children performers before they are Making children performers before they are readyready

Media influencesMedia influences

Positive vs. negative effectsPositive vs. negative effects– Glamorization of high adventure sportsGlamorization of high adventure sports– Gotta have mentalityGotta have mentality– ““Do the Dew”Do the Dew”– ““If you have this, you will be it!”If you have this, you will be it!”

From childhood to adulthoodFrom childhood to adulthood

Less than 50% of adult leisure activities Less than 50% of adult leisure activities are begun in childhoodare begun in childhood

We develop a sense of self (identity) that We develop a sense of self (identity) that may be different from our parentsmay be different from our parents

Individuation:Individuation:– Process of adolescents defining themselves as Process of adolescents defining themselves as

unique and different from othersunique and different from others However, children linked leisure with However, children linked leisure with

social interaction rather than being alonesocial interaction rather than being alone


Intensity of experienceIntensity of experience– Being at a loud party, loud musicBeing at a loud party, loud music– Extremes with others confers a sense of Extremes with others confers a sense of

belongingbelonging Deviation amplifyingDeviation amplifying

– ““You are the gas and I am the matches”You are the gas and I am the matches”– Friends influence each other into doing things Friends influence each other into doing things

they normally wouldn’t they normally wouldn’t


About 80% of people who enjoy outdoor About 80% of people who enjoy outdoor activities in childhood actively enjoy activities in childhood actively enjoy outdoor activities in adulthood. outdoor activities in adulthood.

Leisure Careers:Leisure Careers:– Enduring leisure pattern that develop into Enduring leisure pattern that develop into

lifelong interests and commitmentslifelong interests and commitments

Leisure over the lifespanLeisure over the lifespan

You can’t teach an old dog new tricksYou can’t teach an old dog new tricks Do we continue to develop after Do we continue to develop after

adolescence?adolescence? Influences on development?Influences on development?

– Normative age-graded influencesNormative age-graded influences– Normative history-graded influencesNormative history-graded influences– Nonnormative life eventsNonnormative life events


Normative age-graded influencesNormative age-graded influences– Ontogenetic changesOntogenetic changes– Specific to ages (stage theories)Specific to ages (stage theories)– Predictable life eventsPredictable life events

» High schoolHigh school» Proms etc.Proms etc.» RetirementRetirement

Normative history-graded influencesNormative history-graded influences– Significant historical eventsSignificant historical events– Generation XGeneration X– Flower children (60’s)Flower children (60’s)


Nonnormative life eventsNonnormative life events– DivorceDivorce– Change in jobChange in job– DisabilityDisability

Changes in Leisure ParticipationChanges in Leisure Participation

Does age affect leisure participation?Does age affect leisure participation?– How so?How so?– Are older folks likely to go skydiving?Are older folks likely to go skydiving?– Are young folks likely to go square dancing?Are young folks likely to go square dancing?

Leisure Repertoire (Iso-Ahola)Leisure Repertoire (Iso-Ahola)

Leisure Repertoire

Number of leisure activities available to

Or participated in by the individual

DeathBirth

Childhood

Early Adulthood Late Adulthood

Retirement

How do we study Leisure over the How do we study Leisure over the lifespan?lifespan?

Studying peopleStudying people Cross Sectional studiesCross Sectional studies

– Studies that asses types and rates of Studies that asses types and rates of participation across different segments of participation across different segments of society,society,

– Can be segmented (sectioned) byCan be segmented (sectioned) by» Age, rage, social class, geographic location (etc)Age, rage, social class, geographic location (etc)


Longitudinal studiesLongitudinal studies– Studies that asses types and rates of Studies that asses types and rates of

participation among the same group of peopleparticipation among the same group of people CohortsCohorts

– People that are grouped together based on People that are grouped together based on some “criteria”some “criteria”

» Age is a common cohortAge is a common cohort

» Education levelsEducation levels

PlayPlay

Play:Play:– Intrinsically motivated behaviorIntrinsically motivated behavior– Freely chosenFreely chosen

So why do we play?So why do we play?– Practice?Practice?

» For later lifeFor later life

PlayPlay

Stages people go throughStages people go through Autoshpere: (birth to 2 years)Autoshpere: (birth to 2 years)

– The world of play that includes the body and The world of play that includes the body and what is immediately around it.what is immediately around it.

Microsphere: (2 to 4)Microsphere: (2 to 4)– Near environmentNear environment– ““the world of manageable toys”the world of manageable toys”

During these two periods play is largely During these two periods play is largely solitarysolitary

PlayPlay

Macrosphere: (4 to 7)Macrosphere: (4 to 7)– Wider world of others (going beyond the self)Wider world of others (going beyond the self)– Parallel playParallel play– Associative playAssociative play– Symbolic & practice playSymbolic & practice play

7-127-12– Cooperative playCooperative play

Self-SocializationSelf-Socialization

Seeking to become a greater part of the world Seeking to become a greater part of the world around them.around them.

Children are “producers of their own Children are “producers of their own development”development”

How can this be facilitated (helped)How can this be facilitated (helped)– 1. leisure opportunities1. leisure opportunities

» Cognitive development, Cognitive development,

– 2. Enjoyable activities and personally expressive 2. Enjoyable activities and personally expressive activitiesactivities

– 3. Social interaction3. Social interaction

Changing patterns through Changing patterns through ChildhoodChildhood

Erikson defined life stages for childrenErikson defined life stages for children Trust vs. mistrust (earliest stage)Trust vs. mistrust (earliest stage)

– Will this person come back and give me food?Will this person come back and give me food?– Will this person leave me in the dark?Will this person leave me in the dark?

Autonomy (1 to 3)Autonomy (1 to 3)– Being able to say noBeing able to say no

Initiative (3-4)Initiative (3-4) Industry (above 4)Industry (above 4)

– Children begin to produceChildren begin to produce– ““Age in instruction”Age in instruction”

Leisure OrientationsLeisure Orientations

Socialization “into” and “through” leisureSocialization “into” and “through” leisure Socialization into leisureSocialization into leisure

– ““the process, by which children acquire the process, by which children acquire motives, attitudes, values, and skills that motives, attitudes, values, and skills that affect their leisure choices, behavior and affect their leisure choices, behavior and experiences throughout their lives”experiences throughout their lives”

Socialization through leisureSocialization through leisure– Preparing children for their future social roles Preparing children for their future social roles

and responsibilitiesand responsibilities


Agents of influence:Agents of influence:– Those entities that influence ones leisure Those entities that influence ones leisure

behavior.behavior. Professionalized into sports?Professionalized into sports?

– What do children value in sports?What do children value in sports?» YoungerYounger

Fairness & EqualityFairness & Equality

» OlderOlder WinningWinning


Family (parenting styles)Family (parenting styles)– AuthoritarianAuthoritarian

» It’s my way or the highwayIt’s my way or the highway

– Laissez faireLaissez faire» Whatever!Whatever!

– Democratic/authoritativeDemocratic/authoritative The Harried Leisure ClassThe Harried Leisure Class

– LinderLinder


Children achieving flow (optimal Children achieving flow (optimal experiences)experiences)

– Feeling of choice and controlFeeling of choice and control– Clarity of rules and structuresClarity of rules and structures– Recognition of the value of centering or Recognition of the value of centering or

focusing attentionfocusing attention– Encouragement of commitment to taskEncouragement of commitment to task– Creation of meaningful challenges.Creation of meaningful challenges.


How does culture influence the games that are How does culture influence the games that are played?played?

– Structured and obedientStructured and obedient» Games of strategyGames of strategy

– UnpredictableUnpredictable» Games of chanceGames of chance

– Conflict-enculturation hypothesis: Conflict-enculturation hypothesis: » Games and activities both prepare children for their life in Games and activities both prepare children for their life in

their culture and enable them to adjust and cope with their culture and enable them to adjust and cope with conflict and stress resulting from child-rearing practices that conflict and stress resulting from child-rearing practices that essentially attempt to control and shape their lives.essentially attempt to control and shape their lives.


Autotelic family contextAutotelic family context– A context where children learn to engage in activity A context where children learn to engage in activity

for its own sakefor its own sake

Peer influences on leisurePeer influences on leisure– Relatedness is important for childrenRelatedness is important for children

» They want to belong to a social groupThey want to belong to a social group

Play training?Play training?– Emphasizing the importance of play through Emphasizing the importance of play through

activities aimed at showing the benefits of playactivities aimed at showing the benefits of play» Often for disadvantaged youthOften for disadvantaged youth


Over programming children:Over programming children:– When we structure children's lives with so When we structure children's lives with so

much stuff that they cannot be kids.much stuff that they cannot be kids. Premature structuringPremature structuring

– Making children performers before they are Making children performers before they are readyready

Media influencesMedia influences

Positive vs. negative effectsPositive vs. negative effects– Glamorization of high adventure sportsGlamorization of high adventure sports– Gotta have mentalityGotta have mentality– ““Do the Dew”Do the Dew”– ““If you have this, you will be it!”If you have this, you will be it!”


Less than 50% of adult leisure activities Less than 50% of adult leisure activities are begun in childhoodare begun in childhood

We develop a sense of self (identity) that We develop a sense of self (identity) that may be different from our parentsmay be different from our parents

Individuation:Individuation:– Process of adolescents defining themselves as Process of adolescents defining themselves as

unique and different from othersunique and different from others However, children linked leisure with However, children linked leisure with

social interaction rather than being alonesocial interaction rather than being alone


Intensity of experienceIntensity of experience– Being at a loud party, loud musicBeing at a loud party, loud music– Extremes with others confers a sense of Extremes with others confers a sense of

belongingbelonging Deviation amplifyingDeviation amplifying

– ““You are the gas and I am the matches”You are the gas and I am the matches”– Friends influence each other into doing things Friends influence each other into doing things

they normally wouldn’t they normally wouldn’t


About 80% of people who enjoy outdoor About 80% of people who enjoy outdoor activities in childhood actively enjoy activities in childhood actively enjoy outdoor activities in adulthood. outdoor activities in adulthood.

Leisure Careers:Leisure Careers:– Enduring leisure pattern that develop into Enduring leisure pattern that develop into

lifelong interests and commitmentslifelong interests and commitments


You can’t teach an old dog new tricksYou can’t teach an old dog new tricks Do we continue to develop after Do we continue to develop after

adolescence?adolescence? Influences on development?Influences on development?

– Normative age-graded influencesNormative age-graded influences– Normative history-graded influencesNormative history-graded influences– Nonnormative life eventsNonnormative life events


Normative age-graded influencesNormative age-graded influences– Ontogenetic changesOntogenetic changes– Specific to ages (stage theories)Specific to ages (stage theories)– Predictable life eventsPredictable life events

» High schoolHigh school» Proms etc.Proms etc.» RetirementRetirement

Normative history-graded influencesNormative history-graded influences– Significant historical eventsSignificant historical events– Generation XGeneration X– Flower children (60’s)Flower children (60’s)


Nonnormative life eventsNonnormative life events– DivorceDivorce– Change in jobChange in job– DisabilityDisability

Changes in Leisure ParticipationChanges in Leisure Participation

Does age affect leisure participation?Does age affect leisure participation?– How so?How so?– Are older folks likely to go skydiving?Are older folks likely to go skydiving?– Are young folks likely to go square dancing?Are young folks likely to go square dancing?

Leisure Repertoire (Iso-Ahola)Leisure Repertoire (Iso-Ahola)

Leisure Repertoire

Number of leisure activities available to

Or participated in by the individual

DeathBirth

Childhood

Early Adulthood Late Adulthood

Retirement


Studying peopleStudying people Cross Sectional studiesCross Sectional studies

– Studies that asses types and rates of Studies that asses types and rates of participation across different segments of participation across different segments of society,society,

– Can be segmented (sectioned) byCan be segmented (sectioned) by» Age, rage, social class, geographic location (etc)Age, rage, social class, geographic location (etc)


Longitudinal studiesLongitudinal studies– Studies that asses types and rates of Studies that asses types and rates of

participation among the same group of peopleparticipation among the same group of people CohortsCohorts

– People that are grouped together based on People that are grouped together based on some “criteria”some “criteria”

» Age is a common cohortAge is a common cohort

» Education levelsEducation levels

Different types of leisure behaviorDifferent types of leisure behavior

Replacers (20%)Replacers (20%)– Quit doing one activity that they had been doing for a Quit doing one activity that they had been doing for a

while and replace it with another onewhile and replace it with another one Quitters (25%)Quitters (25%)

– Quit doing one activity and did not replace it with Quit doing one activity and did not replace it with anotheranother

Adders (16%)Adders (16%)– Did not quit an activity but began a new oneDid not quit an activity but began a new one

Continuers (40%)Continuers (40%)– Neither quit nor added activitiesNeither quit nor added activities

Stages of DevelopmentStages of Development

Life Span vs. Life course modelsLife Span vs. Life course models Life span modelsLife span models

– Distinguish between stages based on Distinguish between stages based on psychological issues or challenges faced by psychological issues or challenges faced by individualsindividuals

Life course modelsLife course models– Emphasize role-related changes that occur in Emphasize role-related changes that occur in

contemporary societycontemporary society

Stages of DevelopmentStages of Development

20

40

60

0

Early Adult Transition

Mid-life Transition

Late Adult Transition

Retirement

Settling Down

Culmination of middle adulthood

Entering the Adult World

Leisure and AgingLeisure and Aging

Activity TheoryActivity Theory– People will be most happy and fulfilled in direct proportion People will be most happy and fulfilled in direct proportion

to how much activity they are able to maintainto how much activity they are able to maintain Disengagement TheoryDisengagement Theory

– As the end of life draws near, people will voluntarily As the end of life draws near, people will voluntarily disengage fro mothers and from their former patterns, and disengage fro mothers and from their former patterns, and societies withdrawal from them will leave them in peace societies withdrawal from them will leave them in peace and happinessand happiness

Continuity TheoryContinuity Theory– Most successful aging is consistent with recognition of the Most successful aging is consistent with recognition of the

need to establish ego integrity (people need to belong and need to establish ego integrity (people need to belong and have things to do that they feel are important)have things to do that they feel are important)

Chapter 10Chapter 10Psychological Benefits of LeisurePsychological Benefits of Leisure

Benefit:Benefit:– ““a change that is viewed to be advantageous—an a change that is viewed to be advantageous—an

improvement in condition, or a gain to an individual, a improvement in condition, or a gain to an individual, a group, to society, or to another entity”group, to society, or to another entity”

For it to be a leisure benefit two things must occurFor it to be a leisure benefit two things must occur– 1. involvement in some form of leisure is responsible for 1. involvement in some form of leisure is responsible for

changechange

– 2. change must be an improvement over a previous state.2. change must be an improvement over a previous state.

Negative impacts of Leisure?Negative impacts of Leisure?

Alcohol, Drug useAlcohol, Drug use– Alcoholism, drug dependencyAlcoholism, drug dependency

Pre coital/coital behaviorPre coital/coital behavior– Teen pregnancy Teen pregnancy

Depreciative behavior (tagging)Depreciative behavior (tagging) Is all “leisure” necessarily beneficial?Is all “leisure” necessarily beneficial?

Leisure BenefitsLeisure Benefits

When studying leisure benefits, leisure is When studying leisure benefits, leisure is treated as a major input.treated as a major input.

Can look atCan look at– SettingSetting– ActivityActivity– ExperienceExperience

Leisure Benefit OutcomesLeisure Benefit Outcomes

When talking about benefits, you have to When talking about benefits, you have to address the outcomeaddress the outcome

Production Process

Valuation Process

Leisure

Value or worth

Inputs

Outcomes

BenefitsAnd costs

OutcomesOutcomes

Psychological benefitsPsychological benefits– Self actualization Self actualization – Stress reliefStress relief

Economic benefitsEconomic benefits Environmental outcomesEnvironmental outcomes

Psychological Benefit TheoriesPsychological Benefit Theories

““Keeping Idle Hands Busy”Keeping Idle Hands Busy”– People are most happy when they are busyPeople are most happy when they are busy– Protestant Work EthicProtestant Work Ethic

» Idleness was considered and enemy of the soulIdleness was considered and enemy of the soul

– Boredom has been studied extensively in leisure Boredom has been studied extensively in leisure researchresearch

– What about keeping the idle mind busy?What about keeping the idle mind busy?» Recharge my batteriesRecharge my batteries» ““get my head screwed on straight”get my head screwed on straight”» How do most people do this?How do most people do this?

LeisureLeisure


Psychological Hedonism: Pleasure-relaxation-Psychological Hedonism: Pleasure-relaxation-fun theoriesfun theories

Hedonism:Hedonism:– Psychological theory that states that people will Psychological theory that states that people will

seek pleasure and avoid pain.seek pleasure and avoid pain. Pleasure-relaxation-funPleasure-relaxation-fun

– People seek fun and although these experiences are People seek fun and although these experiences are relatively brief, they have a cumulative affectrelatively brief, they have a cumulative affect


Need-Compensation TheoryNeed-Compensation Theory– Leisure provides us a “benefit” we are not getting in Leisure provides us a “benefit” we are not getting in

other aspects of life (particularly work)other aspects of life (particularly work)


Personal Growth TheoriesPersonal Growth Theories– Self-esteemSelf-esteem– Self-actualization (Maslow stuff)Self-actualization (Maslow stuff)– Growing belief that leisure must be more than Growing belief that leisure must be more than

pleasurable, diversionary, or escape oriented?pleasurable, diversionary, or escape oriented?» Meaning it must be more than just an escape or fun!Meaning it must be more than just an escape or fun!

Idea of commitment, serious leisure, and flowIdea of commitment, serious leisure, and flow

» Belief that those who have higher life satisfaction are Belief that those who have higher life satisfaction are more involved in leisure behaviormore involved in leisure behavior

» Also known as high investment activitiesAlso known as high investment activities


Personal Growth TheoriesPersonal Growth Theories– In other wordsIn other words

» ““the more a person invests in the activities in which they the more a person invests in the activities in which they choose to participate, the more they get out of the choose to participate, the more they get out of the activity” activity”

» Leisure satisfaction vs. job satisfaction Leisure satisfaction vs. job satisfaction


Identity Formation and Affirmation TheoryIdentity Formation and Affirmation Theory– People identify themselves by their leisure activitiesPeople identify themselves by their leisure activities

» Leisure can provide an opportunity to “experiment”Leisure can provide an opportunity to “experiment”


Identity Formation and Affirmation TheoryIdentity Formation and Affirmation Theory– Leisure IdentitiesLeisure Identities

» Express and affirm individual talents and capabilitiesExpress and affirm individual talents and capabilities

» Provide some degree of social recognitionProvide some degree of social recognition

» Affirm central values and interestsAffirm central values and interests

– Some examples of leisure identities?Some examples of leisure identities?» What about posers?What about posers?


Buffer and Coping TheoryBuffer and Coping Theory

Negative LifeEvents

Increased Life Stress

Maintained Worse

Physical and Mental Health

BufferLeisure

Social Support

Self-Determination


Activity Substitution Theory of AgingActivity Substitution Theory of Aging– As we get older, keeping active will help people As we get older, keeping active will help people

adjust successfully to agingadjust successfully to aging– This can be done by substituting for activities that This can be done by substituting for activities that

one cannot or is unable to doone cannot or is unable to do– This “active” lifestyle adds to well being This “active” lifestyle adds to well being

(psychologically and physically)(psychologically and physically)– Ullyssean adultUllyssean adult


So what does it all mean?So what does it all mean?– Research suggests that there are some benefits from Research suggests that there are some benefits from

leisure and sport participation (no kidding!)leisure and sport participation (no kidding!)– The theories tend to overlapThe theories tend to overlap

CHAPTER 11CHAPTER 11

The Benefits of Leisure in Other The Benefits of Leisure in Other Domains of LifeDomains of Life

Leisure as a Life ForceLeisure as a Life Force

Can the activities that people do for leisure Can the activities that people do for leisure help them enjoy their lives and deal with help them enjoy their lives and deal with the challenges that they face in other areas the challenges that they face in other areas of life?of life?

What do you think?What do you think?

Leisure vs. Non-LeisureLeisure vs. Non-Leisure

Leisure is treated as the Leisure is treated as the Dependent VariableDependent Variable– Because it is the area of life that is least Because it is the area of life that is least

constrained and more susceptible to other constrained and more susceptible to other demands of life. (School, Work, Relationships, demands of life. (School, Work, Relationships, etc.)etc.)

The Good, The Bad, and…..The Good, The Bad, and…..

Positive Effects of Leisure on Work and Positive Effects of Leisure on Work and Family:Family:– Involvement in leisure can be a form of Involvement in leisure can be a form of

resistance against role constraints, thus leading resistance against role constraints, thus leading to other changes in life. (think gender to other changes in life. (think gender stereotypes)stereotypes)

…….The Ugly..The Ugly.

Negative Effects:Negative Effects:– Leisure involvement can constrain men and Leisure involvement can constrain men and

women’s behavior in a variety of domains if women’s behavior in a variety of domains if they reinforce they reinforce traditional traditional views of masculine views of masculine and femininity. and femininity.

Leisure and Life SatisfactionLeisure and Life Satisfaction

Life satisfaction is a popular measure of the Life satisfaction is a popular measure of the quality of life. quality of life.

Life satisfaction scales measure enduring Life satisfaction scales measure enduring and stable beliefs and cognitions. and stable beliefs and cognitions.

Also looks at Global vs. Local Satisfaction Also looks at Global vs. Local Satisfaction and everything in between.and everything in between.

Small but significant relationships have Small but significant relationships have been found between frequent leisure been found between frequent leisure participation and life satisfactionparticipation and life satisfaction

What do you think?What do you think?

What Supports That?What Supports That?

Successful Aging & Life SatisfactionSuccessful Aging & Life Satisfaction– Leisure activity levels may be better predictors Leisure activity levels may be better predictors

of life satisfaction than health and income. of life satisfaction than health and income. – Measures of leisure satisfaction are better Measures of leisure satisfaction are better

predictors of life satisfaction than actual predictors of life satisfaction than actual participation.participation.

» The higher the leisure satisfaction = higher life The higher the leisure satisfaction = higher life satisfaction.satisfaction.

» This link has been found to vary based on age, This link has been found to vary based on age, gender, ethnicity, occupation, and social status.gender, ethnicity, occupation, and social status.

The Case of Job SatisfactionThe Case of Job Satisfaction

Assumption that the job indicates activity Assumption that the job indicates activity selection, participation, and contacts. selection, participation, and contacts.

Spillover and CompensationSpillover and Compensation

Suggest that the nature of peoples’ work Suggest that the nature of peoples’ work directly influences their choice of leisure directly influences their choice of leisure activities.activities.

Spillover: Workers are thought to Spillover: Workers are thought to participate in leisure activities that have participate in leisure activities that have characteristics similar to their job related characteristics similar to their job related activities and tasks. activities and tasks.

Spillover & Compensation Spillover & Compensation Continued…Continued…

Compensation: Deprivations experienced Compensation: Deprivations experienced at work are made up for during leisure - at work are made up for during leisure - people will satisfy needs that they cannot people will satisfy needs that they cannot satisfy at work.satisfy at work.

There has been more support for spillover There has been more support for spillover than compensation. Which do you agree than compensation. Which do you agree with?with?

Leisure Promoting Job Leisure Promoting Job SatisfactionSatisfaction

The early classical theories of recreation The early classical theories of recreation and relaxation suggested that leisure is an and relaxation suggested that leisure is an important element in determining work important element in determining work satisfaction. satisfaction.

Because of this many companies started to Because of this many companies started to promote recreational programs for promote recreational programs for employees. employees.

““Leisure Buffing and Coping” Leisure Buffing and Coping” HypothesisHypothesis

““When work settling rules and expectations When work settling rules and expectations impede the satisfaction of important needs, impede the satisfaction of important needs, leisure can provide opportunities for people leisure can provide opportunities for people to more readily meet those needs and affirm to more readily meet those needs and affirm who they are.” (Kelly and Shamir)who they are.” (Kelly and Shamir)

A.K.A: to compensate for psychological A.K.A: to compensate for psychological needs not met by work, achieve better life needs not met by work, achieve better life balance, and feel better about their work.balance, and feel better about their work.

Vacations. Do they promote job Vacations. Do they promote job satisfaction or not?satisfaction or not?

When workers find their vacations as highly When workers find their vacations as highly satisfying then the majority find greater job satisfying then the majority find greater job satisfaction when they return. satisfaction when they return.

On the other hand job satisfaction decreased On the other hand job satisfaction decreased when workers had a less than satisfying when workers had a less than satisfying vacations. vacations.

A Further Look at VacationsA Further Look at Vacations

31.5

32

32.5

33

33.5

34

34.5

35

35.5

36

Prevacation Postvacation

Low Satis.High Satis.

Time Measured

Job LossJob Loss

Through Retirement and UnemploymentThrough Retirement and Unemployment Leisure participation often changes as a Leisure participation often changes as a

result of these life eventsresult of these life events The right type of leisure may help people The right type of leisure may help people

maintain their well being and cope or grow maintain their well being and cope or grow with these transitions.with these transitions.

Job LossJob Loss

Problems that ariseProblems that arise– Loss of incomeLoss of income

– Social isolation (friends and coworkers)Social isolation (friends and coworkers)

– Psychological losses (not contributing to society)Psychological losses (not contributing to society)

Research suggest that the retirement transition is Research suggest that the retirement transition is less traumatic and more satisfying among people less traumatic and more satisfying among people with higher perceived levels of health and with higher perceived levels of health and economic status; who have harmonious marriages economic status; who have harmonious marriages and social support from their spouses and families.and social support from their spouses and families.

Job LossJob Loss

Warr(1983) Identified nine potentially negative features of Warr(1983) Identified nine potentially negative features of unemploymentunemployment– Financial anxietyFinancial anxiety– Less variety in life due to reduced income and more time spent at Less variety in life due to reduced income and more time spent at

homehome– Fewer goals or aims in lifeFewer goals or aims in life– Reduced opportunity for making important decisionsReduced opportunity for making important decisions– Reduced opportunities to exercise skills or expertiseReduced opportunities to exercise skills or expertise– Increase in psychologically threatening activities such as Increase in psychologically threatening activities such as

unsuccessful job searchesunsuccessful job searches– Insecurity about the futureInsecurity about the future– Fewer social contactsFewer social contacts– Reduced social statusReduced social status

Job LossJob Loss

Kilpatrick and Trew(1985) identified four groups Kilpatrick and Trew(1985) identified four groups on how unemployed people spent their “free” timeon how unemployed people spent their “free” time– Passive groupPassive group – Spent most of their time watching TV – Spent most of their time watching TV

or doing nothing.or doing nothing.– Domestic groupDomestic group – Spent most of their time at home, – Spent most of their time at home,

but unlike the first, assisted with household tasks.but unlike the first, assisted with household tasks.– Social group –Social group – Spent much of their time with people Spent much of their time with people

outside their immediate familyoutside their immediate family– Active groupActive group – not only spent more time on work- – not only spent more time on work-

related activities, but also engaged more frequently in related activities, but also engaged more frequently in active leisure pursuits outside the home. active leisure pursuits outside the home.

Family, Friends, and Significant Others.Family, Friends, and Significant Others.

““The central social space for the The central social space for the development and expression of primary development and expression of primary relationships” – Kelly 1993relationships” – Kelly 1993

Some types of leisure are generally Some types of leisure are generally assumed to have positive outcomes for assumed to have positive outcomes for families. However, family leisure may lead families. However, family leisure may lead to conflict and some family members may to conflict and some family members may feel obligated to participate.feel obligated to participate.

Family, Friends, and Significant OthersFamily, Friends, and Significant Others

The benefits for family leisure can be The benefits for family leisure can be divided into three major typesdivided into three major types– Family stabilityFamily stability– Family interactionFamily interaction– Family satisfactionFamily satisfaction

– (Orthner and Mancini 1991)(Orthner and Mancini 1991)


Family StabilityFamily Stability– ““The Family that plays together stays together”The Family that plays together stays together”

– It implies a continuity of interpersonal relationships in It implies a continuity of interpersonal relationships in the family.the family.

Family InteractionFamily Interaction– Refers to communication, conflict, and the distribution Refers to communication, conflict, and the distribution

of household tasks and roles among family members.of household tasks and roles among family members.

– Although it is mostly seen to enhance these features, Although it is mostly seen to enhance these features, family leisure can create conflict and destroy family leisure can create conflict and destroy communicationcommunication


Family SatisfactionFamily Satisfaction– A consistent finding is that husbands and wives A consistent finding is that husbands and wives

who share leisure time together in joint who share leisure time together in joint activities tend to be much more satisfied with activities tend to be much more satisfied with their marriages than those who do not.their marriages than those who do not.

– There tends to be a negative impact on marital There tends to be a negative impact on marital satisfaction of satisfaction of frequentfrequent independent, individual independent, individual activities by family members.activities by family members.

Leisure Needs 1908 McDougall proposed that people are born with an instinct to play that motivates...

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