Leipers model

Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar

Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar, [email protected]

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Technical Definition

Technical definitions...provide instruments for particular statistical, legislative, and industrial purposes" (Burkart & Medlik 1974), to demarcate him from other travellers and to have a common base by which to collect comparable statistics.

Definition adopted by League of Nations Statistical Committee in 1937 "An International tourist is a person who visits a country other than that in which he habitually lives for a period of at least twenty-four hours" .

The 1963, conference on travel and tourism in Rome recommended definitions of "visitor" and " t o u r i s t " for use in compiling international statistics

2Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar, [email protected]

" visitor " describes any person visiting a country other than that in which he has his usual place of residence, for any reason other than following an occupation remunerated from within the country visited. This definition covers:

-tourists, i.e. temporary visitors staying at least twenty-four hours in the country visited and the purpose of whose journey can be classified under one of the following headings: (a) leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion, and sport), (b) business, family, mission, meeting.

-excursionists, i.e. temporary visitors staying less than twenty-four hours in the country visited (including travellers on cruise ships)" (IUOTO 1963)

In 1968, the IUOTO (now the World Tourism Organization) approved the 1963 definition


Holistic Definition

Holistic definitions attempt to embrace " the whole" essence of a subject.

Swiss academics defined tourism in a 1942 study as:

“the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected to any earning activity (Hunziker & Kraph 1974)”

Such an approach facilitates multidisciplinary studies of aspects of tourism and more significantly would give interdisciplinary studies of various facets and perspectives a common point of reference;


Underlying Schemes of study

Political Science

History Geography

Sociology

Economics

Agriculture

TOURISM STUDIES

Marketing Anthropology

Psychology

Business Management


Leiper's Model

Based on Systems Approach, Neil Leiper suggested a model in 1979 which was later updated in 1990.

The three Elements in Leipers Model:

I. The Human Element: The TouristII. The Geographical Element: The Generating RegionThe Destination RegionTravel EnrouteIII. The Industrial Element


I. The TouristFocal element of tourism. Has two components" a dynamic element - the j o u r n e y , and a static element - the stay" (Burkart & Medlik 1974).

Second concept defining tourists is that they are net consumers of economic resources within the regions visited.

Final concept is that their trips are circuits, returning to the points of origin.

From the circular pattern of their behaviour it is possible to isolate the geographical elements fundamental to the system.


Departing Tourists

Tourist Generating Region Transit Route

Returning Tourists

Tourist Destination Region

Push Factors

Pull Factors

The Geograpical Elements

Spatially, tourism involves three elements.


The Geograpical ElementsI. Tourist generating regions permanent residential bases of tourists

Has the basic geographical setting, together with the necessary behavioral factors pertaining to motivation termed as the " p u s h " factors (Dann 1977)

The generating region is the location of the basic market of the tourist industry, the source of potential tourism demand.

II. Transit routes

paths linking tourist generating regions with tourist destination regions, along with tourists travel. They include stopover points which might be used for convenience or because of the existence of attractions.


The Geograpical ElementsIII. Tourist destination regions Tourist destination regions can be defined as locations which attract tourists to stay temporarily,

In this context the attraction can be regarded as the anticipation by the tourist of some qualitative characteristic, lacking in the tourist generating region, which the tourist wishes to experience personally collectively known as the “p u l l” factors.

It is also the location of many parts of the tourist business: accommodation establishments, services, entertainment and recreational facilities.


Push & Pull Factors

Push factors relative to TGR• The tourist possesses “push

factors” which is confined to a destination that “Push” the tourists to leave the place (psychologically or physically).

• A push factor may be a desire to experience weather, extra money, the promise of encounter/fun, a desire to see a new culture etc.

Pull factors relative to TDR In contrast, tourism

destinations have “pull factors” that hopefully match push factors that potential tourists have.

• Pull factors can be either natural or man-made


Push Pull model There are two types of factors ‘push’ and ‘pull’ that can cause a

person to engage in tourism and can be classified based on the location – generating region and destination region.

• ‘Push’ factors are the intangible desires that are generated from within the person.

• ‘Pull’ factors are external travel stimulants.

• Travel is motivated by an interplay of both these forces.


The factors

PUSH

PULL

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Group as push and pull factors

ESCAPE PRESTIGE

SCENIC BEAUTY CHALLENGE

SELF DISCOVERY CULTURE

REST ADVENTURE

CLIMATE SPORTS

RELAXATION INCOME

HISTORY INFRASTRUCTURE

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Gray’s categorization 15


The Industrial Element

Consists of firms, Organisations and facilities intended to serve the specific needs and wants of tourists. Is divided into 6 funtional sectors.• Marketing: Travel Agencies, Tour operators, promotional travel writers and Publishers•Tourist Carriers: Air, rail, sea and road transports•Accommodation: Hotels, motels, homestays, resorts, guest houses•Attractions – sights, events, activities providing experiential opportunities•Miscellaneous Tourist Services: duty free soveniour shops, travel insurance agents, taxis etc, specialising in tourist market•Tourism Regulations: Associations of firms as a sectoral, regional, governmental and non governmental bodies AND Vocational Education Institutions


Leiper's Model–Diagrammatic Representation

ENVIRONMENTS: PHYSICAL, TECHNOLOGICAL,SOCIAL,CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, POLICTICAL

Departing Tourists

Tourist Generating Region Transit Route

Returning Tourists

Tourist Destination Region

Ticketing ServicesTour OperatorsTravel agentsMarketing & Promotional Activities

Channels of Transport and

Communication

AccommodationEntertainment IndustryTourist AttractionShoppingTourist Services

Push Factors

Pull Factors


Components of Tourism


Attractions


Classify

• Attractions which are Manmade and Natural attraction.


Accessibility


• Choke out Transportation Options for a travel plan of choice


Accommodation


Elements of Tourism


Leipers model

Services

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