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BRIEFING PAPER Number 7863, 12 January 2017

Legislating for Brexit: directly applicable EU law

By Vaughne Miller

Contents: 1. EU law in force 2. Directly applicable EU law 3. Directly applicable EU law in

the UK 4. Appendix EU regulations in

force

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2 Legislating for Brexit: directly applicable EU law

Contents Summary 4

1. EU law in force 6

2. Directly applicable EU law 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 The EU Treaties 9 2.3 EU regulations 9

Commission and Council regulations 9 2.4 Delegated and implementing regulations 11 2.5 EU decisions 12

3. Directly applicable EU law in the UK 13 3.1 The European Communities Act 1972 13 3.2 Brexit and EU regulations 14

4. Appendix EU regulations in force 15 General, financial and institutional matters (239) 15 Customs Union and free movement of goods (526) 27 Agriculture (922) 51 Fisheries (1122) 117 Freedom of movement for workers and social policy (91) 174 Right of establishment and freedom to provide services (50) 178 Transport policy (175) 182 Competition policy (31) 195 Taxation (12) 197 Economic and monetary policy and free movement of capital (108) 198 External relations (643) 206 Energy (61) 251 Industrial policy and internal market (372) 256 Regional policy and coordination of structural instruments (64) 284 Environment, consumers and health protection (527) 289 Science, information, education, culture (71) 327 Law relating to undertakings (26) 332 Common Foreign and Security Policy (48) 334 Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (35) 337 People’s Europe (4) 340

3 Commons Library Briefing, 12 January 2017

Cover page image copyright Attribution: EU flag, British flag and Palace of Westminster – CC0 Public domain: no attribution required. All images cropped.

4 Legislating for Brexit: directly applicable EU law

Summary This Briefing Paper explains what ‘directly applicable’ EU law is (mainly EU Treaty obligations and EU regulations), how it applies in the UK, and how many EU regulations are in force. It is one of a series of Library briefings on different elements of the EU acquis and Brexit, and will be updated periodically. What is ‘directly applicable’ EU law? Directly applicable EU law does not need further domestic transposition in order to apply in the Member States. It applies as soon as it enters into force (either on the date stipulated in the act or, failing this, on the twentieth day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union, L series). The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) states in Article 288 that EU regulations are binding and directly applicable. EU directives are in principle not directly applicable, but they may be so, and EU decisions may be directly applicable on the same basis as directives. In 1963 the EU Court of Justice established the principle of “direct effect” of EU Treaty obligations, provided they are intended to confer rights on individuals, are precise, clear and unconditional, and do not entail any additional national or European measures (i.e. are directly applicable). How many EU laws are directly applicable? According to the EU’s Eur-lex website there are at present nearly 20,000 EU legislative acts in force. These are mainly directives, regulations, decisions and international agreements, but they include a range of other instruments. Of these, around 5,000 EU regulations are directly applicable in all EU Member States. Directly applicable EU law in the UK Section 2(1) of the European Communities Act 1972 (ECA) gives the authority for directly applicable EU law to have legal effect in UK law without needing further UK enactment. Sometimes the effects of directly applicable law do need further UK implementation. EU regulations are often implemented in the UK by non-legislative or ‘soft law’ measures such as administrative rules and regulations. The Great Repeal Bill As Commons Briefing Paper Legislating for Brexit: the Great Repeal Bill, CBP7793, 21 November 2016, explains, a major issue for Brexit is what to do with the thousands of EU laws that are directly applicable. This is because if there is no specific provision for them, they will no longer apply in the UK as soon as the European Communities Act 1972 is repealed.

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/68/section/2http://researchbriefings.intranet.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7793

5 Commons Library Briefing, 12 January 2017

According to the Government, the proposed ‘Great Repeal Bill’ will make provision for the EU acquis – the body of existing EU law and obligations - to be “converted” into UK law “wherever practical”. Directly applicable laws will need to be ‘saved’ to ensure that they continue to operate until the Government (and Parliament?) decides what to do with them (which will depend largely on the outcome of the EU-UK withdrawal negotiations and the UK’s future relationship with the EU).

6 Legislating for Brexit: directly applicable EU law

1. EU law in force According to the EU’s Eur-lex website there are at present nearly 19,000 EU legislative acts in force. These are mainly directives, regulations, decisions and international agreements, but they include other instruments, such as resolutions, reports and special reports, rules of procedure, guidelines, declarations, inter-institutional and internal agreements, Memorandums of Understanding, programmes, opinions, communications, information, conclusions and statutes. The Lisbon Treaty introduced a hierarchy in EU secondary legislation by distinguishing in Articles 289, 290 and 291 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) between legislative acts, delegated acts and implementing acts. Legislative acts are legal acts which are adopted through the Ordinary Legislative Procedure or a special legislative procedure. They include EU directives, regulations and decisions. The table below shows the number of EU directives, regulations, decisions and international agreements (or similar) in force in 20 subject categories. It excludes delegated and implementing laws and other instruments mentioned above. The data has been compiled from the Eur-Lex Directory of EU legislation in force (on 4 January 2017). It excludes delegated and implementing laws (around 2,100)1 and other instruments mentioned above. It should also be noted that some regulations might be counted in more than one policy area.

Topic area Total EU legislative acts in force

Directives Regulations Decisions & Framework Decisions

International Agreements/ treaties; Protocols; Conventions; Exchange of Letters, MoU

01 General, financial and institutional matters

1412 8 239 869 33

02 Customs Union and free movement of goods2

1127

7 526 124 113

03 Agriculture3 3011

139 922 1017 118

04 Fisheries 1512 1 1122 159 96

05 Freedom of movement for workers and social policy

670 75 91 317 4

06 Right of establishment and freedom to provide services

417

64 50 75 4

07 Transport policy 716

76 174 193 + 1 52

1 Delegated and implementing measures are explained in section 1.3 below. 2 There is also one Joint Action under this heading. 3 This area includes a number of measures addressed to other Member States and not

the UK.

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012E%2FTXThttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012E%2FTXThttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.htmlhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D01&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_01http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D01&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_01http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=01&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D02&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_02http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D02&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_02http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=02&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D03&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_03http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=03&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D04&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_04http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=04&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D05&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_05http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D05&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_05http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=05&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D06&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_06http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D06&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_06http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D06&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_06http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=06&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D07&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_07http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=07&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D01&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_01http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D02&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_02http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D03&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_03http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D04&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_04http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D05&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_05http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D06&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_06http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D07&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_07

7 Commons Library Briefing, 12 January 2017

Topic area Total EU legislative acts in force

Directives Regulations Decisions & Framework Decisions

International Agreements/ treaties; Protocols; Conventions; Exchange of Letters, MoU

08 Competition policy 574

4 31 518 3

09 Taxation 189 29 12 66 7

10 Economic and monetary policy and free movement of capital

559 9 108 193 18

11 External relations 4207 4 643 1889 1184

12 Energy 378 16 61 98 37

13 Industrial policy and internal market

1510 240 372 473 15

14 Regional policy and coordination of structural instruments

357

2 64 232 0

15 Environment, consumers and health protection

2175 136 527 358 83

16 Science, information, education and culture

447 9 71 135 17

17 Law relating to undertakings

116 32 26 17 12

18 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)4

631 1 48 379 90 + 36 Joint Actions + 51 Common Positions

19 Area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ)5

783 43 64 384 + 23 108 + 11 Joint Actions + 6 Common Positions

20 People's Europe 24 4 4 2 1 protocol

TOTAL 18,948 899 5,155 7,522 2,099

4 In foreign, security and defence policies the intergovernmental method still applies.

The Lisbon Treaty replaced common strategies, joint actions and common positions by general guidelines, decisions defining “actions to be undertaken by the Union”, “positions to be taken by the Union”, and arrangements for the implementation of those decisions (Article 25 TEU).

5 The UK has opt-in and opt-out arrangements in relation to the AFSJ.

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D08&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_08http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=08&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D09&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_09http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=09&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D10&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_10http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D10&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_10http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D10&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_10http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=10&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D11&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_11http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=11&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D12&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_12http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=12&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D13&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_13http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D13&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_13http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=13&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D14&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_14http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D14&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_14http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D14&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_14http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=14&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D15&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_15http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D15&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_15http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=15&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D16&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_16http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D16&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_16http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=16&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D17&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_17http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D17&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_17http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=17&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&qid=1478268221034&type=named&CC_1_CODED=18&name=browse-by:legislation-in-forcehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&qid=1478268221034&type=named&CC_1_CODED=18&name=browse-by:legislation-in-forcehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?type=named&name=browse-by:legislation-in-force&CC_1_CODED=18&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfilehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D19&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classification=in-force#arrow_19http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D19&displayProfile=allRelAllConsDocProfile&classifi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8 Legislating for Brexit: directly applicable EU law

2. Directly applicable EU law 2.1 Introduction A major issue for Brexit is what to do with the thousands of EU laws that are directly applicable in the UK. If there is no specific provision for them, they will no longer apply in the UK as soon as the European Communities Act 1972 is repealed. The Government has said it intends to “convert” EU laws into UK law “wherever practical”,6 so they can continue to operate in the UK until the Government and Parliament decide what to do with them. But what are ‘directly applicable’ EU laws? Several different types of EU law are directly applicable: EU Treaty provisions, EU regulations and EU decisions. These are addressed in turn below. ‘Directly applicable’ means that the EU law applies in the Member States without further national implementing measures,7 as soon as it enters into force (either on the date stipulated in the act or, failing this, on the twentieth day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union). Directly applicable laws usually also have ‘direct effect’.8 This means that they automatically create rights which individuals can rely on before national courts. In the Van Gend & Loos judgment on 5 February 1963, the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) established the principle of ‘direct effect’ and rights for individuals.9 To have direct effect, an EU obligation must: • be intended to confer rights on individuals; • be precise, clear and unconditional; and • not entail any additional national or European measures. But some Treaty provisions are expressed in general terms and cannot be applied directly by national courts. There is a distinction in direct effect between 'Vertical Direct Effect', which means the provision has effect between the citizen and the State, and 'Horizontal Direct Effect', which means the provision has effect between citizens. The CJEU has extended the principle of direct effect to Treaty Articles, directives and decisions, and even to provisions in the EU’s external agreements, if certain criteria are met.

6 Theresa May, speech to Conservative Party conference on 2 October 2016; David

Davis, Secretary of State for Exiting the EU, 10 October 2016. 7 In practice directly applicable laws sometimes do need further domestic enactment. 8 Although direct applicability is not a necessary pre-condition for direct effect. 9 The judgment established that former Article 12 of the EEC Treaty (now Article 30

TFEU) was directly effective, as it was a means of ensuring uniform application in all Member States.

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:61962CJ0026&from=ENhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-conference-speech-article-50-brexit-eu-a7341926.htmlhttps://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2016-10-10/debates/6CE5F6BB-3AA4-4332-BF7A-577DB35BDB77/NextStepsInLeavingTheEuropeanUnion#contribution-1F98EB16-0F24-401D-AA92-C0D4DCDE2BB3https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2016-10-10/debates/6CE5F6BB-3AA4-4332-BF7A-577DB35BDB77/NextStepsInLeavingTheEuropeanUnion#contribution-1F98EB16-0F24-401D-AA92-C0D4DCDE2BB3

9 Commons Library Briefing, 12 January 2017

Directly applicable EU laws pose a particular problem for Brexit: there are a great many of them, they may be difficult to identify and therefore to ‘disentangle’, and many are not laws at all in the UK, but administrative rules or other ‘soft law’ measures.

2.2 The EU Treaties EU Treaty Articles may be directly applicable. For example, Article 157 TFEU (ex Article 141 TEC and originally Article 119 TEC) provides that “Each Member State shall ensure that the principle of equal pay for male and female workers for equal work or work of equal value is applied”. The EU Court of Justice established in Defrenne in 1976 that this Article was “directly applicable and may thus give rise to individual rights which the courts must protect”.10 In Barber in 1990 the EU Court ruled: “Article 119 of the Treaty applies directly to all forms of discrimination which may be identified solely with the aid of the criteria of equal work and equal pay referred to by that provision, without national or Community measures being required to define them with greater precision“.11

2.3 EU regulations Article 288 TFEU defines an EU regulation as having “general application”, “binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States”. A regulation’s “legal effects are simultaneously, automatically and uniformly binding in all the national legislations”.12 So regulations are intended to apply directly in all Member States, without the need for further national implementing measures. However, it might be necessary to amend existing national provisions that are inconsistent with regulations. Sometimes further measures have been needed in the UK to implement an EU Regulation; for example, the Open Internet Access (EU Regulation) Regulations 2016 implemented EU Regulation 2015/2120 of 25 November 2015 concerning mobile roaming in the EU. Regulations are also intended to come into effect without further action in the devolved nations and Gibraltar. But here too further implementation may be necessary. For example, three EU regulations on tachographs were implemented in Gibraltar by the Tachographs (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2015.

Commission and Council regulations There are Commission regulations and Council or European Parliament and Council regulations. In the list of EU regulations in force in the

10 Judgment 8 April 1976. Gabrielle Defrenne v Société anonyme belge de navigation

aérienne Sabena. Reference for a preliminary ruling 11 Judgment 17 May 1990, Douglas Harvey Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange

Assurance Group. See also Judgment 31 March 1981 in J.P. Jenkins v Kingsgate (Clothing Productions) Ltd. Reference for a preliminary ruling in Case 96/80.

12 Eur-Lex, European Union regulations.

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61975CJ0043http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61988CJ0262http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/607/pdfs/uksi_20160607_en.pdfhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32015R2120http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/2015s030.pdfhttp://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/2015s030.pdfhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61980CJ0096http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:l14522

10 Legislating for Brexit: directly applicable EU law

Appendix, there are 3,556 Commission regulations and 1,850 Council or EP/Council regulations. Although regulations are “legal acts of the Union”, in practice there are both legislative regulations and quasi- or non-legislative ones – the latter are the largest group and are almost always Commission regulations. Article 288 TFEU does not clearly distinguish between legislative acts and administrative acts. Neill Nugent summarises some general characteristics of the two types:

While there is no hard and fast distinction between EP and Council, Council and Commission legislation, the first two tend to be broader in scope, to be concerned with more important matters, and to be aimed at laying down a legal framework in a policy sphere. Commission legislation – of which in terms of volume there is much more than EP and Council and Council-only legislation - is largely of an implementing, administrative, and technical nature and is usually subject to tight guidelines laid down in enabling EP and Council or Council legislation.13

Commission regulations often translate “policy principles into detailed, and often highly technical, rules on such matters as product standards, health and safety conditions, inspection rules, authorizations for marketed products and practices, and import duties”.14 Professor Michael Dougan of Liverpool University summarises the kind of technical details that are typically the subject of these regulations:

[non-legislative regulations] are adopted in much larger numbers, because they constitute one of the main legal instruments through which the EU institutions reach their detailed technical administrative decisions: e.g. updating the scientific registers of chemicals and food additives; calculating the precise allocation of import licences under the common commercial policy; adjusting specific anti-dumping duties on cheap imports from third countries; confirming the regular continuance of UN sanctions on particular third countries or named individuals suspected of involvement in terrorism; entering or updating specific foodstuffs in the register of protected designations of origin etc.15

Many regulations are made following the adoption of a basic EU law containing information which needs updating on a regular basis. For example, many regulations implement the EU’s Combined Nomenclature (CN). When goods are declared to customs in the EU, they are classified according to the CN. Imported and exported goods must be declared, stating under which subheading of the CN they fall. This determines which rate of customs duty applies and how the goods are treated for statistical purposes.16 The basic CN regulation is Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature

13 The Government and Politics of the European Union: Seventh Edition, Neill Nugent,

Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, p. 209. 14 Policies and Policy Processes of the European Union, Laurie Buonanno and Neill

Nugent, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, p. 110. 15 Written evidence to Treasury Committee, 3 November 2015, paragraph 10. This

point is also made in How much legislation comes from Europe? Research Paper 10/62 13 October 2010.

16 See European Commission, Taxation and Customs Union for further information on the CN.

http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/treasury-committee/the-economic-and-financial-costs-and-benefits-of-uks-eu-membership/written/24249.htmlhttp://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/RP10-62.pdfhttps://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/business/calculation-customs-duties/what-is-common-customs-tariff/combined-nomenclature_en

11 Commons Library Briefing, 12 January 2017

and on the Common Customs Tariff. An updated version of an Annex to the CN Regulation is published as a Commission Regulation every year in the EU Official Journal.

2.4 Delegated and implementing regulations Delegated and implementing regulations are also directly applicable in all EU Member States. According to Eur-Lex data,17 there are currently 243 delegated regulations and 1,929 implementing regulations. These acts are not included in the list of regulations in force, but the regulations which they clarify or implement are listed.

Delegated acts Article 290 TFEU allows the EU Council or Council and EP to delegate to the Commission “the power to adopt non-legislative acts of general application to supplement or amend certain non-essential elements of the legislative act”. There are conditions attached to this power:

• the essential elements of a policy area may not be subject to a delegation of power.

• the objectives, content, scope and duration of the delegation of power must be defined in the legislative acts.

• the legislator must explicitly set out in the legislative act the conditions under which the delegation may be exercised, and may provide a right to revoke the delegation or to express objections to the delegated act.

Delegated acts may add new (non-essential) rules or involve a subsequent amendment to elements of a legislative act.18 For example, Commission delegated regulation 2015/2401 on the content and functioning of the Register of European political parties and foundations fulfils requirements of a 2014 Council and EP Regulation 1141/2014 “on the statute and funding of European political parties and European political foundations”. Article 7(2) of that regulation provided the Commission with powers to adopt delegated acts “in order to ensure the proper functioning of the Register” with regard to “the information and supporting documents held by the Authority for which the Register is to be the competent repository”. The delegated regulation contains a list of the documentation and information required for the register.

Delegated acts are used widely in the areas of the internal market, agriculture, the environment, consumer protection, transport, and the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice.

Implementing acts Under Article 291 TFEU, where uniform conditions are required for the implementation of EU measures, the Commission can adopt implementing acts. A 2011 Council/EP regulation lays down rules and

17 Accessed 4 January 2017. 18 Eur-Lex, European Union legal acts.

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/AUTO/?uri=celex:12012E290http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1484044481101&uri=CELEX:32015R2401http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32014R1141http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32014R1141http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/AUTO/?uri=celex:12012E291http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/AUTO/?uri=uriserv:ai0043http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3Aai0032

12 Legislating for Brexit: directly applicable EU law

general principles concerning the Member States’ control of the Commission’s exercise of implementing powers.

There are 615 implementing regulations in the area of the Environment, Consumers and Health Protection. For example, a Commission implementing regulation (2016/2104 of 21 November 2016) enters Vale of Evesham Asparagus in the EU’s register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications.

Sometimes the Council also has this power under Articles 24 and 26 TEU (Common Foreign and Security Policy) to “take the decisions necessary for defining and implementing it on the basis of the general guidelines and strategic lines defined by the European Council”.

2.5 EU decisions Under Article 288 TFEU an EU decision is binding on those to whom it is addressed and may be directly applicable. According to Eur-lex there are over 7,000 EU Decisions.19 EU decisions are bespoke and often do require further implementation in the UK. For example, Commission Decision 2009/431 of 29 May 2009 granting a derogation requested by the UK with regard to England, Scotland and Wales “pursuant to Council Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources” was implemented by SI 2009/3160, Nitrate Pollution Prevention (Amendment) Regulations and subsequent amendments. Decisions are usually specific measures addressed to a particular Member State, company20 or individual(s). They are adopted in a whole range of circumstances, for example:

• to enforce competition policy • to institute a pilot action programme • to authorise grants from one of the EU’s funds • to allow an exemption from an existing measure • to counter dumping from a third country.21

On the basis of European Court of Justice case law, decisions may have direct effect.22 Eur-Lex states that decisions “may have direct effect when they refer to an EU country as the addressee. The Court of Justice therefore recognises only a direct vertical effect”.23

19 Accessed 5 January 2017. 20 The Europa website gives by way of example a Commission decision on fining

software giant Microsoft for abusing its dominant market position, where the decision applied to Microsoft only.

21 The Government and Politics of the European Union: Seventh edition Neill Nugent p. 211, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

22 For example, see Case 9/70, Franz Grad. 23 See judgment in Case C-156/91, 10 November 1992, Hansa Fleisch.

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1484125031932&uri=CELEX:32016R2104http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/AUTO/?uri=celex:12012M024http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/AUTO/?uri=celex:12012M026http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32009D0431http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/3160/pdfs/uksi_20093160_en.pdfhttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/668/pdfs/uksi_20150668_en.pdfhttp://europa.eu/eu-law/decision-making/legal-acts/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/cases/dec_docs/37792/37792_4183_3.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/cases/dec_docs/37792/37792_4183_3.pdfhttp://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=61970CJ0009&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre=http://curia.europa.eu/juris/showPdf.jsf;jsessionid=9ea7d2dc30dc9208dcb5f7a940518aaae16f9997333e.e34KaxiLc3qMb40Rch0SaxuMchf0?text=&docid=97994&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=642315

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3. Directly applicable EU law in the UK

3.1 The European Communities Act 1972 Section 2(1) of the European Communities Act 1972 (ECA) gives the authority for ‘directly applicable’ EU law, such as regulations, to automatically have legal effect in UK law without needing further enactment. EU regulations thus become law automatically in all four UK nations (and in the Crown Dependencies and Gibraltar to the extent that the Treaties apply). As EU regulations must be the same across all Member States, they supersede any existing law which is inconsistent with them, and any of the UK legislatures may have to amend their laws on occasions to comply with them.

Section 2(1) provides:

All such rights, powers, liabilities, obligations and restrictions from time to time created or arising by or under the Treaties, and all such remedies and procedures from time to time provided for by or under the Treaties, as in accordance with the Treaties are without further enactment to be given legal effect or used in the United Kingdom shall be recognised and available in law, and be enforced, allowed and followed accordingly; and the expression "enforceable EU right" and similar expressions shall be read as referring to one to which this sub-section applies.

The European Scrutiny Committee report on the 2010-11 EU Bill and Parliamentary Sovereignty outlined the constitutional importance of Section 2(1):

Section 2(1) applies to EU law now and as it develops in the future "from time to time" either by Treaty revision "created by" or interpretation by the Court of Justice of the EU "arising under". So, when an EU Regulation enters into force, it automatically becomes part of national law, as it does in the other 26 Member States on the same day. The uniqueness of section 2(1) is that it gives effect to directly applicable or effective EU law without the need each time for implementing legislation, as would usually be required for the incorporation of other obligations assumed under international law by a dualist State. The domestic courts are obliged to give full effect to section 2(1), in the light of the case law of the Court of Justice (section 3(1)).24

Although regulations are directly applicable, many do require additional national provisions in relation to their effects, procedure or enforcement. For example, the EU Trade Mark Regulation (as amended) was implemented in the UK by SI 2016 No. 299, the European Union Trade Mark Regulations 2016. Many regulations are implemented in the UK by non-legislative administrative rules, regulations, departmental notes and documents, or guidelines on procedures. For example, Regulation 2092/91, the basis

24 “The UK's legal relationship with the EU”, ESC 10th Report, 24 December 2010.

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/68/section/2http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32015R2424http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/299/pdfs/uksi_20160299_en.pdfhttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/299/pdfs/uksi_20160299_en.pdfhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1991R2092:20060506:EN:PDFhttp://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmeuleg/633/63304.htm

14 Legislating for Brexit: directly applicable EU law

for UK organic standards, is implemented under the Organic Products Regulations 2004 and subsequent SIs, through the Compendium of UK Organic Standards.25 Many regulations also apply via existing national provisions. EU regulations may have little or no relevance for the UK – for example, olive and tobacco growing regulations are unlikely to have much impact here – but the UK must nevertheless adhere to such regulations along with olive and tobacco growing States.

3.2 Brexit and EU regulations As Commons Briefing Paper Legislating for Brexit: the Great Repeal Bill, CBP7793, 21 November 2016, explains, a major issue for Brexit is what to do with the thousands of EU laws that are directly applicable. If the ECA is repealed without making provision for directly applicable EU laws, they will no longer apply in the UK. This is because if there is no specific provision for them, they will no longer apply in the UK as soon as the European Communities Act 1972 is repealed. The Government intends that the Great Repeal Bill will provide for their continuance, pending UK decisions on what to do about them. So it is envisaged that the Great Repeal Bill will “convert” directly applicable EU laws into UK law with effect from Brexit day, allowing for their retention, repeal or amendment after Brexit. What the Government and Parliament do with them will depend largely on the outcome of the EU-UK withdrawal negotiations and the UK’s future relationship with the EU. But as analysts have pointed out, identifying, reviewing and amending the body of directly applicable EU law will be “a civil service legal exercise on a scale that has not been encountered at any other time in our recent legal history”.26

25 Defra publishes the Compendium of UK Organic Standards as the UK’s base line for

organic certification, on behalf of the four UK rural affairs departments. https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/articles/organic-farming-your-questions-answered.

26 Daniel Greenberg, Parliamentary Counsel, Berwin Leighton Paisner LLP, A look at the potential impact on the statute book if the UK leaves the EU, 10 December 2015.

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/842/pdfs/uksi_20090842_en.pdfhttp://researchbriefings.intranet.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7793https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/articles/organic-farming-your-questions-answered

15 Commons Library Briefing, 12 January 2017

4. Appendix EU regulations in force

This section lists EU regulations in force in December 2016 under 20 subject categories used in the Eur-lex Directory of EU legislation. Included in the list are the latest consolidated versions of regulations. These provide amendments and corrigenda to the regulations, but they are not legal texts (which are only in the Official Journal of the EU) and they may not be up-to-date.27 In the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (section 3.19, below), the UK has an opt-in arrangement in Justice and Home Affairs matters (Title V) and an opt-out from the Schengen rules. Those regulations in which the UK participates are listed in that section.

General, financial and institutional matters (239) Regulation (EU) 2016/794 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) and replacing and repealing Council Decisions 2009/371/JHA, 2009/934/JHA, 2009/935/JHA, 2009/936/JHA and 2009/968/JHA. Latest consolidated version: 02016R0794-20160524

Regulation (EU) 2015/2219 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training (CEPOL) and replacing and repealing Council Decision 2005/681/JHA Regulation (EU) 2015/760 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2015 on European long-term investment funds (Text with EEA relevance) Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1141/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the statute and funding of European political parties and European political foundations. Latest consolidated version: 02014R1141-20141104

Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1142/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 amending Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 966/2012 as regards the financing of European political parties Regulation (EU) No 422/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 adjusting with effect from 1 July 2011 the remuneration and pensions of officials and other servants of the European Union and the correction coefficients applied thereto. Latest consolidated version: 02014R0422-20140501 Regulation (EU) No 423/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 adjusting with effect from 1 July 2012 the remuneration and pensions of officials and other servants of the European Union and the correction coefficients applied thereto Regulation (EU) No 1381/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 establishing a Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme for the period 2014 to 2020 Text with EEA relevance. Latest consolidated version: 02013R1381-20131229 Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 883/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 September 2013 concerning investigations conducted by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1073/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Regulation (Euratom) No 1074/1999 Regulation (EU) No 526/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 concerning the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA) and repealing Regulation (EC) No 460/2004 Text with EEA relevance. Latest consolidated version: 02013R0526-20130618

27 Eur-Lex states that the Directory “is still in an experimental phase. Some references

may be missing, especially for amendments published after the last consolidated version”.

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.htmlhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32016R0794&qid=1477324981555&rid=1http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32016R0794&qid=1477324981555&rid=1http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32016R0794&qid=1477324981555&rid=1http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:02016R0794-20160524&qid=1477324981555http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32015R2219&qid=1477324981555&rid=2http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32015R2219&qid=1477324981555&rid=2http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32015R2219&qid=1477324981555&rid=2http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32015R0760&qid=1477324981555&rid=3http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32015R0760&qid=1477324981555&rid=3http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32014R1141&qid=1477324981555&rid=4http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32014R1141&qid=1477324981555&rid=4http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32014R1141&qid=1477324981555&rid=4http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:02014R1141-20141104&qid=1477324981555http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32014R1142&qid=1477324981555&rid=5http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32014R1142&qid=1477324981555&rid=5http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32014R1142&qid=1477324981555&rid=5http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32014R0422&qid=1477324981555&rid=6http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32014R0422&qid=1477324981555&rid=6http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32014R0422&qid=1477324981555&rid=6http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:02014R0422-20140501&qid=1477324981555http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32014R0423&qid=1477324981555&rid=7http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32014R0423&qid=1477324981555&rid=7http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32014R0423&qid=1477324981555&rid=7http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32013R1381&qid=1477324981555&rid=8http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32013R1381&qid=1477324981555&rid=8http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32013R1381&qid=1477324981555&rid=8http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:02013R1381-20131229&qid=1477324981555http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32013R0883&qid=1477324981555&rid=9http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32013R0883&qid=1477324981555&rid=9http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32013R0883&qid=1477324981555&rid=9http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32013R0883&qid=1477324981555&rid=9http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32013R0526&qid=1477324981555&rid=10http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32013R0526&qid=1477324981555&rid=10http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32013R0526&qid=1477324981555&rid=10http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:02013R0526-20130618&qid=1477324981555http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/consleg.html?root_default=CC_1_CODED%3D03,CC_2_CODED%3D0350&displayProfile=lastConsDocProfile&classification=in-force

16 Legislating for Brexit: directly applicable EU law

Regulation (EU) No 345/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2013 on European venture capital funds Text with EEA relevance. Latest consolidated version: 02013R0345-20130515 Regulation (EU) No 346/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2013 on European social entrepreneurship funds Text with EEA relevance Regulation (EU) No 99/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2013 on the European statistical programme 2013-17 Text with relevance for the EEA and for Switzerland. Latest consolidated version: 02013R0099-20131229 Regulation (EU) No 1216/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 introducing, on the occasion of the accession of Croatia to the European Union, special temporary measures for the recruitment of Union officials and temporary staff Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 966/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union and repealing Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1605/2002. Latest consolidated version: 02012R0966-20160101 Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 741/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 August 2012 amending the Protocol on the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union and Annex I thereto Regulation (EU) No 1173/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 November 2011 on the effective enforcement of budgetary surveillance in the euro area. Latest consolidated version: 02011R1173-20111213 Regulation (EU) No 1174/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 November 2011 on enforcement measures to correct excessive macroeconomic imbalances in the euro area Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 laying down the rules and general principles concerning mechanisms for control by Member States of the Commission’s exercise of implementing powers. Latest consolidated version: 02011R0182-20110228 Regulation (EC) No 810/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 establishing a Community Code on Visas (Visa Code). Latest consolidated version: 02009R0810-20160412 Regulation (EC) No 763/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 July 2008 on population and housing censuses (Text with EEA relevance) Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I). Latest consolidated version: 02008R0593-20080724 Regulation (EC) No 451/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2008 establishing a new statistical classification of products by activity (CPA) and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 3696/93 (Text with EEA relevance). Latest consolidated version: 02008R0451-20150101 Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II). Latest consolidated version: 02007R0864-20090111 Regulation (EC) No 716/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on Community statistics on the structure and activity of foreign affiliates (Text with EEA relevance). Latest consolidated version: 02007R0716-20130701 Regulation (EC) No 1986/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 regarding access to the Second Generation Schengen Information System (SIS II) by the services in the Member States responsible for issuing vehicle registration certificates. Latest consolidated version: 02006R1986-20061228 Regulation (EC) No 1922/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on establishing a European Institute for Gender Equality. Latest consolidated version: 02006R1922-20070119 Regulation (EC) No 1920/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (recast)

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1477324981555&rid=28http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/AUTO/?uri=CELEX:32006R1920&qid=1477324981555&rid=28

17 Commons Library Briefing, 12 January 2017

Regulation (EC) No 1367/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on the application of the provisions of the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters to Community institutions and bodies Regulation (EC) No 1161/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 on the compilation of quarterly non-financial accounts by institutional sector. Latest consolidated version: 02005R1161-20130701 Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents. Latest consolidated version: 02001R1049-20010603 Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2000 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies and on the free movement of such data. Latest consolidated version: 02001R0045-20010201 Regulation (EU) 2016/867 of the European Central Bank of 18 May 2016 on the collection of granular credit and credit risk data (ECB/2016/13) Council Regulation (EU) 2016/369 of 15 March 2016 on the provision of emergency support within the Union Council Regulation (EU) 2016/300 of 29 February 2016 determining the emoluments of EU high-level public office holders Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2015/2264 of 3 December 2015 extending and phasing out the temporary derogation measures from Regulation No 1 of 15 April 1958 determining the languages to be used by the European Economic Community and Regulation No 1 of 15 April 1958 determining the languages to be used by the European Atomic Energy Community introduced by Regulation (EC) No 920/2005 Council Regulation (EU) 2015/373 of 5 March 2015 amending Regulation (EC) No 2533/98 concerning the collection of statistical information by the European Central Bank Council Regulation (EU) No 1201/2014 of 7 November 2014 adjusting, with effect from 1 July 2011 , 1 July 2012 and 1 July 2013 , the rate of contribution to the pension scheme of officials and other servants of the European Union Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 609/2014 of 26 May 2014 on the methods and procedure for making available the traditional, VAT and GNI-based own resources and on the measures to meet cash requirements (Recast). Latest consolidated version: 02014R0609-20161001 Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 608/2014 of 26 May 2014 laying down implementing measures for the system of own resources of the European Union. Latest consolidated version: 02014R0608-20140101 Council Regulation (EU) No 1414/2013 of 17 December 2013 laying down the weightings applicable from 1 July 2013 to the remuneration of officials, temporary staff and contract staff of the European Union serving in third countries Council Regulation (EU) No 1417/2013 of 17 December 2013 laying down the form of the laissez-passer issued by the European Union. Latest consolidated version: 02013R1417-20131228 Council Regulation (EU) No 1415/2013 of 17 December 2013 adjusting, from 1 July 2013 , the rate of contribution to the pension scheme of officials and other servants of the European Union Council Regulation (EU) No 1416/2013 of 17 December 2013 adjusting with effect from 1 July 2013 the correction coefficients applied to the remuneration and pensions of officials and other servants of the European Union Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1311/2013 of 2 December 2013 laying down the multiannual financial framework for the years 2014-2020. Latest consolidated version: 02013R1311-20150425 Council Regulation (EU) No 1331/2013 of 10 December 2013 adjusting, from 1 July 2012 , the rate of contribution to the pension scheme of officials and other servants of the European Union Regulation (EU) No 1011/2012 of the European Central Bank of 17 October 2012 concerning statistics on holdings of securities (ECB/2012/24). Latest consolidated version: 02012R1011-20181001 Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 577/2012 of 26 June 2012 adjusting the correction coefficients applicable to the remuneration and pensions of officials and other servants of the European Union

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18 Legislating for Brexit: directly applicable EU law

Council Regulation (EU) No 964/2011 of 26 September 2011 laying down the weightings applicable from 1 July 2010 to the remuneration of officials, temporary staff and contract staff of the European Union serving in third countries Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 699/2011 of 18 July 2011 adjusting the correction coefficients applicable to the remuneration and pensions of officials and other servants of the European Union Commission Regulation (EU) No 428/2011 of 27 April 2011 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 312/2011 of 30 March 2011 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 315/2011 of 30 March 2011 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 313/2011 of 30 March 2011 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 316/2011 of 30 March 2011 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 111/2011 of 7 February 2011 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 314/2011 of 30 March 2011 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 112/2011 of 7 February 2011 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 113/2011 of 7 February 2011 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Council Regulation (EU) No 1096/2010 of 17 November 2010 conferring specific tasks upon the European Central Bank concerning the functioning of the European Systemic Risk Board Commission Regulation (EU) No 1151/2010 of 8 December 2010 implementing Regulation (EC) No 763/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on population and housing censuses, as regards the modalities and structure of the quality reports and the technical format for data transmission Text with EEA relevance Commission Regulation (EU) No 1155/2010 of 1 December 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 1076/2010 of 22 November 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 1065/2010 of 19 November 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 1067/2010 of 19 November 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Council Regulation (EU) No 768/2010 of 26 August 2010 laying down the weightings applicable from 1 July 2009 to the remuneration of officials, temporary staff and contract staff of the European Union serving in third countries Commission Regulation (EU) No 732/2010 of 11 August 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 731/2010 of 11 August 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 717/2010 of 6 August 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 716/2010 of 6 August 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 692/2010 of 30 July 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature

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19 Commons Library Briefing, 12 January 2017

Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 564/2010 of 29 June 2010 adjusting the correction coefficients applicable to the remuneration and pensions of officials and other servants of the European Union Commission Regulation (EU) No 519/2010 of 16 June 2010 adopting the programme of the statistical data and of the metadata for population and housing censuses provided for by Regulation (EC) No 763/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance) Commission Regulation (EU) No 465/2010 of 27 May 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 455/2010 of 26 May 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 380/2010 of 30 April 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 336/2010 of 21 April 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 310/2010 of 9 April 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EU) No 309/2010 of 9 April 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 257/2005 of 4 February 2005 laying down the weightings applicable from 1 July 2004 to the remuneration of officials, contract staff and temporary staff of the European Communities serving in third countries and of certain officials remaining in post in the 10 new Member States for a maximum period of 15 months after accession Council Regulation (EC, EURATOM) No 1785/2004 of 5 October 2004 laying down the weightings applicable from 1 January 2004 to the remuneration of officials of the European Communities serving in third countries Commission Regulation (EU) No 42/2010 of 15 January 2010 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1296/2009 of 23 December 2009 adjusting with effect from 1 July 2009 the remuneration and pensions of officials and other servants of the European Union and the correction coefficients applied thereto Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1295/2009 of 22 December 2009 adjusting with effect from 1 July 2009 the rate of contribution to the pension scheme of officials and other servants of the European Union Commission Regulation (EC) No 1051/2009 of 3 November 2009 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EC) No 895/2009 of 23 September 2009 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EC) No 872/2009 of 18 September 2009 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature. Latest consolidated version: 02009R0872-20091013 Commission Regulation (EC) No 834/2009 of 11 September 2009 implementing Regulation (EC) No 716/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Community statistics on the structure and activity of foreign affiliates, as regards the quality reports (Text with EEA relevance) Commission Regulation (EC) No 780/2009 of 27 August 2009 laying down provisions for implementing the third subparagraph of Article 28a(2) and the third subparagraph of Article 96(2) of the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants of the European Communities (CEOS) Commission Regulation (EC) No 717/2009 of 4 August 2009 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EC) No 718/2009 of 4 August 2009 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature Commission Regulation (EC) No 674/2009 of 22 July 2009 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature

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