Legislative Drafting / Interpretation - UZHfc7fe023-bb92-4017-a118... · 2019-10-09 · 25. Avoid...

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Legislative Drafting / Interpretation Felix Uhlmann Parliamentary Institute of Cambodia Phnom Penh, August 30, 2019

Transcript of Legislative Drafting / Interpretation - UZHfc7fe023-bb92-4017-a118... · 2019-10-09 · 25. Avoid...

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Prof. Dr. Felix Uhlmann 1

Legislative Drafting / Interpretation

Felix Uhlmann

Parliamentary Institute of Cambodia

Phnom Penh, August 30, 2019

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Table of Contents

I. Addressees

1. Introduction

2. Addressees' Pyramid

3. Right to Understand

II. Normativity

1. Essence of Law

2. Purpose Article and Preambles

3. Legal Definitions

III. Legal Architecture

1. Structure of the Legal Order

2. Scope

3. Inner Structure of a Law

IV. Legal Language

1. Rules of Thumbs (UK)

2. Swiss Rules (Eugen Huber

V. Vagueness und Precision

1. Constitutional Limits

2. Proper Use of Vagueness

VI. Cross References

1. Idea and Benefits

2. Caveats

VII. Primary and Secondary Legislation

1. Constitutional Limits

2. Functions of Secondary

Legislation

3. Best Practices (and Open

Questions)

4. Primary and Secondary

Legislation as an Integrated

Process

VIII. Transitional Provisions

1. Definition

2. Examples

3. Evasive Behavior

4. Summary

IX. (Practical Questions)

X. Interpretation

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I. Addressees

1. Introduction

Who reads your laws?

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I. Addressees

2. Addressees' Pyramid

- Everybody?

- Persons affected?

- Interested laymen?

- Facilitator?

- Specialists?

- Administrative authorities, courts?

Multiple addressees?

Possible addressees

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I. Addressees

2. Addressees' Pyramid

*"Laymen do not read laws" (GEORG MÜLLER)

*"Laien lesen keine Gesetze"

ALISON BERTLIN Loophole 2014, pp. 25 seq.

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I. Addressees

3. Right to Understand

Popular Initiative (Switzerland)

"Every person has a right to laws […] that areunderstandable and simply, unbureaucratically andefficiently implemented […]."

Swiss Official Journal (Bundesblatt) 2010, p. 6633

"Toute personne a droit […] à des lois compréhensibles et à leur applicationsimple, non bureaucratique et efficace […]." (FF 2010, 6047)

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I. Addressees

3. Right to Understand

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I. Addressees

3. Right to Understand

*"Legislator must clearly and exhaustively draw the public's attention to the

content of its legislative decision, otherwise the law-abiding citizen will not be

able to comply with the norm and to behave accordingly. Neither does satisfy

this requirement a norm which requires qualified legal ability and experience

as well as archivist diligence, nor one that requires subtle constitutional

knowledge, extraordinary methodological ability and a certain desire to solve

brain-teasers." (Austrian Constitutional Court)

*"Der Gesetzgeber muss der breiten Öffentlichkeit den Inhalt seines Gesetzesbeschlusses in klarer und

erschöpfender Weise zur Kenntnis bringen […], da anderenfalls der Normunterworfene nicht die Möglichkeit

hat, sich der Norm gemäß zu verhalten. Diesem Erfordernis entspricht weder eine Vorschrift, zu deren

Sinnermittlung qualifizierte juristische Befähigung und Erfahrung sowie geradezu archivarischer Fleiss

vonnöten ist, noch eine solche zu deren Verständnis subtile verfassungsrechtliche Kenntnisse,

außerordentliche methodische Fähigkeiten und eine gewisse Lust zum Lösen von Denksport-Aufgaben

erforderlich ist."

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I. Addressees

3. Right to Understand

Plain language is desirable but …

… may be less precise,

… may pretend simplicity but conceal the complexity of the law,

… may be more difficult to read for experts,

… may falsely suggest to laymen that all legal aspects have been

resolved.

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II. Normativity

1. Essence of Law

"A cleaning schedule must be established for all production facilities. Planning

prevents that inappropriate cleaning procedures affect the quality of milk and of

milk products"

(Example of the Swiss Federal Chancellery)

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II. Normativity

1. Essence of Law

"Low-beam lights shall also used during the day."

(Example of the Swiss Federal Chancellery)

•Dimmed headlights shall also be switched on in motor vehivles during the day

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II. Normativity

1. Essence of Law

Laws contain norms (rules) und nothing but norms. They

should not encompass

… descriptions

… explanations,

… reasons,

… declarations

… calls and appeals,

… motives of the law.

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II. Normativity

2. Purpose Article and Preambles

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II. Normativity

2. Purpose Article and Preambles

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II. Normativity

3. Legal Definitions

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II. Normativity

3. Legal Definitions

Legal Definitions are

valuable tools

(consistency, shortness)

but avoid

… self-evident definitions,

… "surprise" definitions,

… definitions with

normative content.

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III. Legal Architecture

1. Structure of the Legal Order

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III. Legal Architecture

1. Structure of the Legal Order

Law A Law B Law C Law D

Constitution

Secondary Legislation

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III. Legal Architecture

1. Structure of the Legal Order

Law A Law C Law D

Constitution

Secondary Legislation

Law B

Constitutional Transgression

Overlapping Scope

Unnecessary Norms Gaps

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III. Legal Architecture

2. Scope

Before a new law is passed,…

… one must examine whether an existing law may be amended,

and in case of a new law whether it fits into the legal order,

i.e. the scope of the new law is well tailored

… personally,

… in substance,

… geographically,

… temporally.

Errors in scope typically lead to unclear legal situations.

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III. Legal Architecture

2. Scope

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III. Legal Architecture

2. Scope

Scope in

substance

(example)

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III. Legal Architecture

2. Scope

Explicit regulation on scopes (example)

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III. Legal Architecture

3. Inner Structure of a Law

Law A

- Purpose / aim

- Legal definitions

- Scope

- General principles

Substantive provisions in

- logical,

- chronological, or

- factual

order, if possible.

- Implementation

- Evaluation clauses

- Transitional provisions

- Sunset clauses

- Commencement

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IV. Legal Language

1. Rules of Thumbs (UK)

The pursuit of clarity - general rules

1. Write simply but precisely.

2. Draft for users with their various standpoints always in mind.

3. Be very clear about the purposes of the legislation and make sure that purpose is

manifest.

4. Organise material logically, and chronologically where appropriate, at every level (ie the

whole statute, Parts, Subparts, sections, schedules).

5. Consider the use of supplementary aids to facilitate communication (diagrams, examples,

notes, etc).

6. Develop consistency of style and approach.

7. Revise the text with simplicity and precision in mind (as often as circumstances permit).

8. Test the draft in relation to comprehensibility.

HELEN XHANTAKI, Thorntons's Legislative Drafting, 5th ed.,

West Sussex 2013, pp. 57 seq.

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IV. Legal Language

1. Rules of Thumbs (UK)

The pursuit of clarity - rules for drafting sentences

9. Draft in the present tense.

10. Avoid long sentences, particularly if unparagraphed.

11. Prefer the active voice to the passive.

12. Prefer the positive to the negative.

13. Avoid double negatives and beyond.

14. Follow conventional word order.

15. Don't split verb forms unnecessarily.

16. Paragraph with restraint and care.

17. Avoid subparagraphs and sub-subparagraphs.

18. Avoid nominalisations.

19. Use cross-references with restraint.

20. Punctuate conventionally and with restraint.

HELEN XHANTAKI, Thorntons's Legislative Drafting, 5th ed.,

West Sussex 2013, pp. 57 seq.

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IV. Legal Language

1. Rules of Thumbs (UK)

The pursuit of clarity - rules for drafting sentences

21. Omit unnecessary words.

22. Prefer the familiar word.

23. Choose the exact word.

24. Avoid archaic and legalese words.

25. Avoid non-English expressions.

26. Avoid emotive words.

27. Use informal and recently coined words with distractions.

28. Use one word and not more if one word will do.

29. Use words consistently.

HELEN XHANTAKI, Thorntons's Legislative Drafting, 5th ed.,

West Sussex 2013, pp. 57 seq.

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IV. Legal Language

2. Swiss Rules (Eugen Huber)

- No more than three paragraphs per article

- Only one sentence per paragraph

- Only one norm per sentence

- Short and easy sentences

- Cross references only by words (content)

Eugen Huber, Drafter of Swiss Civil Code of 1907

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IV. Legal Language

2. Swiss Rules (Eugen Huber)

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IV. Legal Language

2. Swiss Rules (Eugen Huber)

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V. Vagueness und Precision

1. Constitutional Limits

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V. Vagueness und Precision

1. Constitutional Limits

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V. Vagueness und Precision

1. Constitutional Limits

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V. Vagueness und Precision

1. Constitutional Limits

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V. Vagueness und Precision

2. Proper Use of Vagueness

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V. Vagueness und Precision

2. Proper Use of Vagueness

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V. Vagueness und Precision

2. Proper Use of Vagueness

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V. Vagueness und Precision

2. Proper Use of Vagueness

Vagueness …

… may pose a constitutional problem,

… may be replaced by more detailed rules (which usually but not

always lead to more predictability),

… must be justified if a more precise rule is available,

… must be thought about in the light who might benefit from it.

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VI. Cross References

1. Idea and Benefits

Law A Law BImport of a rule from

law B into law A by a

norm in law A

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VI. Cross References

1. Idea and Benefits

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VI. Cross References

2. Caveats

Law A Law BImport of a rule from

law B into law A by a

norm in law A

Law CChain of references

may be hard to read

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VI. Cross References

2. Caveats

Law A Law BImport of a rule from

law B into law A by a

norm in law A

Law B

amended

Does rule from law B

apply in the original

or in the amended

version?

(static or dynamic

cross reference)

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VI. Cross References

2. Caveats

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VI. Cross References

2. Caveats

Law A Law BImport of a rule from

law B into law A by a

norm in law A

Secondary

legislation or

private

standards

May legislator refer

to other legal

sources than laws?

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VI. Cross References

Cross references are useful because they

… save words,

… enhance consistency,

but should be critically assessed in the light of …

… possible confusion,

… limits by the principle of legality (possible delegation)

2. Caveats

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VII. Primary and Secondary Legislation

1. Constitutional Limits

Laws

Secondary Legislation

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VII. Primary and Secondary Legislation

1. Constitutional Limits

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VII. Primary and Secondary Legislation

1. Constitutional Limits

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VII. Primary and Secondary Legislation

2. Functions of Secondary Legislation

Functions of secondary legislation are …

… concretizing primary legislation,

… supplementing primary legislation,

… streamlining implementation,

… (possibly) guiding courts,

… establishing transparency.

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VII. Primary and Secondary Legislation

3. Best Practices (and Open Questions)

Secondary legislation must be critically assessed in the light

of …

… the principle of legality,

… the power of the government and of administrative authorities

that comes with the power to enact secondary legislation,

… Parliamentary oversight,

… publication and consultation procedures,

… drafting quality,

… management of secondary legislation.

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VII. Primary and Secondary Legislation

4. Primary and Secondary Legislation as an Integrated Process

Law

Admin.

PracticeAdmin. Rules

Secondary

Legislation

Admin. RulesAdmin.

Practice

State Action

Co

ncre

tiza

tio

n

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VIII. Transitional Provisions

1. Definition

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VIII. Transitional Provisions

2. Examples

Felix Uhlmann

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VIII. Transitional Provisions

2. Examples

Felix Uhlmann

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VIII. Transitional Provisions

2. Examples

Felix Uhlmann

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VIII. Transitional Provisions

3. Evasive Behavior

Felix Uhlmann

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VIII. Transitional Provisions

3. Evasive Behavior

Felix Uhlmann

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VIII. Transitional Provisions

4. Summary

Transitional provisions define the temporal scope of an act.

Special consideration must be give to …

… existing rights and duties (e.g. licenses),

… necessary time to adapt to new regulation,

… pending proceedings,

… evasive behavior (and the problem of retroactivity)

Felix Uhlmann

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IX. Practical Questions

Read the Federal Act on Data Protection.

1. Who are the likely addressees of this act?

2. Discuss the aim (goals) of the act.

3. Discuss the legal definitions of the act.

4. Discuss the inner structure of the act.

5. Is article 13 of the act vague? If so why and do you see

possibilities to make it more precise?

6. Are there cross references? If so, comment.

7. Do you see room for secondary legislation to this act?

8. Discuss the transitional provisions of the act.

9. What other remarks do you have?

Federal Act on Data Protection

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X. Interpretation

National Tradition / Rule of Law

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X. Interpretation

Doctrinal Approaches

1. Textual Approach, Wording ( addressees and language; legal definitions)

2. Systematic Approach ( legal architecture)

3. Teleological Approach ( aims; purpose article and preamble)

4. Historical Approach (legal materials, reports etc.; public consultation)

5. Contemporary Approach

6. Constitutional Approach ( primary and secondary legislation)

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X. Interpretation

Examples

1. "Reverse parking is prohibited in this garage." May I park my electric car in reverse?

2. "No person may, wholly or in part, renounce his or her legal capacity or his or her capacity

to act" (art. 27 para. 1 Swiss Civil Code). How does one concretize such a provision?

3. Legislator "forgets" to tax a situation although it is clear from the legal materials that it

intended to do so. Should the courts correct this mistake?

4. "The parent-child relationship is formed between child and mother on the birth of the child"

(art. 252 para. 1 Swiss Civil Code). How do we apply this provision in case of surrogate

mothers?

5. A wife kills her husband. Is she entitled to a widow's pension after having served her time

in prison? (The law does stipulate an exception.)

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Prof. Dr. Felix Uhlmann 1

ការតាក់តែងធ្វើធេចកតើព្រាងចាប់/ការបកព្រាយចាប់Felix Uhlmann

វទិ្យាាា នេភាកម្ពុជា

រាជធានើភ្នំធេញ ថ្ងៃទ្យើ ៣០ តែ េើហា ឆ្ន ំ ២០១៩

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Felix Uhlmann 2

តារាងមាែិកាI. អ្នកព្រែវូអានចាប់

១. ធេចកតើធ្តើម្២. តារាងេើរា៉ា ម្ើែអ្នកព្រែូវចាប់៣. េិទ្យធិយល់ដឹងេើចាប់

II. វធិានតដលចងធោយចាប់១. ារៈេំខាន់ថ្នចាប់២. ធោលបំណងថ្នមាព្រតា និងបុេវកា៣. និយម្ន័យចាប់

III. ាា បែយកម្មចាប់១. រចនាេម្ព័នធថ្នឋានានុព្រកម្ចាប់២. វាិលភាេ៣. រចនាេម្ព័នធខាងកនុងថ្នចាប់

IV. ភាាចាប់១. វធិានរមួ្ (ចព្រកភ្េអ្ង់ធលេេ)២. វធិានេវើេ (Eugen Huber)

V. ភាេម្និចាេ់ និងភាេចាេ់១. តដនកំណែ់ថ្នរដឋ្ម្មនុញ្ញ២. ការធព្របើព្រាេ់ភាេមិ្នចាេ់លាេ់ានព្រែឹម្ព្រែូវ

VI. ការធ្ទៀងផ្ទទ ែ់ឯការធោង១. លំនិែ និង្លព្របធោជន៍២. បព្រមាម្/លកខែណឌ

VII. ចាប់ និងលែិែិបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់១. តដនកំណែ់ថ្នរដឋ្ម្មនុញ្ញ២. មុ្ែងារថ្នលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់៣. ការអ្នុវែតលអៗ (និងេំណួរធបើក)៤. ចាប់ និងលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់ជាដំធណើ រការចព្រម្រុះម្ួយ

VIII. អ្នតរបបញ្ញែតិ១. និយម្ន័យ២. ឧទាហរណ៍៣. ឥរោិបងធលចធវុះ៤. េធងខប

IX. (េណួំរអ្នុវែត)X. ការបកព្រាយចាប់

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Felix Uhlmann 3

I. អ្នកព្រែូវអានចាប់១. ធេចកតើធ ត្ើម្

ធែើនរណាជាអ្នកអានចាប់របេ់អ្នក?

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Felix Uhlmann 4

I. អ្នកព្រែូវអានចាប់២. តារាងេើរា៉ា ម្ើែថ្នអ្នកព្រែូវអានចាប់

- ម្នុេសព្រលប់រូប?- បុលគលតដលរងឥទ្យធេិលេើចាប់?- ព្រលហេាតដលចាប់អារម្មណ៍? - អ្នកេព្រម្បេព្រម្ួល?- អ្នកឯកធទ្យេ? - អាជាា ្ររដឋាល ែុលាការ?

ធែើមានអ្នកព្រែវូអានចាប់ធព្រចើនតដរធទ្យ?

អ្នកតដលអាចជាអ្នកព្រែវូអានចាប់មានដូចជា៖

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Felix Uhlmann 5

I. អ្នកព្រែូវអានចាប់២. េើរា៉ា ម្ើែថ្នអ្នកព្រែូវអានចាប់

*" ព្រលហេាមិ្នអានចាប់ធទ្យ" (GEORG MÜLLER)

*"Laien lesen keine Gesetze"

ALISON BERTLIN Loophole 2014, pp. 25 seq.

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Felix Uhlmann 6

I. អ្នកព្រែូវអានចាប់៣. េិទ្យធិយល់ដឹងេើចាប់

ធេចកតើ ត្ួចធ ត្ើម្ធេញនិយម្ម្យួ (េវើេ)“ម្នុេសព្រលប់រូបមានមានេិទ្យធិដឹងេើចាប់ […] តដលងាយយល់ និងអ្នុវែតធោយាម្ញ្ញ មិ្នមានលកខណៈការោិ្ិបធែយយ និងព្របកបធោយព្របេិទ្យធភាេ […] "

Swiss Official Journal (Bundesblatt) 2010, p. 6633

"Toute personne a droit […] à des lois compréhensibles et à leur applicationsimple, non bureaucratique et efficace […]." (FF 2010, 6047)

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Felix Uhlmann / Stefan Höfler 7

I. អ្នកព្រែូវអានចាប់៣. េិទ្យធិយល់ដឹងេើចាប់

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Felix Uhlmann 8

I. អ្នកព្រែូវអានចាប់៣. េិទ្យធិយល់ដឹងេើចាប់

*«អ្នកតាក់តែងចាប់ព្រែូវធ្វើោ៉ា ងណាឲ្យាធារណៈជនទូ្យធៅានដងឹេើអ្ែាន័យថ្នការេធព្រម្ចចែិតធ្វើចាប់ឲ្យានចាេ់លាេ់ នងិទូ្យលំទូ្យលាយ ធបើម្និដូធចាន ុះធទ្យ បុលគលតដលធោរេចាប់ធនាុះនងឹម្និអាចអ្នុធលាម្តាម្បទ្យោឋ ននងិអ្នុវែតតាម្ចាប់ធនាុះានធទ្យ ។ ោម នបុលគលណាមួ្យអាចបំធេញតាម្លកខែណឌ តដលបទ្យោឋ នែព្រម្ូវឲ្យមានេម្ែាភាេនងិបទ្យេិធា្ន៍ត្នកចាប់តដលមានលុណវឌុ្ឍិ ក៏ដូចជាភាេឧេាហ៍របេ់អ្នករកាទុ្យកឯការានធទ្យ ធហើយក៏ម្ិនែព្រម្ូវឲ្យមានចំធណុះដងឹទាក់ទ្យងនងឹរដឋ្ម្មនុញ្ញ េម្ែាភាេត្នកវ ិ្ ើាស្រេត នងិបំណងជាក់លាក់ណាមួ្យធដើម្បើធោុះព្រាយបញ្ហា » ។ (ែុលាការរដឋ្ ម្មនុញ្ញព្របធទ្យេអូ្ព្រទ្យើេ)

*"Der Gesetzgeber muss der breiten Öffentlichkeit den Inhalt seines Gesetzesbeschlusses in klarer und

erschöpfender Weise zur Kenntnis bringen […], da anderenfalls der Normunterworfene nicht die Möglichkeit

hat, sich der Norm gemäß zu verhalten. Diesem Erfordernis entspricht weder eine Vorschrift, zu deren

Sinnermittlung qualifizierte juristische Befähigung und Erfahrung sowie geradezu archivarischer Fleiss

vonnöten ist, noch eine solche zu deren Verständnis subtile verfassungsrechtliche Kenntnisse,

außerordentliche methodische Fähigkeiten und eine gewisse Lust zum Lösen von Denksport-Aufgaben

erforderlich ist."

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Felix Uhlmann 9

I. អ្នកព្រែូវអានចាប់៣. េិទ្យធិយល់ដឹងេើចាប់

ធលចង់ានភាាចាបា់ម្ញ្ញ ប៉ាុតនត ... … អាចមិ្នេូវចាេល់ាេ់… អាចធម្ើលធៅងាយព្រេួល ប៉ាុតនតបងកប់នូវភាេេមុលាម ញ… អាចេិាកអានេព្រមាប់អ្នកជំនាញ… អាចព្រាប់ដល់ព្រលហេាធោយមិ្នេិែា រាល់ទិ្យដឋភាេចាបព់្រែូវានធោុះព្រាយ ។

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Felix Uhlmann 10

II. វធិានតដលចងធោយចាប់១. ារៈេំខានថ់្នចាប់

«ព្រែូវមានតារាងធេលធវលាេមាអ ែេព្រមាប់រាល់ឧបករណ៍្លិែកម្មទាងំអ្េ់ ។ ត្នការជួយរារាងំម្ិនឲ្យនើែវិ ិ្ ើេមាអ ែម្និព្រែមឹ្ព្រែវូ ប៉ាុះាល់ដល់លុណភាេទ្យឹកធោុះធោ និង្លិែ្លទ្យឹកធោុះធោ» ។

(ឧទាហរណ៍េើាា នអ្្ិការបែើេហេ័នធេវើេ)

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Felix Uhlmann 11

II. វធិានតដលចងធោយចាប់១. ារៈេំខាន់ថ្នចាប់

«ធៅធេលថ្ងៃ ធលក៏អាចធបើកធភ្េើងចធងកៀងែចិៗានតដរ» ។(ឧទាហរណ៍េើាា នអ្្កិារបែើេហេ័នធេវើេ)

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Felix Uhlmann 12

II. វធិានតដលចងធោយចាប់

១. ារៈេំខានថ់្នចាប់

ចាបរ់មួ្មានបទ្យោឋ ន (វធិាន) ។ ចាប់មិ្នលរួបញ្ចូល… ការបរោិយ… ការេនយល់… មូ្លធហែុ… ធេចកតើព្របកាេ… ការអ្ំាវនាវ… មូ្លធហែុថ្នចាប់

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Felix Uhlmann 13

II. វធិានតដលចងធោយចាប់២. ធោលបំណងថ្នមាព្រតា និងបុេវកា

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Felix Uhlmann 14

II. វធិានតដលចងធោយចាប់២. ធោលបំណងថ្នមាព្រតា និងបុេវកា

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Felix Uhlmann 15

II. វធិានតដលចងធោយចាប់៣. និយម្ន័យចាប់

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Felix Uhlmann 16

II. វធិានតដលចងធោយចាប់

៣. និយម្ន័យចាប់

និយម្ន័យចាប់ លឺជាឧបករណ៍មានែថ្ម្េម្យួ (េងគែភាេ េធងខប) ប៉ាុតនតធជៀេវាង៖… និយម្ន័យចាេ់ៗ… និយម្ន័យតដលមានភាេ«ភាៃ ក់ធ អ្ើល» … និយម្ន័យតដលមានអ្ែានយ័ជាឯកចឆនទ ។

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Felix Uhlmann 17

III. ាា បែយកម្មចាប់១. រចនាេម្ព័នធថ្នឋានានុព្រកម្ចាប់

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Felix Uhlmann 18

III. ាា បែយកម្មចាប់

១. រចនាេម្ព័នធថ្នឋានានុព្រកម្ចាប់

ចាប់ ក ចាប់ ែ ចាប់ ល ចាប់ ឃ

រដឋ្ម្មនុញ្ញ

លិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់

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Felix Uhlmann 19

III. ាា បែយកម្មចាប់១. រចនាេម្ព័នធថ្នឋានានុព្រកម្ចាប់

ចាប់ ក ចាប់ ល ចាប់ ឃ

រដឋ្ម្មនុញ្ញ

លិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់

ចាប់ ែ

ការរធំលាភ្រដឋ្ ម្មនុញ្ញ

វាិលភាេជាន់ោន

បទ្យោឋ នម្និចាាំច់ លមាេ ែ

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III.ាា បែយកម្មចាប់

២. វាិលភាេ

មុ្នធេលចាប់ងមើម្យួព្រែូវានអ្នុម័្ែ ... … ាា ប័នព្រែូវេិនិែយាធែើចាប់តដលានចូលជា្រមាន អាចព្រែូវានធ វ្ើវធិា្នកម្មតដរឬធទ្យធហើយកនុងករណើ ចាប់ងមើ ាធែើវាព្រែូវនឹងឋានានុព្រកម្ចាបត់ដរឬធទ្យ ។ ឧ. វាិលភាេថ្នចាប់ងមើព្រែូវានធរៀបចំោ៉ា ងលអ… ជាលកខណៈបុលគល

… ជាារធាែុ… តាម្លកខណៈភូ្មិ្ាស្រេត… ជាកាលិក ។ែោួ៉ា ងកំហុេឆ្គងកនុងវាិលភាេនាឲំ្យមានាា នភាេចាប់មិ្នចាេល់ាេ់ ។

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III.ាា បែយកម្មចាប់

២. វាិលភាេ

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III. ាា បែយកម្មចាប់

២. វាិលភាេ

វាិលភាេធៅកនុងារធាែុ(ឧទាហរណ៍)

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III.ាា បែយកម្មចាប់

២. វាិលភាេ

បទ្យបបញ្ញែតជិាក់លាក់ទាក់ទ្យងនឹងវាិលភាេ (ឧទាហរណ៍)

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III.ាា បែយកម្មចាប់

៣. រចនាេម្ព័នធខាងកនុងថ្នចាប់

ចាប់ ក

- ធោលបំណង- និយម្ន័យចាប់- វាិលភាេ- ធោលការណ៍ទូ្យធៅ

បទ្យបបញ្ញែតេំិខាន់ៗតាម្- ធហែុ្ល- ឋានានុព្រកម្ ឬ- ការេិែ ព្របេិនធបើអាច ។

- ការអ្នុវែត- ែវាយែថ្ម្េ- អ្នតរបញ្ញែតិ- ែបធណាត ុះអាេនន (Sunset

clauses)- ការចាប់ធ្តើម្

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IV. ភាាចាប់១. វធិានរមួ្(ចព្រកភ្េអ្ង់ធលេេ)

ធដើម្បើទ្យទួ្យលាននូវភាេចាេ់លាេ់ -មានវធិានទូ្យធៅដូចខាងធព្រកាម្៖១. េរធេរាម្ញ្ញ ប៉ាុតនតចាេ់លាេ់២. ព្រាងេព្រមាប់អ្នកធព្របើព្រាេ់ តដលតែងតែមានទ្យេសនៈជាក់លាក់៣. ព្រែូវមានធោលបំណងថ្នការតាក់តែងចាបច់ាេ់លាេ់ ធហើយព្រាកដាធោលបំណងធនាុះលឺេិែព្រាកដ៤. ធរៀបចំអ្ែាបទ្យតាម្ធហែុ្ល និងលំោប់លំធោយ ធៅព្រលប់កព្រមិ្ែទាងំអ្េ់ ព្របេិនធបើចាាំច់ (ឧ.លកខនតិកៈ

ទាងំមូ្ល ជាត្នក ត្នករង/មាព្រតា ឧបេម្ព័នធ) ៥. េិចារណារេើការធព្របើព្រាេ់ជំនួយបតនាម្ធដើម្បើេព្រមួ្លដល់ការទំ្យនាក់ទំ្យនង (វជិលធលែ ឧទាហរណ៍

កំណែ់េមាគ ល់ ។ល។)៦. បធងកើែេងគែភាេថ្នរចនាបង និងវ ិ្ ើាស្រេត៧. េិនិែយធម្ើលធ ើងវញិនូវអ្ែាបទ្យតដលមានភាេាម្ញ្ញ និងចាេ់លាេ់ធៅកនុងចិែត (តាម្តដលកាលៈធទ្យេៈ

អ្នុញ្ហញ ែ)៨. ធ វ្ើធែេតធេចកតើព្រាងទាក់ទ្យងនឹងភាេអាចយល់ាន ។

HELEN XHANTAKI, Thorntons's Legislative Drafting, 5th ed.,

West Sussex 2013, pp. 57 seq.

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IV. ភាាចាប់១. វធិានរមួ្(ចព្រកភ្េអ្ង់ធលេេ)

ធដើម្បើទ្យទួ្យលាននូវភាេចាេ់លាេ់ -មានវធិានធដើម្បើព្រាងព្របធោលដូចខាងធព្រកាម្៖៩. ព្រាងធោយធព្របើកិរោិេេទបចចុបបននកាល១០. ធជៀេវាងព្របធោលតវងៗ ជាេិធេេ ព្របេិនធបើមិ្នានតចកជាកាែណឌ១១. ធព្របើព្របធោលតបបេកម្មជាជាងព្របធោលអ្កម្ម១២. ធព្របើព្របធោលតបបវជិជមានជាជាងព្របធោលអ្វជិជមាន១៣. ធជៀេវាងព្របធោលតដលធព្របើកិរោិេ័េទបដិធេ្ធព្រចើនដង១៤. អ្នុវែតតាម្លំោប់ថ្នាកយាម្ញ្ញ១៥. ព្របេិនធបើមិ្នចាាំច់ កំុបំតបកទ្យព្រម្ង់កិរោិេេទ១៦. តចកជាកាែណឌ ធោយវធិានកំណែ់ម្ួយនិងការយកចិែតទុ្យកោក់១៧. ធជៀេវាងតបងតចកជាកាែណឌ រង និងកាែណឌ រងបនត១៨. ធជៀេវាងការធព្របើាកយតដលមិ្នតម្នជានាម្ឲ្យម្កជានាម្១៩. ធព្របើការធ ទ្ៀងផ្ទទ ែ់ឯការធោង ធោយវធិានកំណែ់មួ្យ២០. ធព្របើេញ្ហញ វណណយុែតិ និងតាម្វធិានកំណែ់មួ្យ ។

HELEN XHANTAKI, Thorntons's Legislative Drafting, 5th ed.,

West Sussex 2013, pp. 57 seq.

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IV. ភាាចាប់១. វធិានរមួ្(ចព្រកភ្េអ្ង់ធលេេ)

ធដើម្បើទ្យទួ្យលាននូវភាេចាេ់លាេ់ -មានវធិានធដើម្បើព្រាងព្របធោលដូចខាងធព្រកាម្៖២១. លុបាកយមិ្នចាាំច់ធចញ២២. ធព្រជើេធរ ើេយកាកយតដលធលាគ ល់២៣. ធព្រជើេធរ ើេាកយចំៗ២៤. ធជៀេវាងាកយហួេេម្័យ និងបធចចកធទ្យេចាប់២៥. ធជៀេវាងឃ្លេ ធឃ្លេ ងតដលមិ្នធព្របើកនុងភាាអ្ង់ធលេេ២៦. ធជៀេវាងាកយតដលបងាា ញេើអារម្មណ៍២៧. ធព្របើាកយាម្ញ្ញៗ និងបធងកើែងមើៗ២៨. ធព្របើតែាកយមួ្យមា៉ា ែ់ ព្របេិនធបើាកយមួ្យមា៉ា ែ់មានអ្ែាន័យព្រលប់ព្រោន់២៩. ធព្របើាកយឲ្យមានេងគែភាេ ។

HELEN XHANTAKI, Thorntons's Legislative Drafting, 5th ed.,

West Sussex 2013, pp. 57 seq.

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IV. ភាាចាប់២. វធិានេវើេ (Eugen Huber)

- ម្ិនព្រែូវមានធព្រចើនជាងបើកាែណឌ កនុងមួ្យមាព្រតា- មានតែមួ្យព្របធោលកនុងមួ្យកាែណឌ- មានតែបទ្យោឋ នមួ្យកនុងមួ្យព្របធោល- ព្របធោលែេើ និងងាយព្រេួល- ព្រែូវធ្ទៀងផ្ទទ ែ់ឯការធោង តាម្អ្កសរតែប៉ាុធណាណ ុះ (អ្ែាន័យ)

Eugen Huber, អ្នកព្រាងព្រកម្រដឋបបធវណើ េវើេ ឆ្ន ំ ១៩០៧

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IV. ភាាចាប់២. វធិានេវើេ (Eugen Huber)

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IV. ភាាចាប់២. វធិានេវើេ (Eugen Huber)

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V. ភាេម្ិនចាេ់ និងភាេចាេ់លាេ់១. តដនកំណែ់ថ្នរដឋ្ម្មនុញ្ញ

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V. ភាេមិ្នចាេ់ និងភាេចាេ់១. តដនកំណែ់ថ្នរដឋ្ម្មនុញ្ញ

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Felix Uhlmann 33

V. ភាេម្ិនចាេ់ និងភាេចាេ់១. តដនកំណែថ់្នរដឋ្ ម្មនុញ្ញ

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Felix Uhlmann 34

V. ភាេមិ្នចាេ់ និងភាេចាេ់១. តដនកំណែ់ថ្នរដឋ្ម្មនុញ្ញ

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Felix Uhlmann 35

V. ភាេមិ្នចាេ់ និងភាេចាេ់២. ការធព្របើភាេមិ្នចាេ់លាេ់ានព្រែឹម្ព្រែូវ

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Felix Uhlmann 36

V. ភាេមិ្នចាេ់ និងភាេចាេ់លាេ់២. ការធព្របើភាេមិ្នចាេ់លាេ់ានព្រែឹម្ព្រែូវ

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V. Vagueness und Precision

2. Proper Use of Vagueness

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V. ភាេមិ្នចាេ់ និងភាេចាេ់លាេ់

២. ការធព្របើភាេមិ្នចាេ់លាេ់ានព្រែឹម្ព្រែូវ

ភាេមិ្នចាេ់លាេ់ ...… អាចបងកបញ្ហា ដល់រដឋ្ម្មនុញ្ញ… អាចជំនួេធោយវធិានតដលលម្អិែជាង (ប៉ាុតនតម្ិននាឲំ្យមានការេាករណ៍កាន់តែធព្រចើនធនាុះធទ្យ)

… ព្រែូវតែ្តល់ធហែុ្លឲ្យានព្រែមឹ្ព្រែវូ ព្របេិនធបើមានវធិានចាេ់លាេ់ជាងធនុះ… ព្រែូវលិែធៅធេលតដលនរណាមាន ក់អាចទ្យទួ្យល្លព្របធោជន៍េើភាេម្និចាេ់លាេ់់ធនុះ ។

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VI. ការធ្ទៀងផ្ទទ ែ់ឯការធោង១. លំនិែ និងអ្ែាព្របធោជន៍

ចាប់ ក ចាប់ ែយកវធិានេើចាប់ ែ បញ្ចូ លធៅធៅកនុងចាប់ ក តាម្បទ្យោឋ នធៅកនុងចាប់ ក

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VI. ការធ្ទៀងផ្ទទ ែ់ឯការធោង១. លំនិែ និងអ្ែាព្របធោជន៍

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VI. ការធ្ទៀងផ្ទទ ែ់ឯការធោង២. លកខែណឌ

ចាប់ ក ចាប់ ែយកវធិានេើចាប់ ែ បញ្ចូ លធៅកនុងចាប់ ក តាម្វធិានតដលមានធៅកនុងចាប់ ក

ចាប់ លឯការធោងធព្រចើនអាចនឹងេិាកអាន

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VI. ការធ្ទៀងផ្ទទ ែ់ឯការធោង២. លកខែណឌ

ចាប់ ក ចាប់ ែយកវធិានម្កេើចាប់ ែ បញ្ចូ លធៅកនុងចាប់ ក តាម្បទ្យោឋ នធៅកនុងចាប់ ក

ចាប់ ែ តដលានធ្វើវធិា្នកម្ម

ធែើវធិានតដលយកេើចាប់ ែព្រែូវអ្នុវែតធៅកនុងឯការធដើម្ ឬឯការធ្វើវធិា្នកម្ម?(ការធ្ទៀងផ្ទទ ែ់ឯការធោងតដលម្ិនតព្របព្របលួ ឬឌ្ើណាម្ិក)

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VI. ការធ្ទៀងផ្ទទ ែ់ឯការធោង២. លកខែណឌ

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VI. ការធ្ទៀងផ្ទទ ែ់ឯការធោង២. លកខែណឌ

ចាប់ ក Law BImport of a rule from

law B into law A by a

norm in law A

លិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់

ឬេតង់ោរឯកជនធែើអ្នកតាក់តែងចាប់េមាអ ងធលើព្របភ្េចាប់ធ្សងធទ្យៀែធព្រៅេើចាប់តដរឬធទ្យ?

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VI. ការធ្ទៀងផ្ទទ ែ់ឯការធោង

ការធ្ទៀងផ្ទទ ែឯ់ការធោងមានារៈេខំាន់ ធោយារតែវា… ជយួេនសាំកយ… បធងកើនេងគែភាេប៉ាុតនតលរួតែវាយែថ្ម្េធោយម្៉ាែច់ែ់ ធោយារតែ ...… អាចមានការយល់ព្រច ំ… កព្រមិ្ែធោយធោលការណ៍នើែានុកូលភាេ (អាចធ ទ្រេទិ្យធិ)

២. លកខែណឌ

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VII. ចាប់ និងលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់១. តដនកំណែ់ថ្នរដឋ្ម្មនុញ្ញ

ចាប់

លិែែិបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់

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VII. ចាប់ និងលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់១. តដនកំណែ់ថ្នរដឋ្ ម្មនុញ្ញ

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VII. ចាប់ និងលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់១. តដនកំណែថ់្នរដឋ្ ម្មនុញ្ញ

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VII. ចាប់ និងលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់២. មុ្ែងារថ្នលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់

មុ្ែងារថ្នលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់ លឺ ...… ធ វ្ើឲ្យចាប់កាន់តែចាេ់… ជំនយួដល់ចាប់… ធ វ្ើឲ្យការអ្នុវែតកាន់តែមានព្របេិទ្យធភាេ… ជយួែុលាការ (ព្របេិនធបើអាច) … បធងកើែែមាេ ភាេ ។

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VII. ការធរៀបចំចាប់ និងលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់៣. ការអ្នុវែតលអៗ (និងេំណួរធបើក)

លិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់ ព្រែូវតែវាយែថ្ម្េឲ្យានដិែដល់ ធោយារតែ ...… ធោលការណ៍នើែានុកូលភាេ… អំ្ណាចរបេ់រោឋ ភិ្ាល និងរបេ់អាជាា ្ររដឋាលតដលមានអ្ណំាចអ្នុម្័ែលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់

… មុ្ែងារព្រែួែេិនិែយរបេ់េភា… នើែិវ ិ្ ើធាុះេុម្ព្ាយ និង េិធព្រោុះធោបល់… លុណភាេថ្នការធ វ្ើធេចកតើព្រាងចាប់… ការព្រលប់ព្រលងលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់ ។

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51

VII. ចាប់ និងលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់៤. ចាប់ និងលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់ជាដំធណើ រការចព្រម្រុះម្យួ

ចាប់

ការអ្នុវែតរដឋាល

វធិានរដឋាល

លិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់

វធិានរដឋាល ការអ្នុវែតរដឋាល

េកម្មភាេរដឋ

ធ្វ ើឲ្យចាេ់លាេ់

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52

VIII. អ្នតរបបញ្ញែតិ១. និយម្ន័យ

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VIII. អ្នតរបបញ្ញែតិ២. ឧទាហរណ៍

Felix Uhlmann

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VIII. អ្នតរបបញ្ញែតិ២. ឧទាហរណ៍

Felix Uhlmann

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VIII. អ្នតរបបញ្ញែតិ២. ឧទាហរណ៍

Felix Uhlmann

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VIII. អ្នតរបបញ្ញែតិ៣. ឥរោិបងធលចធវុះ

Felix Uhlmann

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VIII. អ្នតរបបញ្ញែតិ៣. ឥរោិបងធលចធវុះ

Felix Uhlmann

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VIII. អ្នតរបបញ្ញែតិ៤. េធងខប

អ្នតរបបញ្ញែតកំិណែ់នូវវាិលភាេថ្នចាប់ជាកាលិក ។ ព្រែូវធ វ្ើការេិចារណាជាេិធេេចំធាុះ...… េិទ្យធិ និងករណើ យកិចចតដលមាន (ឧ. អាជាា ប័ណណ)… ធេលធវលាចាាំច់ធដើម្បើេព្រម្បែេួនធៅនឹងលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នងមើ… នើែិវ ិ្ ើបណតឹ ងរង់ចាំ… ឥរោិបងធលចធវុះ (និងបញ្ហា ថ្នព្របែិេកម្ម)

Felix Uhlmann

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IX. េំណួរអ្នុវែតន៍

ចូរអានចាប់េហេ័នធេតើេើការការារទិ្យននន័យ ។១. ធែើនរណាែេុះទំ្យនងជាអ្នកអ្នុវែតចាប់ធនុះ?២. ចូរេិភាកាេើធោលបំណងថ្នចាប់ធនុះ ។៣. ចូរេិភាកាេើនិយម្ន័យចាប់ថ្នចាប់ធនុះ ។៤. ចូរេិភាកាេើរចនាេម្ពន័ធខាងកនុងថ្នចាប់ធនុះ ។៥. ធែើមាព្រតា ១៣ ថ្នចាប់ធនុះមិ្នចាេ់ឬ? ព្របេិនធបើដូធចនុះ ធែើធហែុអ្វើ?ធហើយធែើអ្នកធឃើញេើលទ្យធភាេធ វ្ើឲ្យវាកាន់តែចាេ់ជាងធនុះានឬធទ្យ? ៦. ធែើមានការធ ទ្ៀងផ្ទទ ែ់ឯការធោងតដរឬធទ្យ? ព្របេិនធបើមាន ចូរ្តល់ធោបល់ ។៧. ធែើអ្នកធឃើញាអាចធ វ្ើលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់េព្រមាប់ចាប់ធនុះានតដរឬធទ្យ?៨. ចូរេិភាកាេើអ្នតរបបញ្ញែតថិ្នចាប់ធនុះ ។៩. ធែើអ្នកមានធោបល់ធ្សងធទ្យៀែតដរឬធទ្យ?

ចាប់េហេ័នធេតើេើការការារទិ្យននន័យ

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X. ការបកព្រាយចាប់ទំ្យធនៀម្ទំ្យលាប់ជាែិ/នើែិរដឋ

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Felix Uhlmann 61

X. ការបកព្រាយចាប់អ្ភិ្ព្រកម្តាម្លិទ្យធិ (Doctrinal Approaches)

1. Textual Approach, Wording ( អ្នកធោរេចាប់ និងភាា និយម្ន័យចាប់)

2. Systematic Approach (ការបធងកើែចាប់)

3. Teleological Approach ( ធោលបំណង ធោលបំណងថ្នមាព្រតា និងបុេវកា)

4. Historical Approach (ឯការចាប់ រាយការណ៍។ល។ ការេិធព្រោុះធោបល់ជាាធារណៈ)

5. Contemporary Approach

6. Constitutional Approach ( ចាប់ និងលិែិែបទ្យោឋ នធព្រកាម្ចាប់)

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Felix Uhlmann 62

X. ការបកព្រាយចាប់ឧទាហរណ៍

១. «ហាម្ចែរងយនតបស្រញ្ហច េធៅកនុងចំណែ» ។ ធែើែាុ ំអាចចែរងយនតអ្លគិេនើបស្រញ្ហច េានឬធទ្យ?

២. «ោម នបុលគលណាមាន ក់អាចលុះបង់េម្ែាភាេតាម្ េ្ូវចាប់ ឬេម្ែាភាេរបេ់ែេួនកនុងការធ វ្ើេកម្មភាេ

ទាងំព្រេរង ឬធោយត្នក» ានធទ្យ (មាព្រតា ២៧ កាកែណឌ ១ េតើេើព្រកម្រដឋបបធវណើ េវើេ) ។ ធែើ ត្ល់និយម្ន័យ

បញ្ញែតិធនុះធោយរធបៀបណា?

៣. អ្នកតាក់តែងចាប់ «ធភ្េច» ធព្របើាា នភាេមួ្យ ធទាុះបើជាវាមានលកខណៈចាេ់លាេ់ត អ្កធលើឯការចាប់ក៏ធោយ ។ ធែើែុលាការលួរតែតកការែុេឆ្គងធនុះតដរឬធទ្យ? ៤. «ទ្យំនាក់ទ្យំនងរវាងឳេុកមាត យ-កូន ព្រែូវានបធងកើែធ ើងរវាងកូន និងមាត យ ទាកទ់្យងនឹងកំធណើ ែរបេ់កូន» (មាព្រតា ២៥២ កាែណឌ ១ េតើេើព្រករម្រដឋបបធវណើ េវើេ) ។ ធែើធយើងអ្នុវែតបទ្យបបញ្ញែតិធនុះោ៉ា ងដូចធម្តច កនុងករណើ មាត យេរធាុះជំនួេ?៥. ព្របេនធេមាេ ប់បតើរបេ់ែេួន ។ ធែើព្របេនធធនាុះមានេិទ្យធិទ្យទួ្យលានព្រាក់ធា្នជាស្រេតើធម្មា៉ា យតដរឬធទ្យ បនាទ ប់េើធចញេើេនធនាោរ? (ចាប់េិែជាានតចងេើករណើ ធលើកតលង)។