Legalization Of Discrimination
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Transcript of Legalization Of Discrimination
Tanja Schimming-Muniz
Lisa Lane
US History 111, MiraCosta College
Fall 2008
On paper, it looked like the 14th and 15th Amendment of the Constitution was intended to give equal rights to all citizens of the United States, but history shows us that “legal” mechanisms were put in place to enforce discrimination. Discrimination does not only pertain to blacks, it also pertains to women, artists, and people of a different race, or ideology. This slideshow will take a look at the sanctioning of discrimination from Reconstruction to the Cold War.
United States v. Reese, 1876United States v. Cruikshank, 1876Court declares Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional
Curtailed federal protection of black civil rights by disenfranchising African Americans
Source: Out of Many, p. 336-37
Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
halted Chinese immigration, limited civil rights of residents Chinese, and forbade their naturalization.
Source: Out of Many, p. 372
Dawes Severalty Act, 1887
Undermined Indian sovereignty by splitting up tribal land which ultimately went to hungry investors
Source: Out of Many, p. 361 Lisa Lane Workbook, p. 10 Lisa Lane Lecture , The West-1900
Jim Crow Laws began Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 (segregation on railroads based on
‘separate but equal’) Cumming v. Richmond, 1899 (segregation in schools)
Segregation on trains
Sources: Out of Many, p. 399 Lisa Lane Workbook, p. 19
Segregation in schools
http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ht/39.1/frese.html
Source
Espionage Act, 1917
Tool used by the government to suppress anti-war sentiments. Penalties were up to 20 years imprisonment and $10,000 in fines.
Emma GoldmanArrested and deported for her opposition to the draft
Sources: Out of Many, p. 438 Lisa Lane Workbook, p. 45
Eugene DebsSocialist, imprisoned for speaking out against American involvement during WW I
Women suffragists were arrested, 1917 Alice Paul and her suffragist friends were
convicted, incarcerated, and tortured at the Occoquan Workhouse in Virginia for their beliefs that women should get the right to vote
Sources: Out of Many, p. 436
Alice PaulWoman suffragist
http://www.alicepaul.org/alicepaul.htm
Immigration Act, 1921 Quota of 357,000 new immigrants each year
Johnson-Reed Immigration Act, 1924 revised quotas to 2 percent of number of foreign-born nationality
Source: Out of
Many, p. 454-55
A final push to legally restrict immigration in the wake of WW I and its increasing anti-immigrant feeling fostered by eugenics.
Henry H. Laughlin head of the American Eugenics Society provided statistical evidence to Johnson-Reed act
Forced deportation of 2 million Mexican Americans backed by Hoover’s policy of “Mexican Reparation”
Source:
http://campusapps.fullerton.edu/news/2005/valenciana.html
Mass unemployment and the desire to cut relief efforts to Mexican Americans led to about 2 million forced deportations of legal Mexican Americans
1930’s2 million legal Mexican-Americans were deported
Korematsu v. the United States, 1944 Executive Order 9066 was upheld, allowing
110,000 Japanese Americans to be put in internment camps Sources: Out of Many, p. 488
Lisa Lane Workbook, p. 70
Official notice of Exclusion and removal
Many were innocent children
National Security Act, 1947 Executive Order 9835 Internal Security Act Immigration and Nationality Act Source: Out of Many, p. 515
resulted in the firing and forced resignations of many federal government employees, the outlawing of political and social organizations, and the barring of citizenship to “subversives” and homosexuals.
HUAC, 1945 The House of Un-American Activities
Committee investigated Hollywood artists and their
communist ties barring them from working and arresting some of them
Source: Lisa Lane, Lecture Cold War Workbook , p. 76
Albert Maltz
Successful Hollywood writer
put on the blacklist because of
his “leftist” beliefs
I hope that this slideshow raised your awareness of governmental mechanisms that curtailed equality and gave you an understanding why current and future entities will fight for true equality.
Tanja Schimming-Muniz, November 4th, 2008