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Legal Studies Research Paper Series

Research Paper No. 09 - 05

American Indian Tribal Law

Matthew L.M. Fletcher

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AMERICAN INDIANTRIBAL LAW

Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1756823

EDITORIAL ADVISORS

Vicki BeenElihu Root Professor of LawNew York University School of Law

Erwin ChemerinskyDean and Distinguished Professor of LawUniversity of California, Irvine, School of Law

Richard A. EpsteinJames Parker Hall Distinguished Service Professor of LawUniversity of Chicago Law SchoolPeter and Kirsten Bedford Senior FellowThe Hoover InstitutionStanford University

Ronald J. GilsonCharles J. Meyers Professor of Law and BusinessStanford UniversityMarc and Eva Stern Professor of Law and BusinessColumbia Law School

James E. KrierEarl Warren DeLano Professor of LawThe University of Michigan Law School

Richard K. Neumann, Jr.Professor of LawHofstra University School of Law

Robert H. SitkoffJohn L. Gray Professor of LawHarvard Law School

David Alan SklanskyProfessor of LawUniversity of California at Berkeley School of Law

Kent D. SyverudDean and Ethan A. H. Shepley University ProfessorWashington University School of Law

Elizabeth WarrenLeo Gottlieb Professor of LawHarvard Law School

AMERICAN INDIANTRIBAL LAW

Matthew L.M. FletcherAssociate Professor of LawDirector of the Indigenous Law and Policy CenterMichigan State University College of Law

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SUMMARY OFCONTENTS

Table of Contents ix

Preface xxi

Acknowledgments xxvii

1. TRIBAL GOVERNMENT 1

2. TRIBAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS 67

3. TRIBAL CONSTITUTIONS 143

4. TRIBAL MEMBERSHIP 219

5. TRIBAL ELECTIONS 271

6. CIVIL RIGHTS 319

7. CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE 383

8. DOMESTIC RELATIONS 437

9. PROPERTY 475

10. CONTRACTS 531

vii

11. TORTS 573

12. PROCEDURE AND JURISDICTION 629

13. TRIBAL REGULATORY ANDADMINISTRATIVE LAW 691

14. TRIBAL ECONOMIES 739

Table of Cases 797

Index 809

viii Summary of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface xxi

Acknowledgments xxvii

1. TRIBAL GOVERNMENT 1

A. A BRIEF HISTORY OF CUSTOMARY ANDTRADITIONAL AMERICAN INDIANGOVERNANCE 1

1. American Indian ‘‘Tribalism’’ 1

2. Quasi-Judicial Character of TraditionalAmerican Indian Governance 5

� Case 4. Cries Yia Eya Banished for the Murder ofChief Eagle 5� Case 96. Refusal of Divorce by Court Order 6� Case 31. Slander 6� Case 92. H!nimiid! v. Doh!!twe 7� Case 21. M!kin v. Toyop 7� Jacob Williams and Tuscarora Nation v. Six Nations

Iroquois Council 8� Catharine Hill v. Alex R. Jamieson 8

B. THE APPLICATION AND UNDERSTANDINGOF UNWRITTEN LAW: THE THREE FIRESCONFEDERACY OF ANISHINAABEK 10

C. THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OFMODERN AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBALGOVERNMENTS 17

1. Early Tribal Constitutions 17

� Gayanashagowa or The Great Law of Peace 17

ix

2. The Impact of the Treaty Relationshipon American Indian Governance 22

� Treaty with the Ottawa and Chippewa 22

3. The Beginnings of American IndianConstitutional Government 25

� Cherokee Constitution of 1827 26� Seneca Nation of Indians Constitution of 1848 30� Pima Constitution of 1901 34� Ottawa Laws (1850) 36

4. Removal, Allotment, and Assimilation: TheDestabilization of Nascent American IndianGovernance 40

5. The Indian Reorganization Act as the OrganicDocument of Modern Tribal Governance 47

� Tribal Self-Government and the IndianReorganization Act of 1934 47

6. Administrative Assaults on Tribal Governanceduring the Termination Era 53

� The Erosion of Indian Rights, 1950-1953:A Case Study in Bureaucracy 54

D. SELF-DETERMINATION AND THE FUTURE OFAMERICAN INDIAN TRIBAL GOVERNANCE 58

� Strengthening Tribal Sovereignty throughGovernment Reform: What Are the Issues? 58

2. TRIBAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS 67

A. A HISTORY OF TRIBAL JUSTICE SYSTEMSIN INDIAN COUNTRY 67

1. The Origins and Development of Tribal Courts 67

� Indian Courts in History and Law 67� The Development of the Indian Court System 70

2. A Microcosm Survey of Five Modern TribalJustice Systems 77

� Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and ChippewaIndians 77� Hopi Tribe 79� Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians 80� Northwest Intertribal Court System 83� Organized Village of Kake 84

x Table of Contents

B. CHOICE OF LAW: CUSTOMARY, TRADITIONAL,AMERICAN, OR INTERTRIBAL? 87

1. The Role of Custom in Modern Jurisprudence 87

2. The Legal Framework for the Use of Customin Tribal Court Decision Making: Rules ofRecognition and Change 88

� Dine Choice-of-Law Statute 88� Hoopa Valley Tribe, Traditional Tribal Law 92

3. The Use of Custom in Tribal Court Opinions:Applications of the Rules of Adjudication 95

� Navajo Nation v. Rodriguez 95

4. Choice of Law 101

� Hopi Indian Credit Association v. Thomas 101

5. The Problems in Finding and ApplyingTribal Customary Law 107

� Key Concepts in the Finding, Definition, andConsideration of Custom Law in Tribal Lawmaking 107

6. A Note on Intratribal Common Law 118

7. The Rise of Intertribal Common Law? 122

� Rave v. Reynolds 124

C. TRIBAL JUDGES 130

1. Judicial Independence 130

� Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa IndiansConstitution 130

2. Judicial Codes 133

� Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin 133

3. Theories of Tribal Judging 138

� Coyote Paradox: Some Indian Law Reflections fromthe Edge of the Prairie 138

3. TRIBAL CONSTITUTIONS 143

A. MODERN TRIBAL CONSTITUTIONS 143

1. A Brief History of Tribal Constitutions afterthe Indian Reorganization Act 143

� How Long Will Indian Constitutions Last? 143� Cohen on Tribal Constitutions 145

Table of Contents xi

2. Secretarial Approval of Draft Tribal Constitutions 149

� Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians v. United States 149

3. Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma — A Case Study 158

� Overcoming the Politics of Reform: The Story of theCherokee Nation of Oklahoma ConstitutionalConvention 158

B. TRIBAL CONSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE 165

1. Judicial Review 165

� Domencich v. Oneida Tribal Enrollment & TrustDepartment 165

2. Separation of Powers 167

� Wilson v. Business Committee 167

3. Constitutional Amendment Procedures 174

� Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation v. McKeon 174

C. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND TRIBALGOVERNMENT 180

1. Sources of Tribal Governmental Authority 180

� In the Matter of Village Authority to Remove TribalCouncil Representatives (Bacavi Certified Question) 180

2. Tribal Constitutional Crises 188

� Holder v. Byrd 188

3. Legislative Procedures 196

� Hall v. Tribal Business Council 196

4. Removal of Tribal Judges 201

� Turtle Mountain Judicial Board v. Turtle Mountain Bandof Chippewa Indians 201

5. Removal of Tribal Legislative or ExecutiveOfficials 207

� In re McSauby 207

D. TRIBAL SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 213

� Deckrow v. Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians 213

4. TRIBAL MEMBERSHIP 219

A. TRIBAL MEMBERSHIP CRITERIA 221

� Genealogy as Continuity: Explaining the GrowingTribal Preference for Descent Rules in MembershipGovernance in the United States 221

xii Table of Contents

B. JUDICIAL REVIEW OF TRIBAL MEMBERSHIPDETERMINATIONS 231

1. Tribal Court Authority to Review TribalMembership Determinations 231

� Maltos v. Sauk-Suiattle Tribe 231

2. Limited Tribal Court Scope of Review 235

� Cooke v. Yurok Tribe 235

3. Blood Degree Certification 237

� Hoffman v. Colville Confederated Tribes 237

4. Dual Enrollment and Indian Blood of OtherTribal Nations 247

� In re Menefee 247

C. DISENROLLMENT 253

� Snowden v. Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe ofMichigan 253

D. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION 266

� The Scope of Federal Government Authority overTribal Membership Disputes and the Problem ofDisenrollment 266

5. TRIBAL ELECTIONS 271

A. JUDICIAL REVIEW OF TRIBAL ELECTIONS 271

1. Standards of Review 271

� Darden v. Chitimacha Election Board 271

2. De Novo Review 274

� Bailey v. Grand Traverse Band Election Board 274

B. QUALIFICATIONS OF TRIBAL GOVERNMENTELECTORAL CANDIDATES 282

� Begay v. Navajo Nation Election Administration 282

C. QUALIFICATIONS OF VOTERS 288

1. Residency 288

� Crowe v. Tribal Board of Elections 288

2. Age 292

� Wounded Head v. Tribal Council of theOglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine RidgeReservation 292

Table of Contents xiii

D. TRIBAL CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTELECTIONS 295

1. Election Procedures 295

� Kavena v. Hopi Indian Tribal Court 295

2. Amendment by Petition and ReferendumProcess 299

� In Re Protest against Initiative Petition 299

E. THE PROBLEM OF HOLDOVER COUNCILS 308

� Chamberlain v. Peters 308

6. CIVIL RIGHTS 319

A. DUE PROCESS 321� High Elk v. Veit 321

B. EQUAL PROTECTION 325

1. Discrimination on the Basis of ImmutableCharacteristics 326

� Mohegan Tribal Gaming Authority v. MoheganTribal Employment Rights Commission 326

2. Discrimination on the Basis of MaritalStatus 333

� Arizona Public Service Co. v. Office of Navajo LaborRelations 333

3. Religious Freedom 339

� Considering Individual Religious Freedomsunder Tribal Constitutional Law 339

C. FREEDOM OF SPEECH 345

� Navajo Nation v. Crockett 345

D. SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF CIVIL RIGHTSIN INDIAN COUNTRY 351

1. Banishment/Exclusion 351

� Banishment as Cultural Justice in ContemporaryTribal Legal Systems 351� Monestersky v. Hopi Tribe 355� Burns Paiute Indian Tribe v. Dick 359

2. The Freedmen 362

� Allen v. Cherokee Nation Tribal Council 362

3. Drug Testing 367

� Louchart v. Mashantucket Pequot Gaming Commission 367

xiv Table of Contents

4. Same-Sex Marriage 373

� The Coquille Indian Tribe, Same-Sex Marriage,and Spousal Benefits: A Practical Guide 373

E. CIVIL RIGHTS AND SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 378

� McCormick v. Election Committee of Sac and FoxTribe of Indians of Oklahoma 378

7. CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE 383

A. THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF TRIBALLAW ENFORCEMENT 385

� The History of Tribal Police 385

B. JURISDICTION 389

1. Nonmember Indians 389

� Means v. District Court of the Chinle JudicialDistrict 389

2. Non–American Citizens 396

� Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians v. Torres 396

3. Non-Indians — Civil Offenses 401

� Muscogee (Creek) Nation v. One Thousand FourHundred Sixty-three and 14/100 Dollars ($1,463.14) 401

4. Territorial Jurisdiction 404

� Navajo Nation v. Milosevich 404

C. SUBSTANTIVE CRIMINAL LAW 408

1. Borrowed Criminal Codes 408

� People of the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians v.Champagne 408

2. Indigenous Criminal Law 414

� Hoh Indian Tribe v. Hudson 414

D. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 417

1. Due Process 417

� Nelson v. Yurok Tribe 417

2. Search Warrants and Probable Cause 427

� Metlakatla Indian Community v. Williams 427

E. SENTENCING 430

� St. Peter v. Colville Confederated Tribes 430

Table of Contents xv

8. DOMESTIC RELATIONS 437

A. MARRIAGE 438

� In re Validation of Marriage of Francisco 438

B. PROBATE 445

� In re: Estate of Sampson 445

C. CHILDREN 459

1. Child Custody 459

� Polingyouma v. Laban 459

2. Child Support 466

� In the Interest of A.A.M.B. 466

3. Child Welfare 468

� In the Matter of a Minor Child (L.J.Y. v. T.T.) 468

9. PROPERTY 475

A. TRADITIONAL PROPERTY SYSTEMS 475

� Retelling Allotment: Indian Property Rightsand the Myth of Common Ownership 475

B. TRIBAL PROPERTY 483

� Chilkat Indian Village, IRA v. Johnson 483

C. TRIBAL PROPERTY CODES 489

1. Grazing Leases 489

� Riggs v. Estate of Attakai 489

2. Allotments 492

� Smith v. Eckhart 492

D. TRIBAL HOUSING 498

� Coquille Indian Housing Authority v. Harrison 498

E. JURISDICTION 503

1. Jurisdiction under Tribal Law 503

� Ross v. Sulu 503

2. Jurisdiction under the Federal Montana Test 507

� Hoover v. Colville Confederated Tribes 507

3. Jurisdiction over Off-Reservation Tribal Lands 524

� Niagara Aerospace Museum v. Seneca Niagara FallsGaming Corp. 524

xvi Table of Contents

4. Jurisdiction over Fee Land within ReservationBorders 528

� Atkinson v. Beveridge 528

10. CONTRACTS 531

A. CONTRACT DOCTRINES UNDER TRIBAL LAW 531

1. Contract Formation 531

� Malaterre v. St. Claire 531

2. Parol Evidence Rule 536� Southern Puget Sound Intertribal Housing Authority v.

Johnson 536

3. Implied Contracts 539

� Colville Tribal Enterprise Corp. v. Orr 539

4. Contract Breach 543

� Pablo v. Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes 543

B. CONTRACT DISPUTE RESOLUTION 553

1. Arbitration 553

� Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde v. Strategic WealthManagement, Inc. 553

2. Suits against Tribal Businesses — Waivers ofSovereign Immunity 568

� World Extreme Cage Fighting, LLC v. Mohegan TribalGaming Authority 568

11. TORTS 573

A. TORT DOCTRINES UNDER TRIBAL LAW 573

1. Negligence 573

� Smith v. Salish Kootenai College 573

2. Wrongful Discharge 582

� White-Eagle v. Ho-Chunk Nation GrievanceReview Board 582

3. Defamation 588

� Perron v. Mashantucket Pequot Tribe 588

B. TRIBAL COMMON LAW CAUSES OF ACTION 598

� Kimsey v. Reibach 598

Table of Contents xvii

C. RESOLUTION OF TORT CLAIMS 603

1. Suits against Indian Tribes under Tort ClaimsOrdinances 603

� Nguyen v. Spirit Mountain Casino 603

2. Suits against Tribal Entities Covered byInsurance 608

� Amerind Risk Management Corp. v. Malaterre 608

D. PERSONAL JURISDICTION 615

� Mahler v. Hinshaw 615

E. ADJUDICATORY JURISDICTION OVERNONMEMBERS 618

� Bank of Hoven (Plains Commerce Bank) v. Long FamilyLand and Cattle, Inc. 618

12. PROCEDURE AND JURISDICTION 629

A. JURISDICTION 630

1. Territorial and Personal Jurisdiction 630

� PacifiCorp v. Mobil Oil Corp. 630

2. Appellate Jurisdiction 635

� Kalantari v. Spirit Mountain Gaming, Inc. 635

B. JUSTICIABILITY 639

1. Standing 639

� Village of Mishongnovi (Cultural Preservation Board) v.Humeyestewa 639

2. Advisory Opinions 648

� In Re Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians 648

C. TRIBAL COURT CONTEMPT POWER 658

� Bear Soldier District v. Bear Soldier Industries 658

D. JUDICIAL RECUSAL 664

� Pratt v. Hoopa Valley Tribal Police 664

E. PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY FORATTORNEYS AND LAY ADVOCATES 670

� IDM Financial, LLC v. Napeahi 670

F. CERTAIN PROCEDURE DOCTRINES UNDERTRIBAL LAW 673

1. Statutes of Limitations 673

� Bugenig v. Hoopa Valley Tribe 673

xviii Table of Contents

2. Attorney Fees 677

� Neff v. Port Susan Camping Club 677

3. Enforcement of Foreign Judgments and Orders 679

� Cross-Jurisdictional Recognition and Enforcement ofJudgments: A Tribal Court Perspective 679

4. Default Judgments 685

� Arquette v. Park Place Entertainment Corp. 685

13. TRIBAL REGULATORY ANDADMINISTRATIVE LAW 691

A. EMPLOYMENT LAW 692

1. Tribal Enterprise Employment 692

� Shananaquet v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa andChippewa Indians Economic Development Corp. 692

2. Tribal Government Employment 695

� Hoopa Valley Indian Housing Authority v. Gerstner 695

3. Employment-Related Administrative Hearings 701

� Synowski v. Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde 701

B. HOUSING 710

� Navajo Housing Authority v. Betsoi 710

C. LAND USE 720

� Gobin v. Tulalip Tribes of Washington 720

D. TRIBAL POLICE POWERS 727

� Skokomish Tribe v. Mosbarger 727

E. TRIBAL TRUST FUNDS 733

� Seidel v. Mohegan Tribe of Indians of Connecticut 733

14. TRIBAL ECONOMIES 739

A. MODERN RESERVATION ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT 740

1. Tribal Economic Development Strategies 740

� Two Approaches to Economic Development onAmerican Indian Reservations: One Works, theOther Doesn’t 740

2. Indian Preference in Contracting 747

� Oneida Seven Generations Corp. v. Quality ConstructionManagement, LLC 747

Table of Contents xix

3. Tribal Business Enterprises 752

� Hawl’Bay Ba:J Enterprises Inc. v. Vaughn 752

4. Secured Transactions in Indian Country 755

� Cultural Sovereignty and Transplanted Law:Tensions in Indigenous Self-Rule 755

5. Tribal Corporate Laws 760

� Cabinets Southwest, Inc. v. Navajo Labor Commission 760

B. GAMING 767

� United States ex rel. Auginaush v. Medure 767

C. TRIBAL TAXATION 781

� Rose v. Adams 781

D. THE APPLICATION OF FEDERAL LAW TOTRIBAL ENTERPRISES 786

� Foxwoods Resort Casino and InternationalUnion, UAW, AFL-CIO 786

Table of Cases 797

Index 809

xx Table of Contents

PREFACE

There are 565 federally recognized Indian tribes in the United States as of thiswriting. Each Indian nation has the authority, often expressed in an organicdocument such as a tribal constitution or a treaty with the United States, tolegislate for the general welfare of the tribe, its people, and its land. Tribalordinances and resolutions often are codified into tribal codes and publishedin book form and on the Internet, e.g., GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CODE; HOOPA VALLEY

TRIBAL CODE; NAVAJO NATION TRIBAL CODE. Other tribes not only publish their lawsbut make readily available any proposed legislation; the best example is theOdawa Register, a circular published by the Little Traverse Bay Bands of OdawaIndians that parallels the Federal Register.

There are more than 300 American Indian tribal courts currently in oper-ation, and there will likely be another 100 to 200 in the next few decades.American Indian tribal courts decide thousands of cases daily, with misde-meanor criminal cases, child welfare, and tribal administrative law cases con-stituting the large portion of tribal court dockets. Some tribal courts, such asthose of the Navajo Nation, handle more than 100,000 cases each year, whileother tribal courts handle only a very few cases. Many tribal courts span the fullpanoply of subject areas, from criminal to civil to probate to divorce to envi-ronmental law; others handle only a select few subject areas, such as tribalconservation courts, which adjudicate disputes involving tribal treaty fishingand hunting rights. The variety of tribal court disputes is endless.

‘‘Tribal law’’ is to be distinguished from ‘‘federal Indian law.’’ Looselyspeaking, federal Indian law is the law covering the relationships betweenthe federal, state, and tribal governments. The key feature of federal Indianlaw is the exclusion of federal and state laws from the internal governance ofIndian tribes. In short, every Indian nation is free to adopt its own laws and beruled by them, to paraphrase the United States Supreme Court. Williams v. Lee,358 U.S. 217 (1959).

This casebook delves exclusively into the laws of American Indian tribesand the cases decided by tribal courts. Most professors and students will findthat a course in Federal Indian Law or a similar topic area will be helpful in

xxi

engaging the materials in this book. E.g., DAVID H. GETCHES, CHARLES F. WILKINSON,ROBERT A. WILLIAMS & MATTHEW L. M. FLETCHER, CASES AND MATERIALS ON FEDERAL

INDIAN LAW (6th ed. 2011). ‘‘Federal Indian law’’ and ‘‘tribal law’’ are linkedto some extent, but there are significant differences.

Indian country is ready for a comprehensive set of materials on what someacademics and practitioners have called the ‘‘real Indian law’’ — the law ofIndian nations and tribal courts. It is a new field, and scholarship on thesubject has taken off only in the past few years.

These materials are intended to assist students in navigating tribal courtsand other indigenous dispute resolution forums, and how to otherwisepractice law in Indian country. Students need to learn that nearly all tribaljurisdictions can and do apply their own laws, not the laws of the United Statesor state law.

This book will rely heavily on the standard cases and notes format of mostlaw school casebooks, and will offer in-depth legal commentary and back-ground on the history of tribal law and justice systems.

The inspiration for this law school text comes in part from two workscommissioned for the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians’ ProjectPeacemaker. The first, authored by Justin Richland and Sarah Deer, is Introduc-tion to Tribal Legal Studies, published in 2004 and in a second edition in 2009 byAltaMira Press. The second, authored by Carrie E. Garrow and Sarah Deer, isTribal Criminal Law and Procedure, also published by AltaMira Press, in 2004.These materials were designed for tribal community college and undergraduatestudents, and likely are the first comprehensive American Indian tribal law text-books. An additional source of inspiration is Frank Pommersheim’s BrokenGround and Flowing Waters: An Introductory Text with Materials on Rosebud SiouxTribal Government, published by the Sinte Gleska College in 1977.

One additional note: part of the reason American Indian tribal law mate-rials for law students have been slow in coming is that the law of Indiannations is relatively difficult to find. This is changing, rapidly, as tribesdevelop their own Internet presence and publish their laws online. Moreover,hundreds of tribal laws and ordinances, as well as tribal constitutions, areposted on the website of the Native American Rights Fund’s National IndianLaw Library, the University of Oklahoma Law School website, and others. Thesame is true for tribal court decisions. Many tribal courts post their decisionsonline, or in self-commissioned reporters, such as the Navajo Reporter andthe Muscogee (Creek) Nation Reporter. Other tribes create intertribal courtsystems as a means of pooling their limited resources, such as the NorthwestIndian Tribal Court System (which publishes the NICS Tribal Court AppellateOpinions, or ‘‘NICS App.’’), the Southwest Intertribal Court System (whichpublishes the SWITCA Reporter), and the Northern Plains Intertribal CourtSystem. The first tribal court reporter was the Tribal Law Reporter, whichcame and went in the 1970s. Since 1980, the American Indian Law Reporterhas published selected tribal court decisions. Another significant reporter isthe Oklahoma Tribal Court Reports. In recent years, VersusLaw, Westlaw(American Tribal Reports), and Lexis-Nexis have posted selected tribalcourt decisions. Finally, many tribal court decisions are available at the TribalCourt Clearinghouse website.

xxii Preface

Structure of the Materials

Chapter 1 is a survey of the history of American Indian tribal governments.Indian nations predate the United States and possessed their own forms ofgovernment, often radically different from the tribal governments that nowexist. Interestingly, a traditional tribal government functioned as a kind ofcourt, deciding disputes among people. The second half of the chapter is asurvey of how tribal governments have adapted to the interventions and neg-ligence of the American government.

Chapter 2 is an introduction to tribal justice systems, that is, tribal courts.The first tribal courts were not indigenous institutions; they were imposed pontribal communities in the nineteenthth century as a means of breaking downtribal cultures. But tribes have now taken over these courts and developed theirown justice systems. Chapter 2 also includes an important theoretical discus-sion about the use and utility of customary and traditional law in modernlitigation, as well as a discussion of the role of tribal judges.

Chapter 3 is a survey of modern tribal constitutional law. Nearly all tribesdiscussed in this casebook are constitutional republics, with some remarkableexceptions. Chapter 3, like the first two chapters, relies heavily on secondarysources, but moves directly into tribal court doctrine by sampling the richhistory of tribal constitutional adjudication, where some of the greatest crisesof modern tribal governments have occurred.

Chapter 4 concerns tribal citizenship, one of the most important subjectareas in tribal law: Who is an Indian? Beginning with this chapter, the largemajority of the key materials included in the casebook are tribal court cases.

Chapter 5 concerns tribal elections. Virtually every major tribe has its ownversion of Bush v Gore, and this chapter covers those disputes, as well as casesabout the qualifications of voters and candidates.

Chapter 6 covers civil rights claims in tribal courts. While the United StatesConstitution does not apply to Indian nations, Congress has attempted toimpose most of the federal constitutional rights on tribal governments inthe Indian Civil Rights Act. The United States Supreme Court has held thattribal courts, and not federal courts, are the sole place to enforce those rights.This chapter surveys several key due process and equal protection cases, butalso focuses on important flashpoints in tribal law, including the CherokeeFreemen, tribal banishment, and same-sex marriage.

Chapter 7 surveys tribal criminal law and procedure. This is a microcosm ofthe field, given that a whole casebook could be dedicated to this subject area.This chapter offers some of the more famous tribal law cases, including theNavajo Nation’s prosecution of Russell Means. The chapter also offers a briefhistory of the tribal police, tribal criminal jurisdiction (which is limited toIndians only), and how tribal legislatures and courts effectively enforce lawsagainst non-Indians.

Chapter 8 deals with domestic relations, including marriage and divorcelaw, probate law, and the law of children. For many tribal courts, the over-whelming majority of their dockets fall into these areas, but there are relativelyfew published tribal court decisions.

Preface xxiii

Chapter 9 involves the very rich tapestry of tribal property. It begins with along excerpt from an important scholarly article on various traditional tribalproperty structures, before delving into cases about tribal lands, tribal publictrust property, and jurisdiction.

Chapter 10 covers contract law. Contract law in tribal courts generally doesnot deviate in large measure from the law applied in state and federal courts,but this chapter helps students focus on the practical application of contractlaw to the unique factual disputes that arise in Indian country. Of note, thischapter involves cases dealing with suits against tribal governments and tribalbusinesses, the probable clients of students who move on to practice in Indiancountry.

Chapter 11 — on torts — is also more practical than doctrinal, although arich history of traditional tribal tort law has survived the assimilation of tribalgovernments into the American polity. Moreover, many United StatesSupreme Court cases involving the jurisdiction of Indian tribes begin as tribalcourt tort actions.

Chapter 12 is on civil procedure but focuses more on the operation andauthority of tribal courts than on rote doctrine. This chapter encompasses awide variety of key practical areas, such as tribal court contempt power, judicialrecusal, professional responsibility, and jurisdiction.

Chapter 13 may cover the least obvious tribal law–related subject area —tribal regulatory and administrative law — but may well be the most importantchapter. As tribal nations have entered the complex world of shared gover-nance between federal, state, and tribal authorities, tribal government bureau-cracies have grown exponentially. This chapter offers a brief survey of tribaladministrative law, organized by subject area such as employment, housing,land use, and tribal trust funds, but it also goes into great detail in discussingthe wide variety of tribal bureaucratic structures that have arisen just in recentdecades. Concomitant with this topic is the underlying authority of tribes toregulate lands and peoples within Indian country.

Chapter 14 covers tribal economic development, a subject area (like tribalcriminal law and procedure) that could be a book of its own. This chapter is oneof the most theoretical chapters, though it includes several cases. Key casesinvolve tribal gaming, taxation, and the intervention of federal law into tribaleconomic development operations.

Miigwetch!

I wish to acknowledge many of the leaders in the field, those who are triballaw academics and tribal court practitioners, and jurists who have assisted meover the years in learning about tribal law and in the development of thesematerials.

The two people who have taught me the most, by far, about AmericanIndian law are Wenona T. Singel and John Petoskey. Wenona is an appellatejustice for the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians and chief appellatejustice for the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, and sheis my colleague on the Michigan State University College of Law and at theIndigenous Law and Policy Center, as well as my lovely spouse. John, the

xxiv Preface

longtime general counsel of the Grand Traverse Band, is one of the greatpragmatic Indian law thinkers of his time and a great mentor.

I also wish to thank Zeke Fletcher and Judge Michael Petoskey, two otherswho have influenced from the beginnings of my legal career. Judge Petoskey,along with his cousin John, has been most responsible for the development ofthe law of the Grand Traverse Band. Judge Petoskey has served as a jurist forevery tribe in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and has served as the initialchief judge of the Grand Traverse Band, the Little Traverse Bay Bands, thePokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, the Nottawaseppi Huron Band ofPotawatomi Indians, and the Match-E-Bash-She-Wish Band of PottawatomiIndians (Gun Lake Band). Zeke, my brother, is a brilliant young Indian lawyer,a cutting-edge transactional attorney and litigator who is always willing totalk through all the interesting details of tribal law.

I also say miigwetch to the Indian nations that have asked me to serve as anappellate judge. Those tribes include the Hoopa Valley Tribe, the Little RiverBand of Ottawa Indians, the Nottawaseppi Huron Band of PotawatomiIndians, the Poarch Band of Creek Indians, the Pokagon Band, and TurtleMountain Band of Chippewa Indians. My colleagues on those courts whohave fundamentally influenced and inspired me include Huma Ahsan, BobAnderson, Karrie Azure, Lisa Brodoff, Trent Crable, Clint Daughtrey, JerilynDecoteau, Michelle Demmert, Ron Douglas, Keith Harper, Eric Nielson, DavePeterson, Brenda Toineeta Pipestem, Brenda Jones Quick, Holly Thompson, JillTompkins, Suzanne Ojibwe Townsend, Monique Vondall-Rieke, and JohnWaubunsee. I especially wish to thank former Seneca Nation of IndiansCourt of Appeals Judge Irma Cooper, for whom I served as an advisor for severalyears, and who taught me an enormous amount about Haudenosaunee peopleand the realities of tribal jurisprudence and tribal court practice.

Other tribal jurists and tribal law practitioners and thinkers who havehelped me to develop my ideas about these materials over the years — andwho have highlighted important tribal court decisions for me — includeAndrew Adams, Ray Austin, Bill Brooks, Bill Brott, Kirsten Carlson, KristenCarpenter, Bob Clinton, Jo Anne Coleman, Steve Cornell, Brad Dakota,Sarah Deer, Sam Deloria, Angelique EagleWoman, Anita Fineday, Kate Fort,Phil Frickey, Carrie Garrow, JoAnne Gasco, David Getches, David Giampe-troni, Carole Goldberg, Francine Hatch, Bob Hershey, Mary Jo Hunter, MyriamJaıdi, B.J. Jones, Joe Kalt, Riyaz Kanji, Beth Kronk, Del Laverdure, Stacy Leeds,Matt Lesky, Brian Lewis, Kevin Maillard, Allie Maldonado, Matthew Martin,Mike McBride, Kyme McGaw, Robert Medina, Bob Miller, Bryan Newland,Mike Oeser, Rob Porter, Frank Pommersheim, Venus McGhee Prince, BrianQuint, Bill Rastetter, Justin Richland, Bill Rice, Angela Riley, Mary Roberts,Laura Sagolla, Pat Sekaquaptewa, Alex Skibine, Kaighn Smith, Paul Spruhan,Kathryn Tierney, Ann Tweedy, Fred Urbina, Brian Upton, Korey Wahwassuck,Quinton Walker, Kevin Washburn, Jenn Weddle, Charles Wilkinson, RobWilliams, and Christine Zuni Cruz. Special thanks to Ruth Chippewa, LizCook, Debra Coon, Tami Hostler, Deb Miller, Sue Nelson, Keesha O’Barr,Steve Rambeaux, Mike Rossotto, Mary Shomin, Terri Walrod, and KarrieWichtman — all extraordinary legal professionals with whom I have had thepleasure of working. Rhonda Schwartz at the University of North Dakota

Preface xxv

School of Law library also deserves special mention for helping me locate triballaw materials years ago. And the law librarians at Michigan State UniversityCollege of Law — especially Barbara Bean, Robin Doutre, Jane Edwards, HildurHanna, Janet Hedin, Lara Leaf, and Kathy Prince — have tirelessly andpatiently found for me obscure and sometimes insanely hard-to-get triballaw materials since 2006. I also thank several former students who wadedinto American Indian tribal law on my behalf, especially Linus Banghart-Linn, Melissa Burkland, Alicia Ivory, Peter Vicaire, and Nova Wilson. Finally,I thank June Mamagona Fletcher and Eva Petoskey, two non-lawyers who havetaught me as much about the law as anyone.

Finally, there is no way to know all of American Indian tribal law, and anyimportant omissions and errors in this text are my own.

xxvi Preface

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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Carpenter, Kristen A. Considering Individual Religious Freedoms under TribalConstitutional Law. 14 Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy 561 (2005).Reprinted by permission of the Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy.

Deloria, Jr., Vine and Clifford M. Lytle. American Indians, American Justice.University of Texas Press, 1983. Reprinted by permission of the University ofTexas Press.

EagleWoman, Angelique A. (Wambdi A. Wastewin). Tribal Nation Economies:Rebuilding Commercial Prosperity in Spite of U.S. Trade Restrains —Recommendations for Economic Revitalization in Indian Country. 44 TulsaLaw Review 383 (2008). Reprinted by permission of the Tulsa Law Review.

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Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development. MississippiBand of Choctaw Indians, Choctaw Tribal Court System. Harvard Project onAmerican Indian Economic Development Honoring Nations 2005 Honoree.Reprinted by permission of the Harvard Project on American Indian EconomicDevelopment.

xxvii

Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development. NorthwestIntertribal Court System. Harvard Project on American Indian EconomicDevelopment Honoring Nations 2003 Honoree. Reprinted by permission ofthe Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development.

Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development. Organized Vil-lage of Kake, Kake Circle Peacemaking. Harvard Project on American IndianEconomic Development Honoring Nations 2003 Honoree. Reprinted by per-mission of the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development.

‘‘Two Approaches to the Development of Native Nations: One Works, theOther Doesn’t’’ from Rebuilding Native Nations by Miriam Jorgensen. # 2008The Arizona Board of Regents. Reprinted by permission of the University ofArizona Press.

Kunesh, Patrice. Banishment as Cultural Justice in Contemporary Tribal LegalSystems. 37 New Mexico Law Review 85 (2007). Reprinted by permission of theNew Mexico Law Review.

Leeds, Stacy L. Cross-Jurisdictional Recognition and Enforcement of Judg-ments: A Tribal Court Perspective. 76 North Dakota Law Review 311 (2000).Reprinted by permission of the North Dakota Law Review.

Lemont, Eric. Overcoming the Politics of Reform: The Story of the CherokeeNation of Oklahoma Constitutional Convention. 28 American Indian LawReview 1 (2003-2004). Reprinted by permission of the American Indian LawReview.

Ludwick, Brendan. The Scope of Federal Government Authority over TribalMembership Disputes and the Problem of Disenrollment. 51 Federal Lawyer,October 2004. Reprinted by permission of the author.

‘‘The History of the Tribal Police’’ from Tribal Policing by Eileen Luna-Firebaugh. # 2007 The Arizona Board of Regents. Reprinted by permissionof the University of Arizona Press.

Martin, J. Matthew. The Nature and Extent of the Exercise of Criminal Juris-diction by the Cherokee Supreme Court: 1823-1835. 32 North Carolina Cen-tral Law Review 27 (2009). Reprinted by permission of the North CarolinaCentral Law Review.

Tribal Self-Government and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. 70Michigan Law Review 955 (1972). Reprinted by permission of the MichiganLaw Review.

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xxviii Acknowledgments

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Pommersheim, Frank. Coyote Paradox: Some Indian Law Reflections from theEdge of the Prairie. 31 Arizona State Law Journal 439 (1999). Reprinted bypermission of the author.

Pommersheim, Frank. Looking Forward and Looking Back: The Promise andPotential of a Sioux Nation Judicial Support Center and Sioux Nation SupremeCourt. 34 Arizona State Law Journal 269 (2000). Reprinted by permission of theauthor.

Porter, Robert. Decolonizing Indigenous Governance: Observations on Restor-ing Greater Faith and Legitimacy in the Government of the Seneca Nation.8 Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy 97 (1997). Reprinted by permissionof the Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy.

Porter, Robert B. Strengthening Tribal Sovereignty through GovernmentReform: What are the Issues? 7 Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy 72(1997). Reprinted by permission of the Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy.

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Acknowledgments xxix

TABLE OF CASES

A.A. ex re. Betenbaugh v. NeedvilleIndep. School District (2010), 46

A.A.M.B., In the Interest of (1993),466-467

Access to the Cherokee NationCourthouse, In the Matter of(1997), 193

Adams v. Grand Traverse Band ofOttawa and Chippewa IndiansEconomic DevelopmentAuthority (1992), 694, 700-701

Adams v. Murphy (1908), 379Albuquerque v. Browner, City of

(1996), 513Allen v. Cherokee Nation (2006), 304,

362-367Allstate Indemnity Co. v. Blackgoat

(2005), 566Amerind Risk Management Corp. v.

Malaterre (2007), 608-612, 637,667-668

Ames v. Hoopa Valley Tribal Council(1992), 696, 699, 700

Anglen v. McKinley (2006), 378, 645Apache v. Republic National Life

Insurance Co. (1982), 442Appeal of Lee, In re (2006), 287Appointment of Special Justices, In re

(2004), 316Argyle v. Grand Traverse band Gaming

Commission (2009), 607-608Arizona v. California (1963), 523Arizona Public Service Co. v. Aspaas

(1996), 338

Arizona Public Service Co. v. Office ofNavajo Labor Relations (1990),333-338

Arquette v. Park Place EntertainmentCorp. (2001), 685-690

Arnett v. Ho-Chunk Nation Dept. ofAdministration (2001), 536, 583

Arnold v. Hughes (1993), 282A.S., In re (1999), 471Atchico v. Deherrea (2005)Atkinson v. Beveridge (2000), 518,

528-530Atkinson Trading Co., Inc. v. Shirley

(2001), 518A.W., In re (1989), 98

Babbitt Ford, Inc. v. Navajo IndianTribe (1983), 392, 731

Bacavi Certified Question (In reMatter of Village Authorityto Removal Tribal CouncilRepresentatives) (2010), 180-187

Bailey v. Grand Traverse Band ElectionBoard (2008), 274-280, 281

Baldy v. Hoopa Valley Tribal Council(1994), 264

Ballina v. Confederated Tribes ofGrand Ronde (2003), 234

Barber v. Simpson (2006), 496-497Barbosa v. Mashantucket Pequot

Gaming Enterprise (2005), 580-582Bank of Hoven (Plains Commerce

Bank) v. Long Family Land andCattle Co. (2004), 618-627

797

Bank One, N.A. v. Shumake (2002), 82Barnes v. United States (1962), 379Barrientoz v. Grand Traverse Band

Election Board (2006), 276,280-281

Barta v. Oglala Sioux Tribe (1958), 320Bartell v. Kerr (1996), 579-580Bear Soldier District v. Bear Soldier

Industries (2005), 658-661Begay v. Keedah (1991), 331-332, 490Begay v. King (2009), 491Begay v. Navajo Nation Election

Administration (2002),282-286, 287

Benally v. John (1983), 647Bennett v. Navajo Board of Election

Supervisors (1990), 282, 284Beno v. Shalala (1994), 724Bethel v. Mohegan Tribal Gaming

Authority (2000), 330-331Bick v. Pierce (1996), 575Bighorn v. Daniels Spang (2002), 690Billie v. Abbott (1988), 440Bolding v. Lujan (1995), 662Bolling v. Sharpe (1954), 700Bordeaux v. Wilkinson (1993), 126, 643Bradley v. Bradley (2001), 467Brandon v. Tribal Council for the

Confederated Tribes of the GrandRonde Community of Oregon(1991), 349-350

Brendale v. Confederated Tribes andBands of the Yakima IndianNation (1989), 513, 523, 524

Broad v. Plagens (2009), 684-685Brown v. Walker (1896), 98Bruton v. United States (1968), 574Bugenig v. Hoopa Valley Tribe

(2000), 513Bugenig v. Hoopa Valley Tribe (2001),

513, 515, 524, 676, 677-678Bugenig v. Hoopa Valley Tribe (2007),

673-676Bull v. United States (1935), 561Bullcoming v. Cheyenne and Arapaho

Tribes (2006), 316, 425-426Burnett v. Pioneer Chevy, Inc.

(2000), 601Burnette v. Rosebud Sioux Tribe

(1978), 648Burns Paiute Indian Tribe v. Dick

(1994), 359-362

Bush, In re (2002), 587Business Committee v. Pedro (2002),

167, 168Buster v. Wright (1905), 782, 783Byrd v. Cherokee Nation Election

Commission (2003), 274

C&L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Bandof Potawatomi Indian Tribe ofOklahoma (2001), 558, 559, 565,569, 570

Cabinets Southwest, Inc. v. NavajoLabor Commission (2004),760-763

Cahto Tribe of the LaytonvilleRancheria v. Pacific RegionalDirector, Bureau of Indian Affairs(2002), 267, 268

Cain, In re (2002), 587-588California v. Cabazon Band of

Mission Indians (1987), 779-780Carter v. United States (1896), 398Casaus v. Dine College (2007), 567Catskill Development, L.L.C. v. Park

Place Entertainment Corp.(2008), 690

Cavenham Forest Products, Inc. v.Colville Confederated Tribes(1991), 513

C.D.C. and C.M.H., In re (1988), 114Cedar Unified School District v.

Navajo Nation LaborCommission (2007), 330

Chamberlain v. Peters (2000),207, 255

Chapoose v. Ute Indian Tribe(1993), 173

Charles v. Furniture Warehouse(1994), 707

Cheney v. United States District Court(2004), 669

Cherokee Freedmen & CherokeeFreedmen’s Association v. UnitedStates and the Cherokee Nation(1971), 366

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia(1831), 29

Cherokee Nation v. United States(1967), 365

Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe HousingAuthority v. Howard (2005),322-323

798 Table of Cases

Chickering v. Mashantucket PequotGaming Enterprise (1998), 369

Chilkat Indian Village, IRA v. Johnson(1993), 483-488

Chitimacha Housing Authority v.Martin (1994), 204, 205, 713-714

Citizens Committee for D.C. LotteryTerminal Petition v. District ofColumbia Board of Elections andEthics (2004), 307

Citizens for a ResponsibleGovernment v. Easton (2004), 178

Clement v. LeCompte (1994), 126Cleveland Board of Education v.

Loudermill (1985), 700Coalition for Fair Government II v.

Lowe (1997), 212-213Coin v. Mowa (1997), 255Cogo v. Central Council of the Tlingit

& Haida Indians (1979), 558Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp.

(1949), 636Colliflower v. Garland (1965), 69,

74, 320Colorado River Indian Tribes v. Water

Wheel Camp Recreation Area,Inc. (2009), 765-766

Colville Confederated Tribes v. Naff(1995), 539, 540

Colville Confederated Tribes of theColville Reservation v. Stock West(1994), 126

Colville Tribal Enterprise Corp. v. Orr(1998), 533, 539-543

Committee for Better TribalGovernment v. Southern UteElection Board (1990), 173

Compo v. Jackson Iron Co.(1882), 444

Compo v. Jackson Iron Co.(1883), 444

Confederated Tribes of the GrandRonde v. Strategic WealthManagement, Inc. (2005),553-563, 564

Connecticut ex rel. Eberle v. Clark,State of (1913), 316

Cooke v. Yurok Tribe (2005),235-237

Cornsilk v. Cherokee Nation TribalCouncil (1996), 645

Cornsilk v. Frailey (2005), 645

Coughlin v. WestinghouseBroadcasting and Cable, Inc.(1985), 591

Council of Elders of the MoheganTribe v. Mohegan TribalEmployment Rights Commission(2001), 648

Covelo Indian Community v. Watt(1982), 511

Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indiansv. United States (1986), 149-155

Crow Tribe of Indians v. Big Man(2000), 101

Crow Tribe v. Gregori (1998), 495Crowe v. Tribal Board of Elections

(2004), 288-290Curtis v. loather (2003), 622Cypress v. Jumper (2008), 467

Darden v. Chitimacha Election Board(2001), 271-273

Davis v. Keplin (1991), 381-382Daw, In re Marriage of (1969),

438, 439Dawavendewa v. Salt River Project

Agr. Improvement and PowerDistrict (1998), 330, 751-752

DeCoteau v. District Court (1975),632-633

DeCoteau v. Ives (1992)Decrow v. Little Traverse Bay Bands of

Odawa Indians I (1999), 215Decrow v. Little Traverse Bay Bands of

Odawa Indians II (1999), 213-215Deer v. Okpik (1980), 463Delgado v. Puyallup Tribal Council

(1996), 263Delgado v. Wilson (2004), 338-339DeLorge v. Mashantucket Pequot

Gaming Enterprise (1997),591, 594

Delorme v. Stearns Bank (2002),518-519

Dennison v. Tucson Gas and Electric(1974), 166

Deswood v. Navajo Board of ElectionSupervisors (1978), 285

DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band ofOttawa and Chippewa Indians(2000), 78, 216, 261-262

D.H., In re (2009), 113-114, 324Dickson v. Luck Land Co. (1917), 529

Table of Cases 799

Dole v. Irish (1848), 34Domencich v. Oneida Tribal

Enrollment & Trust Dept. (1995),165-166

Donovan v. Coeur d’Alene TribalFarm (1985), 792

Dow v. New Haven Independent, Inc.(1987), 593

Ducheneaux v. Cheyenne RiverSioux Tribe Election Board(1999), 281

Duckwater Shoshone Tribe v.Thompson (1998), 370

Duncan v. Shiprock District Court(2004), 97

Dupree v. Cheyenne River HousingAuthority (1988), 322

Duro v. Reina (1990), 384, 391, 395

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians v.Torres (2005), 396-399, 400

Eberhard v. Eberhard (1997),464-466, 683

Emmons v. Emmons (2005), 690Enrich v. Connell (1986), 537Eriacho v. Ramah District Court

(2005), 566, 567Erickson-Hellekson-Vye Co. v. A.

Wells Co. (1944), 777Estate of Abeyta, In re (1991), 442Estate of Belone, In re (1987), 439Estate of Bighorse (1988), 616Estate of D.F. v. SWST Fuel Inc.

(2009), 755Estate of Sampson, In re (2002),

445-454Estate of Summers, In re

(2002), 458Estate of Tasunke Witko v.

G. Heilman Brewing Co. (1996),601-602

Ex parte Crow Dog (1883), 68-69,293, 383

Ex parte Robinson (1873), 663Ex parte Young (1908), 233, 234

Federal Power Commission v.Tuscarora Indian (1960), 792

Feltman v. Muckleshoot Tribe ofIndians (1999), 672-673

Fickett v. Brown (1995), 708Finstad v. W.R. Grace (2000), 575

First Specialty Ins. Co. v.Confederated Tribes of the GrandRonde Community of Oregon(2006), 564

First Specialty Ins. Co. v.Confederated Tribes of the GrandRonde Community of Oregon(2007), 564

Fisher v. District Court (1976), 437,440, 730

Fitzgerald v. United States CivilService Commission (1977), 558

Fletcher v. Grand Traverse Band TribalCouncil (2004), 538

Fletcher v. Mashantucket PequotTribe (1998), 591, 592, 593,594, 595

Flint v. Mashantucket Pequot GamingEnterprise (1998), 369

Flood v. Ryan (2000), 651, 657-658Flute v. Labelle (2004), 350FMC v. Shoshone-Bannock Tribe

(1990), 519Fort Defiance Housing Corp. v. Lowe

(2004), 97, 567Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation v.

Haynes (2003), 467Fort Peck Housing Authority v.

Iceman (1997), 719-720Foxwoods Resort Casino and

International Union, UAW,AFL-CIO (2007), 786-794

Francis v. Wilkinson (1993), 127Francisco, In re Validation of the

Marriage of (1989), 336, 438-441

Gallegos v. Pueblo of Tesuque(2002), 613

Gantt v. Sentry Ins. (1992), 584Garcia v. Greendeer-Lee (2003), 351Garrett v. Bank West, Inc. (1990), 625Garza v. Pepard (1986), 578, 579General Motors Acceptance Corp. v.

Bitah (1988), 241General Motors Acceptance Corp. v.

Mathiason (2005), 533George v. Navajo Tribe (1979), 391Geroux v. Assurant, Inc. (2009), 582Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.

(1974), 591GNS, Inc. v. Winnebago Tribe of

Nebraska (1994), 125

800 Table of Cases

Gobin v. Snohomish County(2006), 727

Gobin v. Tulalip Tribes ofWashington (2003), 720-726

Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), 696, 697,698, 704

Goldtooth v. Goldtooth (1982),462-464

Gonzales v. Allen (1990), 216Gourd v. Robertson (2001), 371-372Gourneau v. Turtle Mountain Band of

Chippewa Indians (2002), 611Graham v. Muscogee (Creek) Nation

Citizenship Board (2006), 367Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and

Chippewa Indians v. C.H. SmithCo., Inc. (2002), 564

Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa andChippewa Indians HousingDept. v. Crowley (2005), 718-719

Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa andChippewa Indians v. Office of theUnited States Attorney for theWestern District of Michigan(2002), 249, 780-781

Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa andChippewa Indians v. Office of theUnited States Attorney for theWestern District of Michigan(2004), 25

Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa andChippewa Indians Housing Dept.v. Shomin (2008), 714-715

Graverette v. Saginaw Chippewa Tribeof Michigan (2010), 259-260

Greenbelt Cooperative PublishingAssn. v. Bresler (1970), 594

Green Tree Servicing, Inc. v. Duncan(2008), 565-568

Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971),327-329

Grossi v. Mashantucket PequotGaming Enterprise (1998),369, 708

Guardipee v. Confederated Tribes ofGrand Ronde Community ofOregon (1992), 216, 558

Hagen v. Utah (1994), 44Hall v. Tribal Business Council (1996),

196-200Halona v. McDonald (1978), 167

Hawl’Bay Ba:J Enterprises Inc. v.Vaughn (1995), 752-753

Healey v. Mashantucket PequotGaming Enterprise (1999), 369

Hendix v. Yurok tribe (2000), 668Henry v. After-Buffalo (2003), 669Hexum v. Dakota Development, Inc.

(2009), 632-633Hicks v. Harold (1993), 127High Elk v. Iron Hawk (2006),

764-765High Elk v. Veit (2006), 321-324Ho-Chunk Nation v. B&K Builders,

Inc. (2001), 535-536, 565Ho-Chunk Nation v. Olsen (2000),

535, 634-635Ho-Chunk Nation Dept. of Housing

Property Management Div. v.Whiterabbit (2000), 715-717

Ho-Chunk Nation Treasury Dept. v.Corvettes on the Isthmus (2007),550-551

Hoffman v. Colville ConfederatedTribes (1995), 245

Hoffman v. Colville ConfederatedTribes (1997), 237-244, 245

Hoh Indian Tribe v. Hudson (1994),414-416

Holder v. Byrd (1997), 188-193Holmes v. St. Croix Casino

(1999), 255Honie v. Hopi Tribal Housing

Authority (1998), 502-503Hood v. Bordy (1991), 533Hoopa Forest Industries v. Jordan

(1998), 709Hoopa Valley Housing Authority v.

Gerstner (1992), 206, 333,695-700, 703

Hoopa Valley Tribal Council v. Risling(1996), 665

Hoopa Valley Tribal PlantManagement Dept. v. Smith(1999), 332-333

Hoopa Valley Tribe v. Bugenig (1998),519-524

Hoover v. Colville ConfederatedTribes (2002), 507-517, 518

Hopi Credit Association v. Thomas(1996), 101, 103, 104, 460, 641

Hopi Indian Credit Association v.Thomas (1998), 101-103, 184

Table of Cases 801

Hopi Tribe v. Mahkewa (1995), 103, 462Hopi Tribe v. Sahmea (1998), 658Hornbuckle v. Cherokee Board of

Elections (2007), 273Hornell Brewing Co. v. Rosebud Sioux

Tribal Court (1998), 602Howard, In re (1997), 483Howard v. Navajo Board of Election

Supervisors (1991), 284, 285Howard Dana and Associates v.

Navajo Housing Authority(1982), 647

Husband v. Wife (2003)

IDM Financial, LLC v. Napeahi(1998), 670-671

Imperial Granite Co. v. Pala Band ofMission Indians (1991), 231

In re . See name ofdefendant

International Shoe Co. v. Washington(1945), 635

In the matter of . See nameof defendant

Investment Finance Management,Inc. v. Winnebago Tribe ofNebraska (1991), 125

Iowa Mutual Insurance Co. v.LaPlante (1987), 630

Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe(1956), 73

Jacobson v. Eastern Band of CherokeeIndians (2005), 291-92

Jackson v. Grainger (1999), 617-618Jacobs v. Zimmer (2006), 325James, In re (1992)James v. Smith (1995), 115J.H.A., In re (2006), 633-634J.J.S., In re (1983), 244Johnson v. Mashantucket Pequot

Gaming Enterprise (1995), 370,704, 705, 709

Johnson v. Navajo Nation (1987), 216Johnson v. June (1983), 279Johnson v. M’Intosh (1823), 526Johnson v. Whitman (1969), 540Jones v. Chitimacha Tribe of

Louisiana (1996), 613Jones v. Election Board of the Fort

McDowell Yavapai Nation (2000),280, 294

Jones v. Pokagon Band of PotawatomiIndians (2009), 606

Jordan, In re Removal and Suspensionof (1997), 193

Kalantari v. Spirit Mountain Gaming,Inc. (2004), 613-614, 625-637

Kaufmann v. Little Traverse Bay Bandsof Odawa Indians EnrollmentOffice (2004), 234-235

Kavena v. Hamilton (1988), 296Kavena v. Hopi Indian Tribal Court

(1989), 295-299K. Children, In re the (1996), 471Kennard v. Dore (1994), 261Kerr-McGee v. Navajo Tribe of Indians

(1985), 661, 782Kesoli v. Anderson Security Agency

(2005), 287, 566Kewaygoshkum v. Grand Traverse

Band Election Board (2008),281, 282

Kim v. Indian Credit Corp. (1989),538-539

Kimsey v. Reibach (2005), 598-601Kinslow v. Business Committee of the

Citizen Band Potawatomi IndianTribe of Oklahoma (1988), 241

Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v.Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.(1998), 558, 568

K.M.C., In re (1999), 471Kobogum v. Jackson Iron Co. (1889),

437, 444-445Komalestewa v. Hopi Tribe

(1996), 647Komaquaptewa, In re (2002), 182,

184, 458-459Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of

Ottawa and Chippewa Indians(2001), 700, 708

Kotch v. Absentee Shawnee Tribe(1993), 612-613

Lac Vieux Desert Band of LakeSuperior Chippewa IndiansTribal Council v. Lac VieuxDeserv Band Tribal Police (2010),132-133

Laban v. Yu Weh Loo Pah kiCommunity (2003), 678-679

Laducer v. laducer (1990), 532

802 Table of Cases

LaFountaine-Gladue v. Ojibwe IndianSchool (1996), 202, 533

Lande v. Schwend (1999), 495, 527Landgraf v. USI Film Products

(1994), 234LaPorte v. Fletcher (2004), 349LaPorte v. Fletcher (2006), 409, 411Larch, In re (1989), 683Larkin v. Pough (1928), 529LeCompte v. Jewett (1985), 126Lenoir v. Monette (2002), 203Letter Carriers v. Austin (1974), 594Lewis v. Mashantucket Pequot

Gaming Enterprise (1997), 534Littel v. Nakai (1965), 392Little Horn State Bank v. Crow Tribal

Court (1988), 132Little River Band of Ottawa Indians v.

Kelsey (2009), 407-408Little River Band of Ottawa Indians

Tribal Council v. Little River Bandof Ottawa Indians Tribal Ogema(2009), 173-174

Little River Band of Ottawa Indians v.Champagne, People of the (2006),409, 411-412

Little River Band of Ottawa Indians v.Champagne, People of the (2007),405-407, 408-412, 424-425

Little Traverse Bay Bands of OdawaIndians, In re (2006), 648-657

Little Traverse Bay Bands of OdawaIndians v. Harrington (2009), 676

L.K. v. M.E.T. (1989), 467Loges v. Confederated Tribes of Grand

Ronde (2003), 246Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903), 379Louchart v. Mashantucket Pequot

Gaming Enterprise (1999), 349,367-371

Loy v. Confederated Tribes of GrandRonde (2003), 252

Loyal Shawnee Cultural Center, Inc.v. Peace Pipe, Inc. (2006), 552

Lubran v. Brennan Beer GormanArchitects, LLP (2008), 606-607

Machado-Miller v. Mercereau &Shannon, LLP (2002), 729

Mahler v. Hinshaw (1990), 615-616Malaterre v. Estate of St. Clair (2006),

87, 531-535

Maltos v. Sauk-Siuattle Tribe (2003),231-234

Mamiye v. Mashantucket PequotGaming Enterprise (1997), 446

Marassi v. Lau (1993), 678Marbury v. Madison (1803), 166, 314Martello v. Mashantucket Pequot

Gaming Enterprise (1996), 581Martin v. Hopi Tribe (1996), 215, 216Martinez v. Southern Ute Tribe

(1957), 320Mashantucket Pequot Gaming v. Yau

(2010), 140, 582Mathews v. Eldridge (1976), 324, 702,

703-706Mathiason v. Gate City Bank (2005),

203, 204Matter of CLB 0201, In re (2002),

204, 648Matter of Estate of Holan (2000), 625Maudlin v. Cherokee Nation (1995),

587-588Mayes v. Blackfox (2002), 645Mayes v. Thomas (2005), 645Mayfield, In re (1891), 397McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax

Commission (1973), 731McCormick v. Election Committee of

the Sac & Fox Tribe (1980), 215,378-380, 381

McFall v. Victories Casino (2003),585-586

McGee v. International Life InsuranceCo. (1957), 635

McIntosh v. Muscogee (Creek) Nation(2001), 395

McKinley & Reynolds, In re MarriageLicense of (2006), 378

McKinney v. Business Council(1993), 173

McLain v. Cherokee Nation ElectionCommission (1998), 179

McLeod v. Dupuis (2003), 530McSauby, In re (1997), 78, 207-212Means v. District Court of the Chinle

Judicial District (1999), 389-395Means v. Navajo Nation (2005), 395Medel v. Granados (2006), 506-507Menominee Indian Tribe ex rel.

Menominee Indian TribalLegislature v. Menominee IndianTribe (1993), 313

Table of Cases 803

Metlakatla Indian Community v.Williams (1996), 427-428

Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe(1982), 661, 782, 783

Meyer v. Holley (2003), 622Meza, In re the Membership

Revocation of (2006),264-266

Miller v. Confederated Tribes ofGrand Ronde (2001), 237

Miner v. Banley (1995), 622Miner Electric, Inc. v. Muscogee

(Creek) Nation (2007), 404Minor Child, In the Matter of (L.J.Y. v.

T.T.) (1997), 468-471Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 95, 97, 98,

101, 117-118, 417, 429-430Miranda v. Nielson (2010), 436Mishongnovi v. Humevestewa,

Village of (1998), 459, 639-645,646-647

Mitchell v. Davis (2004), 97Mitchell v. Forsyth (1985), 636Moapa Band of Paiute Indians v.

United States Dept. of Interior(1984), 156

Moe v. Confederated Salish andKootenai Tribes (1976), 785

Mohegan Tribal Housing Authority v.Greene (2006), 717-718

Monestersky v. Hopi Tribe (2002),355-358

Monette v. Lenoir (2002), 203Monette v. Schlenvogt (2005),

203, 205Monteau v. Monteau (2004), 507,

668-669Montana v. United States (1981),

513-515, 518-519, 523-524, 621,623, 629, 631, 728-732, 783

Montana v. United StatesEnvironmental ProtectionAgency (1998), 513

Montana Power Co. v. Rochester(1942), 529

Moran v. Council of the ConfederatedSalish & Kootenai Tribes (1995),126, 255, 313-314

Moriarty v. Lippe (1972), 591Morris v. Hitchcock (1904), 782, 783Morris v. Navajo Board of Election

Supervisors (1993), 282

Morton v. Mancari (1974), 222,325, 327

Moses v. Joseph (1980), 125Mountain v. Fort Berthold Housing

Authority (2003), 611Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank

(1950), 322Murphy v. Mohegan Tribal Gaming

Authority (2007), 658Muscogee (Creek) Nation v. One

Thousand Four Hundred SixtyThree Dollars and 14/100 (2005),129, 401-405

Muscogee (Creek) Nation CitizenshipBoard v. Graham (2006), 367

Muscogee (Creek) Nation CitizenshipBoard v. Todd (2000), 262-263

Muscogee Nation ex rel. Foster v.Indian Country USA, Inc.(1987), 779

Mustach v. Navajo Board of ElectionSupervisors (1987), 277

Naganashe v. Little Traverse BayBands of Odawa Indians ElectionBoard (1999), 701

Naize v. Naize (1997), 441-442National Farmers Union Ins. Cos. v.

Crow Tribe of Indians (1985),621, 630

National Treasury Employees Unionv. Von Raab (1989), 372

Nation Federenko v. United States(1981), 263

Native American Church v. NavajoTribal Council (1959), 320

Navajo Board of Election Supervisors,In re (1990), 658

Navajo Housing Authority v. Betsoi(1985), 710-713

Navajo Labor Relations, Office of v.Central Consolidated SchoolDistrict No. 22 (2004), 287-288

Navajo Labor Relations, Office of v.West World (1994), 542

Navajo Nation v. Crockett (1996),345-348, 567

Navajo Nation v. Hunter (1996),393, 394

Navajo Nation v. MacDonald (In reCertified Question II) (1989),121-122

804 Table of Cases

Navajo Nation v. MacDonald(1991), 391

Navajo Nation v. MacDonald (1992),96, 97

Navajo Nation v. McCabe (1971), 98Navajo Nation v. Milosevic (1990),

404-405Navajo Nation v. Murphy (1988),

326, 439Navajo Nation v. Platero (1991),

346, 393Navajo Nation v. Rodriguez (2004),

95-99, 100, 119, 566, 567Navajo Nation Election

Administration’s Determinationof Insufficiency Regarding TwoInitiative Petitions Filed byShirley, In re (2009), 188

Navajo Nation President andVice-President v. Navajo NationCouncil, Office of (2010), 187-188

Neff v. Port Susan Camping Club(2006), 676

Neff v. Port Susan Camping Club(2007), 676

Neff v. Port Susan Camping Club(2008), 677-678

Nelson v. Initiative Committee toReduce Navajo Nation Council(2010), 187

Nelson v. Pfizer (2003), 631, 632Nelson v. Yurok Tribe (1999), 417-424Nevada v. Hall (1979), 558Nevada v. Hicks (2001), 621-622, 623New Medical Associates, Inc. v. Clark

(1992), 618New York Times v. Sullivan (1964), 591Nguyen v. Spirit Mountain Casino

(2004), 603-605Niagara Aerospace Museum v. Seneca

Niagara Falls Gaming Corp.(2007), 524-526

1999 Constitution of the CherokeeNation, In re (2006), 179, 367, 645

Nix v. Cherokee Nation (1994), 587Nofire v. United States (1897), 393Novak Construction Co. v. Grand

Traverse Band of Ottawa andChippewa Indians (2001), 216,553-554

Numerical Sufficiency of Signatures,In re (2006), 300

O’Brien v. Fort Mohave Tribal Court(1983), 217

Oklahoma Tax Commission v. CitizenBand Potawatomi Indian Tribe(1991), 558

Olderman v. Mashantucket PequotGaming Enterprise (1999),694-695

Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe(1978), 384, 391, 398-400

Ollman v. Evans (1984), 593Oneida Seven Generations Corp. v.

Quality Construction Manage-ment, LLC (2006), 747-751

Operation King’s Dream v. Connerly(2006), 307

Oregon v. Mitchell (1970), 293, 294Osage Tribal Council ex rel. Osage

Tribe of Indians v. United StatesDept. of Labor (1999), 636

P., In re (1983), 244Pablo v. Confederated Salish &

Kootenai Tribes (1994), 543-550PacifiCorp v. Mobil Oil Corp. (2004),

630-632Palmer v. Millard (1996), 539, 540Pan American Co. v. Sycuan Band of

Mission Indians (1989), 231Parisien v. Turtle Mountain Judicial

Board (1996), 203, 204, 205,206, 648

Parker v. Saupitty (1979), 380Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Francis

(2000), 359Patterson v. United States (1977), 412Payne v. Kansas & A.V.R. Co.

(1891), 479Penn v. United States (2003), 361-362Perron v. Mashantucket Pequot Tribe

(2002), 588-596Petyan v. Ellis (1986), 592Philips v. Eagle (1998), 645Phillips v. Dusty’s Auto Sales

(1997), 535Phillips v. Navajo Housing Authority

(2005), 567Pierce v. Underwood (1988), 235Plains Commerce Bank v. Long

Family Land and Cattle Co.(2008), 627

Plummer v. Plummer (1990), 372

Table of Cases 805

Polingyouma v. Laban (1997),120-121, 459-462

Poodry v. Tonawanda Band of SenecaIndians (1996), 356, 358-359

Pouley v. Colville Confederated Tribes(1997), 245-246

Powell v. Alabama (1932), 704Pratt v. Hoopa Valley Tribal Police

(1997), 664-667Protest against Initiative Petition, In

re (2006), 299-307, 367Pueblo of Santa Ana v. Hodel

(1987), 739Puyallup Tribe v. VanEvery (2008),

372-373

Ramos v. Pyramid Lake Tribal Court(1985), 436

Randall v. Yakima Nation tribal Court(1988), 703

Raphael, In re (1998), 467Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of

Ottawa and Chippewa Indians(1999), 502

Rave v. Reynolds (1996), 105-107,124-128, 349, 643-644

Reddoor v. Wetsit (1990), 279Red Fox v. Red Fox (1977), 696Referendum Petition for a Referen-

dum Vote on Legislative Act28-99, In re (2001), 301

Reid v. Lord (1925), 447Rhode v. Garvin (2001), 707-708Riggs v. Estate of Attakai (2007),

331-332, 489-491Riggs v. Ummerteskee (2001), 366-367Riss v. Angel (1997), 677R.J. Williams Co. v. Fort Belknap

Housing Authority (1983), 331R.L.W. v. G.N.B. (1991), 467Romero v. Pueblo of Sandia/Sandia

Casino (2003), 613Romero v. Sandoval (1984), 282Rose v. Adams (2000), 202, 781-786Rosebud Sioux Tribe v. Luxon (2009),

426-427, 429-430Ross v. Sulu (1991), 121, 503-506Rough Rock Community School v.

Navajo Nation (1995), 567Ruffo v. Mashantucket Pequot

Gaming Enterprise (1994), 581Russell, In re (1996), 650

Russell v. Grand Traverse Band ofOttawa and Chippewa IndiansElection Board (2000), 281, 290,597-598

Sacco v. High Country IndependentPress, Inc. (1995), 601

Sam v. Ossignac (2008), 597San Manuel Indian Bingo & Casino

(2004), 787, 792-793, 794San Manuel Indian Bingo & Casino v.

NLRB (2007), 787, 794Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez (1978),

101, 215, 220, 231, 233, 236, 248,260, 268, 294, 319, 320, 325, 379,380, 381, 558, 692

Satiacum v. Sterud (1982), 127Sawyer v. Mashantucket Pequot

Gaming Enterprise (1999), 543Schiff Co. v. Perk Drug Stores

(1936), 406Schuff v. A.T. Klemens & Son

(2000), 575Schneiderman v. United States

(1943), 263Schock v. Mashantucket Pequot

Gaming Enterprise (1999), 446Seanez, In re (2010), 89, 671-672Seidel v. Mohegan Tribe of Indians of

Connecticut (2005), 733-736, 737Sekayumptewa, In re (1997),

661-662, 663Seneca Constitutional Organization v.

George (1972), 379Service of Office of Justices, In re

(1998), 316-317Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux v.

Babbitt (1997), 266Shananaquet v. Grand Traverse Band

of Ottawa and Chippewa IndiansEconomic Development Corp.(2003), 692-694

Shirley v. Morgan (2010), 672Shirley, Jr., In re Two Initiative

Petitions Filed by President Joe(2008), 188

Short v. Hoopa Health Association(2001), 708-709

Shortbull v. Looking Elk (1982), 132Shungopavi v. Quamahongnewa

(1997), 641Sine v. Lonetree (1998), 583

806 Table of Cases

Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives’Association (1989), 372, 373

Sklar v. Commissioner (2002), 235Skokomish Indian Tribe v. Cultee

(2008), 428-429Skokomish Tribe v. Mosbarger (2006),

727-732Sliger v. Stalmack (1999), 381Sliger v. Stalmack (2000), 380-381Slochower v. Board of Higher

Education (1956), 696Smith v. Babbitt (1996), 268Smith v. Belcourt School District #7

(2004), 204Smith v. Eckhart (2000), 492, 526-528Smith v. Navajo Nation Dept. of Head

Start (2005), 566Smith v. Red Mesa Unified School

District No. 27 (1995), 707Smith v. Salish Kootenai College

(2001), 580Smith v. Salish Kootenai College

(2004), 573-580Smith v. Salish Kootenai College

(2006), 580Smith Plumbing v. Aetna Casualty

Insurance Co. (1986), 611Snowden v. Saginaw Chippewa

Indian Tribe of Michigan (2005),207, 253-259

Soaring Eagle Casino and Resortand Local 486, InternationalBrotherhood of Teamsters(2007), 794

Solem v. Bartlett (1984), 633Southern Puget Sound Intertribal

Housing Authority v. Johnson(1988), 536-538

Southern Ute Tribe v. Scott (1991), 370S.R.S., In re (2009), 471State Board of Public Affairs v. Principal

Funding Corp. (1975), 613State ex rel. Merrill v. Turtle (1969), 392St. Clair v. Malaterre (2003), 532St. Clair v. Turtle Mountain Casino

(1998), 609, 610, 611, 612Steptin v. Nisqually Indian

Community (1993), 413-414St. Germain v. PKG Contracting, Inc.

(2003), 203St. Peter v. Colville Confederated

Tribes (1993), 430-436

Strate v. A-1 Contractors (1997),629, 728

Strickland v. Washington (1984),426, 427

Sturgeon Electric Co. v. AHA MACAPower Service (1998), 216

Sturges v. Carter (1885), 234Sulcer v. Barrett (1990), 216, 586-587Sullivan v. Mashantucket Pequot

Gaming Enterprises (2005), 129Synowski v. Confederated tribes of

Grand Ronde (2001), 704,709-710

Synowski v. Confederated tribes ofGrand Ronde (2003), 701-707

Talton v. Mayes (1896), 101, 319,384, 421

Tappen v. Tribal Certifiers (2010), 259TBA Credit Union v. Giem (2009),

638-639Teeman v. Burns Paiute Indian Tribe

(1997), 412-413Term of Office of the Justices, In re

(2003), 316Terry-Carpenter v. Las Vegas Paiute

Tribal Council (2002), 255Thompson v. Cheyenne River

Sioux Tribe Board of PoliceCommissioners (1996), 126,215, 622

Todacheenie v. Shirley (2010), 187Todd v. Muscogee (Creek) Nation

Citizenship Board (1999), 263Townsend v. Port Gamble S’Klallam

Housing Authority (2004),344-345

Tribal Council Majority Membershipv. Bennett (1996), 647

Tribal Credit Program of theConfederated Salish andKootenai Tribes of the FlatheadReservation v. Bell (2007),551-552

Tsosie v. United States (1987), 394Tulalip Tribes v. Joseph (2008), 416-417Turtle Mountain Judicial Board v.

Turtle Mountain Band ofChippewa Indians (2005),201-207, 533, 534, 647-648

TwoCrow v. Grand Traverse BandElection Board (2008), 276

Table of Cases 807

UNC Resources, Inc. v. Benally(1981), 392

United States ex rel. Accardi v.Shaughnessy (1954), 233

United States ex rel. Auginaush v.Medure (2009), 767-779

United States ex rel. Dept. of Fish andGame v. Montrose (1992), 561

United States ex rel. Mackey v.Coxe (1855), 683

United States v. Blackfeet Tribe(1973), 618

United States v. Clapox (1888), 73, 123United States v. Hastings (1983), 574United States v Heddon (2001), 407United States v. Kagama (1886),

383, 440United States v. Lara (2004), 384, 395United States v. Mazurie (1975),

513, 783United States v. Quiver (1916), 437United States v. Plainbull (1992), 527United States v. Rogers (1846), 393United States v. Testan (1976), 558United States v. United States

Fidelity & Guaranty Co. (1940),379, 558, 561

United States v. Washington (1974)[‘‘Boldt decision’’], 25, 83

United States v. Wheeler (1978), 101,392, 393

United States v. White MountainApache Tribe (1986), 618

United States v. Yakima Tribal Court(1986), 618

U.S. District Court for the District ofArizona, In re Certified Questionfrom (2001), 200-201

Vacco v. Harrah’s Operating Co., Inc.(2009), 690

Vigil v. Vigil (1995), 468

Wagner, In the Matter of theGrievance of (2007), 287-288

Warren v. Gardner (1997), 527Warth v. Seldin (1975), 640Washington v. Confederated Tribes of

the Colville Reservation (1980),403, 782, 783, 785

Washington, State of v. Esquivel(2006), 663

Watkins v. Cherokee Nation(2004), 586

Watson v. Watson (2010), 467Webb v. Cherokee Nation (2005), 586Weeks Construction, Inc. v. Oglala

Sioux Housing Authority(1986), 231

Welfare of D.D., In re (1994), 703White v. Ho-Chunk Nation (1996), 700White-Eagle v. Ho-Chunk Nation

Grievance Review Board (2009),582-585

Whitetail v. Chaske (1992), 127Wiley v. Colville Confederated Tribes

(1995), 539, 540Williams v. Lee (1959), 1, 392, 440, 629Willis v. Mohegan Tribal Gaming

Authority (2008), 543Wilson, In re (2006), 736-738Wilson v. Business Committee (2003),

167-172Wilson v. Grand Traverse Band of

Ottawa and Chippewa IndiansEconomic Development Corp.(2006), 694

Wilson v. Mashantucket PequotGaming Enterprise (2002), 543

Woelffer v. Happy States of American,Inc. (1985), 561

Wolf Point Organization v.Investment Centers of America,Inc. (2001), 627-628

Woodtick v. Crosby (1976), 529Worcester v. Georgia (1832), 1, 29, 42World Extreme Cage Fighting,

LLC v. Mohegan Tribal GamingAuthority (2004), 568-569

Wounded Head v. Tribal Council ofthe Oglala Sioux Tribe of the PineRidge Reservation (1975), 292-294

Yannett v. Grand Traverse BandEconomic DevelopmentAuthority, Inc. (2005), 690, 694

Yannett v. Grand Traverse BandElection Board (2008), 276

Yazzie v. Thompson (2005), 567Yazzie v. Yazzie (1996), 467Yellow Bird v. Three Affiliated Tribes

Election Board (2001), 273Young, In re (2003), 246-247Youvella v. Davis (2000), 186, 202, 213

808 Table of Cases

INDEX

Aboriginal Indian title, 496–497Absentee Shawnee Tribe, 612–613Accardi doctrine, 233Administrative Procedures Act, 154,

157, 267, 699Advisory opinions, 648–658Aishquagonabee, 24Akimel O’odham, 35, 479Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act

(1971), 60Aleinikoff, T. Alexander, 580Algonquin, 476–477Allotment, 42–45, 48, 52, 71–72, 475,

481, 492–497, 506–507, 527American Arbitration Association,

553, 555, 559, 560American Indian Chicago Conference

(1961), 54American Indian Probate Reform Act,

375, 457American Indian Religious Freedom

Act, 344–345American Law Institute, 756–757Anatomy of a Murder, 444Anishinaabe (or Anishinaabek), 11–16,

23–24, 119, 123, 219, 408, 437, 477Apache, 115, 386, 393Appellate jurisdiction, 625–629,

638–639collateral order doctrine, 636

Appointed counsel, 207–210Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes,

425–426

Eastern Band of CherokeeIndians, 399

and incarceration, 424–425and Indian Civil Rights Act,

384, 421Yurok Tribe, 421

Arbitration, 93–94, 553–568, 777–778and waiver of sovereign immunity,

556Articles of Confederation, 181Assault, 5–6Assimilation (or civilizing process),

46–47, 123, 755Assimilative Crimes Act, 157Assiniboine, 230Attorney fees, 78, 207–210, 555–556,

559, 586, 677–679, 750Austin, Raymond D., 89, 115, 200,

333, 389, 438Aycock, Steven, 117–118

Babbitt, Bruce, 195‘‘Bad men’’, 392Banishment, or exclusion, 5–6, 52,

260, 351–362, 383Barboncito, 392–393Barlow, Earl, 767Barrow, Native Village of, 109Barsh, Russel Lawrence, 2–3, 137Bay Mills Indian Community, 91,

251, 471Bearquiver, Kevin, 751

809

Big Crow, Sr., Seth H., 602Big Lagoon Rancheria, 341Bimadiziwin, 119–120Birdwell, Dwight, 194Blackfeet Indian Tribe, 54–55, 56, 57,

164, 348, 386Blakeslee, George, 148, 254Blalock, A. Diane, 194Blood quantum. See Tribal membershipBoas, Franz, 480Borrows, John, 123, 408Brackel, Samuel, 131Breyer, Stephen, 130Bruce, Donald G., 648Bureau of Acknowledgment and

Research, Department ofInterior, 148. See also FederalAcknowledgment Process; Federalrecognition

Bureau of Indian Affairs, or Office ofIndian Affairs, 45, 50, 52, 54–58,68, 144–145, 147–155, 163, 165,188–189, 195, 197, 203, 229, 242,243, 250, 253–254, 266–268, 310,315, 321, 322, 347, 362, 385–386,457, 492, 515, 522, 691, 741, 643,769–777, 784

Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 69,392, 457

paternalism, 56, 157, 315Burke Act (1906), 44Burns Paiute Indian Tribe, 359–262,

412–413Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and

Chippewa Indians, 24Buzzard, Darren, 305–306Byrd, Joe, 188, 193–196

Cahto Tribe of the LaytonvilleRancheria, 267–268

Cain, Shirley, 201, 204, 205, 206, 647Canadian Indians, 247–251Carpenter, Kristen A., 113, 339–344,

475, 488–489Cass, Lewis, 23Cayuga, 18CFR Courts. See Courts of Indian

Offenses)Chambers, Ardith (Dodie), 78, 79Champagne, Duane, 4, 21, 25, 26Chapman, Oscar, 55

Chehalis, Confederated Tribes of, 83Cherokee Freedmen, 179, 299–308,

362–367Cherokee Nation of Georgia, 4, 25,

29–30, 41, 42, 384, 385, 483Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, 2,

158–164, 179, 188–196, 274,299–308, 316–317, 377–378,478, 552, 586, 645

Cherokee Phoenix, 400, 483Cheyenne, 5–6, 10, 481Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes, 167–172,

316, 325, 425–426Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, 76,

321–324, 464–466, 618–627,764–765

The Cheyenne Way, 5, 10, 353Chickasaw Nation, 349, 365, 478Child custody, 120, 459–466

Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, 464–466Hopi Tribe, 459–462Navajo Nation, 462–464

Child support, 466–468tribal court orders, 680–681Southern Ute Indian Tribe, 466–467

Children, 52Children’s codes, 91, 108, 113–114,

324–325, 471–473Chinook, 480Chippewa. See OjibweChilkat Indian Village, 483–488Chitimacha Tribe, 271–273, 713–714Choctaw, 41, 54–55Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, 341,

364–365, 478Choice of law, 87–130

Bay Mills Indian Community, 91Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa

and Chippewa Indians, 88Hoopa Valley Tribe, 92–94Hopi Tribe, 102–103Kenaitze Indian Tribe, 91–92Little River Band of Ottawa

Indians, 91Navajo Nation, 88–89Passamaquoddy Tribe, 88Oglala Sioux Tribe, 90, 292–294Stockbridge-Munsee Community

of Mohican Indians, 90White Earth Band of Chippewa

Indians, 89–90Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, 94

810 Index

Circle Peacemaking (OrganizedVillage of Kake), 85–87

Citizen Potawatomi Nation, 223,586–587

Citizenship (American), 43Civil forfeiture, 129, 404Civil jurisdiction

tribal adjudicatory jurisdiction,524–528, 564, 618–628

tribal regulatory jurisdiction, 392,507–524, 528–530

Civil offenses, 401–405, 727–732Civil procedure, 629–690

default judgments, 685–690statute of limitations, 102, 673–676

Civilizing process. See AssimilationClans, 8, 20–21, 115–116, 121, 385,

393–394, 441, 480, 485–488,489–90, 503–505

Clayton, Augustin S., 400Clinton, Bill, 195Clinton, Robert N., 124, 125, 180, 321Clum, John P., 387Coast Salish, 480Coates Foster, Julia, 161Cohen, Felix S., 44, 51, 54–58, 125,

143–147, 151, 255, 424, 783Collier, John, 50, 52–53, 148, 254, 457Colorado River Indian Tribes,

765–766Colville Confederated Tribes, 237–246,

430–436, 507–517, 539–543, 663Comanche, 64, 393, 481Comanche Indian Tribe of Oklahoma,

348Comity, 442–444

Michigan Court Rule 2.615,684–685

Confederated Salish and KootenaiTribes, 507, 530, 535, 543–550,551–552, 573–580, 601, 615–616,668–669

Confederated Tribes of the GrandRonde Community, 234, 237,246–247, 252, 349–350, 553–564,598–601, 603–605, 613–614, 635–637, 651, 657–658, 669, 701–707

Confederated Tribes of the WarmSprings Reservation of Oregon,348

Congress, 53, 384, 511Connelly Shipek, Florence, 480

Consent, 1–3, 16, 70, 267, 394Contempt power, 132–133, 658–663

Hopi Tribe, 661–663Sac and Fox Nation, 662Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, 658–661

Contracts, 531–571breach, 535, 543–553, 564, 624–625choice of law, 554–555contract formation, 531–536fraud in the inducement, 776–777implied contracts, 539–543parol evidence, 536–539promissory estoppels, 536unconscionability, 565–568,

775–776Coochise, Elbridge, 414, 536, 664, 695Cook-Gasco, JoAnne, 79Cooper, Irene, 524Cooter, Robert D. & Wolfgang

Fikentscher, 533–534Coquille Indian Tribe, 373–377,

498–502Cornell, Stephen, 740–745Cornsilk, David, 161Courts of Indian Offenses (CFR

Courts), 68–69, 71–72Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians,

149–155Crazy Horse (Tasunke Witko), 601Crazy Horse Malt LiquorCree, 116Creek Confederacy, 5Criminal jurisdiction, 52, 73–74

Indian status and, 395territorial, 404–408non-Indian Mexican nationals,

396–399tribal criminal jurisdiction over

non-Indians, 384tribal criminal jurisdiction over

nonmember Indians, 384, 389–396Criminal law, 31, 36–38, 52, 129,

383–417borrowed law, 410–411, 412–414

Criminal procedure, 417–436arrest warrant, 428–429confession, 95–99, 384, 417ineffective assistance of counsel,

426–427probable cause, 319, 416, 427–430right against self-incrimination,

97–99, 319, 422

Index 811

right to confront witnesses, 320right to counsel, 97–98, 320, 384,

391, 399, 421, 424–427, 429, 432right to jury, 319, 424–425right to remain silent, 97, 417, 429search and seizure, 319, 427–430Miranda rights, 95–99, 429–430

Cronon, William, 476Crow Tribe, 164, 341, 492, 526–528,

781–876Customary law, 39, 69, 70, 87–130,

483, 488–489, 531Chilkat Indian Village, 483,

488–489Colville Confederated Tribes, 244Ho-Chunk Nation, 535–536Hopi Tribe, 460–461participatory decision-making,

70–71, 72Sioux ‘‘keeping the soul’’

ceremony, 72

Dakota Magic CasinoDeer, Sarah, 47, 383, 404, 417Delano, Columbus, 249Delaware Indians, 364Deloria, Philip S. (Sam), 396Deloria, Jr., Vine, 2, 3, 5, 9, 25, 40, 52,

70–73, 116and anthropologists, 112

DeLorme, Gene, 203, 204, 206Damages, 6–7Defamation, 37, 588–601

Little River Band of Ottawa Indians,596–597

Mashantucket Pequot TribalNation, 588–596

‘‘democratic deficit’’, 580Department of Interior, 221, 230, 525Dine. See NavajoDivorce, 6, 52Domestic violence protection orders,

681–682Drugs, 129, 352, 402–403Drug testing, 367–373Duckwater Shoshone Tribe, 680–681Due process, 130, 196–200, 203–207,

208, 247, 263, 277–279, 282,306–307, 319, 320, 321–325,356–357, 413, 417–427, 470,585–586, 647, 696–700, 703–710

and ‘‘piercing’’ of sovereignimmunity, 232

‘‘traditional’’ due process, 197Duro fix, 395

Eagle, James ‘‘Garland’’, 188, 195Easements, 528Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, 64,

273–274, 288–292, 396–401Eastman, Galen, 392Education, 46Elk, Elijah, 147, 253, 254Ely Shoshone Tribe, 226Employment, 692–710

administrative hearings, 582–586,701–710, 695–710

at-will, 583–584constructive discharge, 582–585discrimination in, 326–338drug testing, 367–372free speech and tribal employment,

345–348, 350–351employment contracts and parol

evidence rule, 538just cause, 700right to counsel, 701–707termination of, 540–543tribal enterprise employment,

692–695tribal government employment,

695–701wrongful discharge, 543–550,

582–588Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission, 217Equal protection, 291–292, 319, 320,

325–345, 359–362, 420–421Establishment of religion, 319,

320, 340Ethics

attorney, 217, 670–673tribal judiciary, 133–137tribal official, 78, 81, 210–212

Executive power, 34–35blood quantum requirements,

162–163Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes,

168–172Little River Band of Ottawa Indians,

173–174Navajo Nation, 187–188, 201

812 Index

Expert witnesses, 93, 110–111Eviction, 710–772, 765–766

Federal court removal, 582Federal officials, 617–618Federal recognition (or Federal

Acknowledgment Process), 223,247–251

Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa andChippewa Indians, 223, 701

Federalist Papers, 159, 662Fields, James, 189Fishing, 372–373, 414–419

‘‘traditional practices’’, 422–424Five Civilized Tribes, 385, 478–479Forced fee patents, 511Foreclosure, 551–552, 619–620Foreign judgments, enforcement

of, 582, 679–685Duckwater Shoshone Tribe,

680–681Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and

Chippewa Indians, 684–684Ho-Chunk Nation, 682Mashantucket Pequot Tribe,

681–682Michigan Court Rule, 2.615

684–685Southern Ute Tribe, 683–684

Ford, Cynthia, 535Fort Belknap Indian Community, 74Fort Mohave Tribe, 468–471Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux

Tribes, 518, 528–530, 538–539,617–618, 627–628, 690, 719–720

Foxwoods Resort Casino, 368, 370,588–589, 786–794

Free speech, 55, 319, 345–351and attorneys, 672

Freedom of religion, 319, 320,339–345

Full faith and credit, 442–444,464–466, 680

Gabourie, Fred, 131Gaming, 767–781Gaming compact, 613, 787Gaming management contract,

767–779Garden River Ojibwe, 251

Garrow, Carrie E., 383, 404, 417, 685Grand River Iroquois, 8–9General Allotment Act, or Dawes

Act (1887), 42, 44, 45, 52,456–457

fractionated heirships, 455–456General Crimes Act, 403Gesick, Marji, 444Getches, David, 67–70, 122, 142Gibbons, Daniel G., 193Goldberg, Carole, 230Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and

Chippewa Indians, 13, 88, 113–114,148–149, 207–212, 219, 223,255–256, 261–262, 274–282, 290,324–325, 380–381, 471, 502, 538,552–553, 564, 570–571, 607–608,650, 684–685, 690, 692–694,700–701, 708, 714–715, 718–719,736–738, 780–781

tribal court, 77–79Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife

Commission, 747Gover, Kevin, 310Grant, Ulysses S., 46, 508Great Law of Peace, 17–21, 343–344Gros Ventre Tribe, 230, 320

Haas, Theodore H., 154Habeas corpus, 133. See also Indian

Civil Rights ActHaida, 480Hall, Livingston, 417Handbook of Federal Indian Law, 44, 46,

125, 151, 255, 424, 783Hannahville Indian Community,

155–156Haudenosaunee Confederacy, 4,

17–21, 22Healing Heart Council (Organized

Village of Kake), 85–86Ho-Chunk Nation, 212–213, 351,

482, 535–535, 550–551, 582–585,634–635, 682, 707–708, 715–717

Hoh Indian Tribe, 414–416Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 130Hoopa Valley Tribe, 92–94, 112,

332–333, 480, 519–524, 664–667,673–676, 695–700, 708–709

Hoopa-Yurok Settlement Act, 236,420, 524

Index 813

Hopi Tribe, 101–105, 115–116, 120–122,180–187, 213, 264, 295–299,355–355, 438, 455–456, 458–462,480, 502–506, 639–647, 661–663,664–667, 678–679

tribal court, 79–80Hopland Band of Pomo Indians,

149–155House Concurrent Resolution, 108Howard, O.O., 386Hualapai Tribe, 752–753Hunting, 352

Ickes, Harold, 147, 253Indian Arts and Crafts Act (602)Indian child welfare, 86, 324–325,

468–473, 443–444Fort Mohave Tribe, 468–471

Indian Child Welfare Act (1978), 468,469, 470, 682

Indian Civil Rights Act (1968), 69–70,80, 101, 127, 166–167, 172–173,196–199, 203, 267, 268, 277,293–294, 319–324, 331, 341–342,344–345, 349–350, 356–362,369–370, 372–373, 379–382, 384,399, 412, 421–422, 425–426, 428,430–433, 470, 435–436, 469, 574,622, 693, 696, 700, 703, 712

and federal court jurisdiction, 320and habeas corpus, 74and tribal sovereign immunity,

380–382Indian Claims Commission, 149‘‘Indian country’’, 633Indian Health Service, 691, 784Indian Land Consolidation Act, 457Indian police. See Tribal policeIndian preference

in contracting, 747–752, 761in employment, 222, 325–330tribal preference, 751–752

Indian Removal Act (1830), 41Indian Reorganization Act, or

Wheeler-Howard Act (1934), 40,47–53, 60, 69, 72, 127, 143, 150,180, 220, 229, 249, 253–254, 292,691, 740, 743, 754

Congresses, 52Indian preference, 222

Indispensable parties, 552, 613

Individual rights, 319–382Injunctive relief 190–193, 202. See also

sovereign immunityIntergovernmental agreement, 510International Convention on the

Elimination of All Forms of RacialDiscrimination, 399

Inuit, 463, 477–478Isleta Appellate Court for Land and

Property Disputes, 482Isleta Pueblo, 482

Jackson, Andrew, 41Jackson, Helen Hunt, 47Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe, 83, 149Jehovah’s Witnesses, 351, 447–448Jones, B.J., 608, 620, 633, 658, 667Johnsen, D. Bruce, 480Judicial codes, 133–138

Barrow, Native Village of, 109Bay Mills Indian Community, 91Ho-Chunk Nation, 634Hoopa Valley Tribe, 665Hopi Tribe, 102–103, 641Kenaitze Indian Tribe, 91–92Mississippi Band of Choctaw

Indians, 81Navajo Nation, 88–89, 100–01Oneida Tribe of Indians of

Wisconsin, 133–137Stockbridge-Munsee Community of

Mohican Indians, 90Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa

Indians, 201–207White Earth Band of Chippewa

Indians, 89–90, 137–138White Mountain Apache Tribe, 109

Judicial independence, 130–133, 195,204, 649–650

Judicial notice, 407Judicial power, 31, 35, 64, 121–122,

130–131, 160–161see also Contempt

and sovereign immunity, 231–234Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa

Indians, 201–207Judicial recusal, 664–669

‘‘Rule of Necessity’’, 669Judicial review, 165–166, 231–252,

272–273Judicial selection, 137–138, 160

814 Index

Judicial removal or impeachmentCherokee Nation of Oklahoma,

194–195Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa

Indians, 201–207Jury trial, 574–575, 580

civil right to, 113–114and Indian Civil Rights Act, 319Indian child welfare proceeding,

324–325Jury duty, 391Justiciability. See Mootness; Political

Question Doctrine; StandingJuvenile criminal justice, 86

Kake, Organized Village oftribal court, 84–87

Kalt, Joseph P., 740–747, 784Kamisar, Yale, 417Karuk Tribe, 149–155Katyal, Sonia K., 475Keen, John, 159Keen, Ralph, 194Kenaitze Indian Tribe, 91–92Kennedy Administration, 54Keweenaw Bay Indian Community

(Ojibwe), 15, 29–30, 444Kickingbird, Kirke, 132Kiowa, 7–8Kirwin, Michael, 57Klamath Indian Tribe, 386Kobogum, Charlotte, 444Kootenai, 230, 481Kumeyaay Indians, 480Kwakuitl, 480

Lac Courte Oreilles Band of LakeSuperior Chippewa Indians, 222

Lac Vieux Desert Band of LakeSuperior Chippewa Indians,132–133

Laches, 281LaFarge, Oliver, 180, 181, 182,

183, 184Lakota, 4, 383, 385–386, 458, 601, 622Lane, Barbara, 413Laurence, Robert, 465–466Laughing Whitefish, 437LaVelle, John, 230Law and Order Codes, 131, 185, 384

Lay advocates, 425–426, 492Layden, Robert A., 193Leases, 502–503, 524–528, 619–620,

745–746, 765–766Leeds, Stacy, 179, 304, 362, 679–684Leelanau Indians, Inc., 502Leelanau Sands Casino, 692Legislative power, 31, 32–33, 34, 51,

109, 121, 131, 180–187, 550–551,587–588

bicameralism, 159–160Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma,

190–193Confederated Tribes of the Grand

Ronde Community, 252Little River Band of Ottawa Indians,

173–174Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara Nation,

196–200Navajo Nation, 187–188, 200–201Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe,

253–260Lending, discrimination in, 622–623Leviathan, 1Llewellyn, Karl N. and E. Adamson

Hobel, 5, 10, 353Libertarian socialism, 4Little River Band of Ottawa Indians,

91, 249, 349, 405–412, 424–425,596–597, 758–759, 794

Little Traverse Bay Bands of OdawaIndians, 130–131, 138, 213–215,234–235, 249, 250, 291, 321,585–586, 638–639, 648–657, 676,701, 763–764

Lufkins, L. John, 251Lui-Frank, Violet, 466Luiseno Mission Indians, 480Lummi Tribe, 84, 638Lushbaugh, Benjamin F., 386

MacDonald, Peter, 122Madison, James, 159, 662Major Crimes Act, 47, 52, 73, 383Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara Nation,

196–200, 274, 481, 643Mankiller, Wilma, 2Mann, Louis, 45Matha, Todd, 582Manuelito, 71, 386Manypenny, George, 42

Index 815

Marcellais, MaDonna, 648Margold, Nathan, 51, 782Marital status discrimination, 333–338Marriage, 52, 394, 437–445, 653

common-law marriage, 439–440property division, 507same-sex marriage, 373–378, 645spousal maintenance, 441–442

Marshall, John, 1, 29Marshall, Sherman, 75–76Marshall, Thurgood, 220Marshall Trilogy, 741Martin, Joseph, 173–174Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation,

129, 167, 174–179, 367–371,442–444, 445–454, 543, 580–582,588–596, 681–682, 694–695, 708,709, 760, 786–794

Massad, Anthony, 193Massad Commission, 193–196McClurken, James, 12, 13, 14, 41McSauby, John, 207Means, Russell, 389–395Meriam Report, 48Mescalero Apache Tribe, 393Metlakatla Tribe, 86, 426–427Miami Tribe of Oklahoma, 341Michigan Supreme CourtMidewiwin, 112Miller, Robert J., 635, 637, 701, 727,

745–746Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians

tribal court, 80–82Mnaweejeendwin, 79Moapa Band of Paiute Indians, 156–157Modoc, 386Mohawk, 17, 18, 64Mohegan Tribe, 326–331, 543, 568–569,

606–607, 717–718, 733–736Monopoly of violence, 16Montana test, 507–524, 621, 623–627,

631, 728–732Mootness, 647–648, 657Morgan, Thomas J., 46Muckleshoot Tribe, 83, 672–673Mullon, David, 163Murder, 352Muscogee (Creek) Nation, 262–263,

364, 367, 395, 401–405, 478, 779Mutual Help and Occupancy

Agreement, 536–538, 710–714Myer, Dillon S., 56, 57

Nakota, 230Nanaboozhoo, 408–409Narragansett Tribe of Rhode Island,

223National American Indian Court

Judges Association, 67, 142National Conference of

Commissioners on Uniform StateLaws, 756–757

Native American Church, 112Native American Housing Assistance

and Self-Determination Act(1996), 536, 610, 611, 612

Navajo Nation, 3, 60, 71, 88–89,95–101, 112, 115, 117, 121–122,282–288, 320, 330–332, 345–348,353–354, 373, 377, 378, 386–387,404–405, 438–442, 462–464, 482,483, 489–491, 518, 565–568,630–632, 671–672, 707, 710–713,727, 751–752, 760–763

Dine Fundamental Law, 89, 97,98–99, 100, 118–119, 188, 287–288,331–332, 346–347, 490, 566

Navajo Bill of Rights, 96, 100, 188,282, 287, 332, 395

Navajo Supreme Court, 114–115,166–167

Necessary parties, 552Nelson, Jr., Byron, 519–521Nelson, Glenda, 260Nepotism, 338–339New York Indian Law, 33–34Newton, Nell Jessup, 120, 125,

130, 396Nez, Jolene, 200Nisqually Indian Community, 84,

413–414Nootka, 480Notice, 264, 690, 707–708, 714–715Northern Cheyenne Tribe, 64, 353Northwest Intertribal Court System,

83–84, 672–673Norton, Gale A., 525Nuxalk, 480

Odawa (Ottawa), 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,22–25, 36–40, 42, 219, 220,651–652. See also Anishinaabe

Ogema (plural: ogemaag or ogemuk),13, 14, 15, 16, 173–174, 412

816 Index

Oglala Sioux Tribe, 55, 73, 90, 320,321, 389, 390

Ojibwe (Ojibwa or Chippewa), 11, 12,13, 14, 22–25, 116, 220, 386, 476.See also Anishinaabe

Omaha Tribe, 390, 481Oneida, 18, 42Oneida Band of Thames Indians, 247Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin,

133–137, 165–166, 338–339, 458,747–751

Onondaga, 17, 18Ortiz, Alfonso, 479Osage Nation, 114Othello, 600Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma

(and Ohio), 39–40

Paiute, 392Parental Kidnapping Protection Act,

464–466, 683Parker, Issac, 479Pascua Yaqui Tribe, 472–473Passamaquoddy Tribe, 88, 261, 359Path dependency, 223–224Pawnee Indian Tribe, 386Peacemakers

Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa andChippewa Indians, 79

Kake, Organized Village of, 85–87Mississippi Band of Choctaw

Indians, 81Navajo Nation, 354Seneca Peace Maker Courts, 31,

524, 525Per capita payments, 261, 269, 467,

733–738Personal jurisdiction, 525–526, 528,

556–557, 615–618, 630–635Petoskey, Michael D., 77–78, 207,

213, 215, 409, 648, 656, 657,700–701

Peyote, 320Picotte, Paul, 203Piercing the corporate veil, 765–766,

777–779Pima, 34–35, 393Pipestem, Browning, 378Plato, 600Poarch Band of Creek Indians, 343Pokagon, Leopold, 219–220

Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians,219–220, 249, 606, 629, 732

Political Question Doctrine, 646–647Political Status Doctrine, 222Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe, 344–345,

633–634Polygamy, 13–14, 30, 444–445Pommersheim, Frank, 4, 45, 74–77,

138–142, 147, 253, 321, 382, 409,618, 627

Pontiac, 39Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe, 83Porter, Robert Odawi, 31–34, 58–65,

107Potawatomi, 42

see also AnishinaabePowers of Indian Tribes, 51–52, 782Pratt, Richard H., 46Probate, 39, 52, 115–116, 445–459

Hopi Tribe, 455–456Mashantucket Pequot Tribal

Nation, 445–454tribal probate codes, 457–458

Property rights, 11–12, 475–530communal land ownership, 26,

43, 56entitlement, 197horses, 6–7, 36sale of property, 8–9, 87tribal grazing, 197, 321–324,

331–332, 357, 489–492tribal legislation, 52women’s property, 115–116

Prostitution, 157Public Law, 280, 47, 384, 529, 746

Tulalip Tribes’ retrocession, 84Puyallup Tribe, 263, 372–373Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, 58

Quinney, John W., 43

Race discrimination, 326–333Ragsdale, Pat, 193–194Rape. See sexual assaultRaphael, Joseph C. (Buddy), 149Reasonable suspicion, 370Rehnquist, William, 113Removal, 40, 41–42Reno, Janet, 195Repossession, 519, 731

Index 817

Republic, 600Revenge, 37, 39, 395Rice, G. William, 216, 587Ridge, John, 42Right to appeal, 232–233Riley, Angela, 260–261, 475, 488Romanelli, Larry, 173Rosebud Sioux Tribal Court of

Appeals, 75–76RosebudSiouxTribe,426–427,429–430,

601–602Ross, John, 42, 400Rusco, Elmer, 146

Sac and Fox Tribe of Oklahoma,378–380, 662

Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe,147–148, 227, 253–260, 307–316,471, 794

Salish, 230, 481Same-sex marriage, 373–378, 645San Carlos Apache Tribe, 64, 387Sandia Pueblo, 747San Juan Pueblo, 479San Ildefonso Pueblo, 55Sauk-Suiattle Tribe, 83, 231–234,

264–266Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa

Indians, 15, 78, 219, 226–227,251, 471, 571

Scalia, Antonin, 669Schneider, John, 633Schoolcraft, Henry, 15, 23Secretarial approval, 60, 64, 156–158,

266–268, 781–782Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma

constitutional amendments,163–164, 179

Colville Confederated Tribes, 239Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and

Chippewa Indians’ initialconstitution, 223, 250

Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribeinitial constitution, 253–254

Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux,266–269

tribal membership provisions,222–223

Secretarial elections (or ‘‘IRAelections’’), 47, 150–155,266–268, 299

Secretary of Interior, 47, 149–155,185, 249, 266–268, 511, 526

Secured Transactions Codes, 128,755–760

Little Traverse Bay Bands of OdawaIndians, 758–759

Sekaquaptewa, Emory, 295, 459, 460,503, 639

Sekaquaptewa, Pat, 80, 107–111Self-defense, 412Self-Determination, 58–65, 122, 157,

158, 215, 223–224, 330, 399, 509,691, 741, 751

Seminole, 230, 478Senate Committee on Indian

Affairs, 251Seneca Land Claims Settlement Act

(1990), 524Seneca Nation of Indians, 18, 22,

30–34, 64, 354, 524–526Separation of powers, 35, 77, 131,

165, 167–174, 209, 649–650.See also Judicial independence

Sex discrimination, 320, 331–332Sexual assault, 47, 352, 353,

390, 407Sexual harassment, 217Shakespeare, William, 600Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux,

266–269Shawnee, 364Shawnee Tribe of Indians, 552Sherman, William T., 393Shoalwater Bay Tribe, 83, 536–538Sicangu Oyate Bar Association, 76Singel, Wenona T., 648, 649, 657,

755–758, 794–796Sioux, 386, 391Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe, 348,

350, 632–633, 755Skibine, Alexander Tallchief,

114–115, 786Skokomish Tribe, 83, 428–429,

727–732Slander (see defamation)Smith, Jr., Kaighn, 217, 330Snyder Act (1921), 69, 220Sorcery, 8Southern Puget Sound Intertribal

Housing Authority, 536–538Southern Ute Tribe, 173, 320,

466–467, 683–684

818 Index

Sovereign immunity, 51, 78, 125,213–217, 378–382, 558–563

affirmative, 217and counterclaims, 553–554defensive, 217and injunctive relief, 231, 245and insurance, 608–615and interlocutory appeals, 635–637and mandamus, 764–765rejection of, 217tribal corporations’ ‘‘sue and be

sued’’ clauses, 50tribal official immunity, 50, 125–128,

233–234, 586–587tribal immunity, 214, 231–234,

379–380, 404, 692–694and tribal culture, 214, 216waiver, 245, 568–571, 752–753

Spirit Lake Sioux tribe, 371–372Spokane Tribe of Indians, 515Spotted Tail, 383Squaxin Island Indian Community, 84St. Croix Band of Chippewa Indians,

250St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, 685–690Standard of review, 235–244, 271–282,

283, 532–533, 664employment decisions, 694–695freedom of speech, 349–350membership decisions, 234–47tribal election determinations,

271–282Standing, 105–106, 245, 639–645Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, 361–362,

658–661Starr-Scott, Barbara, 162State court jurisdiction

Indian property rights, 34, 529State law, borrowing by tribes, 129Stevens, Issac, 25Stillaguamish Tribe, 83Stockbridge-Munsee Indian

Community, 43, 90Strickland, Rennard, 230, 483Substantive due process, 421–422Suquamish Tribe, 84Swinomish Tribe, 747

Tanner, Ken, 374Taxation, 38–39, 43, 52, 320, 403,

518, 630–632, 739, 781–786

Tender Hearts against FamilyViolence, 361

Termination, 53–58, 247Territorial jurisdiction, 524–530,

630–635Theft, 36Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort

Berthold Reservation. SeeMandan, Hidatsa, Arikara Nation

Tiger, Lisa, 195Title VII (Civil Rights Act of, 1964),

217, 329definition of ‘‘employer’’ as

excluding Indian tribes, 331, 751Tlingit, 480Tohono O’odham Nation, 479Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians,

358–359Tompkins, Jill, 358–359Torts, 571–628. See also Constructive

discharge; Tribal tort claimscodes; Wrongful discharge

defamation, 588–598insurancenegligence, 582

Traver, Robert, 437, 444Treason, 356Treaties, 16, 22–25, 31–32, 39–40, 43,

46, 220Treaty with the Cherokee (1866), 366Treaty of Chicago (1833), 220Treaty of Detroit (1855), 22–23Treaty of Greenville (1795), 39–40Treaty of the Holston River (1791),

398Treaty of the Holston River (1798),

398Treaty of Hopewell (1785), 397–398Treaty of Point No Point (1855), 728Treaty with the Navajo (1868),

391–394, 440Treaty of Tellico (1805)Treaty of Washington with the

Cherokees (1816)Treaty with the Western Cherokee

(1828)Treaty power, 31Trial de novo, 420, 638Tribal administrative law, 691–727

due process, 696–699, 703–710exhaustion of administrative

remedies, 232, 707

Index 819

Tribal attorneys, 57–58, 145, 173–174,217, 603, 671–672

disbarment, 671–672Tribal bar association, 76

tribal bar examTribal business enterprises, 752–755

federal law and, 786–796tribal corporations, or Section 17

corporations, 48–49, 253, 754–755suits against tribal businesses,

568–571, 603–605, 692–694tribal corporations codes, 760–766

Tribal codesBay Mills Indian Community, 471Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma,

362–367Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes,

425–426Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, 622Chilkat Indian Village, 484–487Chitimacha Tribe, 272–273Colville Confederated Tribes,

240–241, 430–433, 435, 507–508,516–517, 539, 579, 616

Confederated Salish and KootenaiTribes, 530

Confederated Tribes of the GrandRonde Community, 556–557,562, 599–600, 606, 635, 704

Coquille Indian Tribe, 373–377, 501Crow Tribe, 494, 527Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians,

288–292, 396Fort Mohave Tribe, 470Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and

Chippewa Indians, 261–262, 471,692–693, 736–737

Ho-Chunk Nation, 715–717Hoh Indian Tribe, 415Hopi Tribe, 355–357, 458–459Little River Band of Ottawa Indians,

91, 173–174, 406–412Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa

Indians, 649Mashantucket Pequot Tribal

Nation, 167, 368–371, 442–444,446, 543, 591

Metlakatla Indian Community,427–428

Mohegan Tribe, 326–330, 733–736Muscogee (Creek) Nation, 262–263,

402–404

Navajo Nation, 200–201, 283–288,332, 334–335, 347, 353–354,393–394, 405, 438–441, 566, 727,760–762

Nisqually Indian Community, 413Oglala Sioux Tribe, 90Oneida Tribe of Indians of

Wisconsin, 165–166, 458,748–749

Pascua Yaqui Tribe, 472–473Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe,

633–634Sac and Fox Tribe of Oklahoma, 378Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe,

471Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa

Indians, 471Seneca Nation of Indians, 524–526Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe,

755Skokomish Tribe, 428–429Southern Ute Indian Tribe, 466–467Tulalip Tribes, 416–417, 720–726Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa

Indians, 533–534Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, 127Yurok Tribe, 235–237, 417–419Zuni Tribe, 473

Tribal common law, 106, 123,393–394

common law causes of action,598–602, 622–623

intertribal common law, 116,118–130, 563–564

Tribal constitutional reform, 64–65,164, 225–226

Blackfeet Tribe, 164Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma,

158–164Crow Tribe, 164Mississippi Band of Choctaw

Indians, 81Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa

Indians, 164White Mountain Band of Chippewa

Indians, 164Tribal constitutions, 17, 49, 131,

143–217, 221–226Big Lagoon Rancheria, 341Blackfeet Tribe, 348Cherokee Nation of Georgia

Constitution (1827), 26–28

820 Index

Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma,158–164, 179, 188–196, 299–308,317, 362–363, 365–367, 478

Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes,168–172

Chickasaw Nation, 349, 365Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, 341,

364–365Colville Confederated Tribes,

238–240Comanche Indian Tribe of

Oklahoma, 348Confederated Tribes of the Grand

Ronde Community, 237, 246–247,252, 598–599

Confederated Tribes of the WarmSprings Reservation of Oregon,348

Coquille Indian Tribe, 498, 501–502Crow Tribe, 341Ely Shoshone Tribe, 226Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux

Tribes, 627–628Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and

Chippewa Indians, 88, 209–211,248–251, 255–256, 275–278,280–282, 290, 553, 693–694

Hannahville Indian Community,155–156

Ho-Chunk Nation, 634Hopi Tribe, 121, 180–187, 295–299,

355, 503–505, 641Hoopa Valley Tribe, 524Hualapai Tribe, 752–753and the Indian Civil Rights Act,

321, 342Indian Reorganization Act and, 49,

143–147, 221–226Little River Band of Ottawa Indians,

173–174, 406–407, 424–425Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa

Indians, 130–131, 138, 214, 215,291, 406, 649

Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara Nation,199

Mashantucket Pequot TribalNation, 174–179

Miami Tribe of Oklahoma, 341Moapa Band of Paiute Indians, 156‘‘model IRA constitutions’’, 146–147Muscogee (Creek) Nation, 341, 364,

365, 367

Oglala Sioux Tribe, 292Oneida Tribe of Indians of

Wisconsin, 749Passamaquoddy Tribe, 88, 359Pima Constitution (1901), 34–35Poarch Band of Creek Indians, 343Pokagon Band of Potawatomi

Indians, 732Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe,

344–345Rosebud Sioux Tribe, 426–427,

429–430Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe,

147–148, 227, 253–259, 312–313,315

Sauk-Suiattle Tribe, 231–234,265–266

Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of ChippewaIndians, 226–227

Seneca Nation of IndiansConstitution (1848), 22, 30–34,64, 524–526

Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux,266–269

Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe,348

Skokomish Tribe, 728Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa

Indians, 203–207, 256, 647Ute Indian tribe of the Uintah and

Ouray Reservation, 341Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, 124,

126–127Yup’ik People of Bill Moore’s

Slough, 341–342Yurok Tribe, 236–237, 418–419

Tribal contract claims acts, 570–571Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and

Chippewa Indians, 570–571Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa

Indians, 571Tribal court exhaustion doctrine, 621,

629–630Tribal court rules

Confederated Salish & KootenaiTribes, 550

Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa andChippewa Indians, 684–685

Hoopa Valley Tribe, 92–94, 109Hopi Tribe, 678–679Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa

Indians, 638–639, 649, 650

Index 821

Pokagon Band of PotawatomiIndians, 629

Seneca Nation of Indians, 525–526St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, 685–690Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, 94Yurok Tribe, 235–237

Tribal courts, 69, 72–73, 74, 77–87, 123appellate courts, 75legitimacy, 74–77

Tribal economies, 40, 132, 144, 216,739–796

and tribal courts, 80–81Tribal elections, 51, 54–55, 124–128,

133, 167–172, 212–213, 271–317absentee voting, 291–292to amend tribal constitutions,

295–308Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma,

274, 299–308, 316–317Cheyenne and Arapho Tribes, 316,

325Chitimacha Tribe, 271–273Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians,

273–274, 288–292Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and

Chippewa Indians, 274–281Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara Nation,

274residency qualifications of voters,

288–290, 291–292Sac and Fox Tribe of Oklahoma,

378–380Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe,

308–316Tribal elders, 92–93, 110–111, 351,

788Tribal Employment Rights Ordinance/

Office (TERO), 326–330, 665, 695,700

Confederated Tribes of the UmatillaReservation, 700

Swinomish Tribe, 700Winnebago Tribe, 700

Tribal governmentreligious, 9–10secular, 9–10

Tribal housing, 498–503, 710–720Tribal jail, 633Tribal judges, 130–142

holdover judges, 316–317‘‘Indian judges’’, 72non-law-trained judges, 420

Tribal Law and Order Act, 384, 436Tribal membership (citizenship), 52,

78, 147–149, 155, 165–166,219–269, 320

adoption, 21, 155, 227blood quantum, 220, 221–225,

228–229, 232–244, 247–251, 265,325, 364

burden of proof, 237–244,262–263

Cahto Tribe of the LaytonvilleRancheria, 267–268

Colville Confederated Tribes,237–246

Confederated Tribes of the GrandRonde Community, 234, 237,246–247, 252

dual membership, 225–226,247–252

disenrollment, 147–148, 165–166,227, 253–266, 267

evidence, 237–246Ely Shoshone Tribe, 226Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and

Chippewa Indians, 247–251,261–262

Hoopa Valley Tribe, 264in-laws, 393–394lineal descendency, 226–227Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa

Indians, 234–235Muscogee (Creek) Nation, 262–263Passamaquoddy Tribe, 261Puyallup Tribe, 263relinquishment, 252Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe,

227, 253–260Sauk-Suiattle Tribe, 231–234,

264–266Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa

Indians, 226–227Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux,

266–269Yurok Tribe, 235–237

Tribal officialsholdover tribal councils, 308–317qualifications, 282–288referral for removal, 78, 171–172,

207–213Tribal police, 385–388, 664–667

Cherokee Nation Lighthorsemen,26, 384, 388, 400

822 Index

Cherokee Nation Marshal Service,193–195

‘‘Indian police’’, 56, 68, 71, 386–388Little River Band of Ottawa Indians,

349Metlakatla Indian Community,

427–428Ottawa Law Men, 38

Tribal property, 483–489Tribal property codes, 489–497Tribal regulatory authority, 727–738

land use, 720–727Tribal regulatory jurisdiction, 338Tribal sentencing authority, 430–436

Colville Confederated Tribes, 430–436

consecutive sentences, 435–436and Indian Civil Rights Act, 70, 319,

320and Tribal Law and Order Act, 384

Tribal Tax Status Act, 739Tribal tort claims codes, 603–608

Confederated Tribes of the GrandRonde Community, 603–605, 635

Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa andChippewa Indians, 607–608

Mohegan Tribe, 606–607notice requirements, 603–606Pokagon Band of Potawatomi

Indians, 606Tribal trust funds, 733–738Trust land, 43, 529, 632833

inheritance, 458Tsimsian, 480Tulalip Tribes, 83, 416–417, 670–671,

677–678, 720–726Turtle Creek Casino, 780–781Turtle Mountain Community College

Project Peacemaker, 207Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa

Indians, 87, 116, 164, 201–207,256, 361, 381–382, 518–519,531–535, 647–648

Umatilla Tribe, 574Uniform Commercial Code, 10,

756–758Upham, Robert, 230

Ute, 393Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and

Ouray Reservation, 341

Vagueness, 361, 413–414Van Buren, Martin, 42Vann, Marilyn, 302Vetter, William, 131–132Vicenti, Carey, 534Violence against Women Act, 663,

679, 681, 683Vizenor, Gerald, 164, 477Voelker, John, 444

Washington, George, 46Washoe Tribe of Nevada, 506–507Waters, Frank, 182, 184Watt, James, 148White Deerskin Dance, 519–523, 674White Earth Band of Chippewa Indians,

89–90, 137–138, 164, 767–779White Earth Land Settlement Act,

767, 772, 773White Mountain Apache Tribe, 109Wilkins, David, 17, 26, 35, 145–147Wilkinson, Charles F., 45, 122Williams, Robert A., 17, 22, 122, 739Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, 94,

105–107, 124–129Witchcraft, 354Women

right to vote, 32

Yakima Indian Nation, 44, 45, 481Yazzie, Robert, 389, 489Yurok Tribe, 235–237, 241, 417–424,

480, 668Yup’ik People of Bill Moore’s Slough,

341–342

Zimmerman, William, 148, 254Zoning, 720–727Zuni, 6–7, 9–10Zuni Tribe, 472–473Zuni Cruz, Christine, 107, 111, 120

Index 823