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1
CE107:IntroductiontoCiviland
EnvironmentalEngineering
CourseTeacher
Dr.M.
R.
Kabir
Spring2009
Classstartedon19.04.2009
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LecturePlan
Lecture12
Introduction,ImportanceofCiviland
EnvironmentalEngineering,Branchesofcivil
EngineeringLecture 3 WaterandEnvironment,ManandEnvironment
Lecture 45 Basicpopulationdynamics
ClassTest 1
Lecture
67
Water
Resources,
River
system
in
Bangladesh
Lecture89
WaterPollution
Lecture10
ComponentsofEnvironment,Ecosystem
Lecture1112
Flowofmatter&energythroughanecosystem
Lecture
13
Biodiversity
ClassTest
2
Lecture1415
Urbanairpollution
Lecture1617
Acidrain,Globalwarming,renewableand
nonrenewable
energy
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ReferenceBooks
IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering
andScience
GilbertMMasters EnvironmentalScience:EarthasalivingPlanet
(Third
Edition)
Botkin Keller Environmental Science(FifthEdition) WilliamP.CunninghamandBarbaraWoodworthSaigo
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Assessment
Credithours:2.0
Classassessment 30%(attendance:10,Min.3Classtest,Homework:20)
MidTerm
Examination 20% FinalExamination 50%
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DefinitionofEnvironment
Definedasthatwholeouterphysicalandbiologicalsysteminwhichmanandotherorganismlive isawhole, albeit a complicated one with manyinteractingcomponents.
The
wise
management
of
that
environment
depends
upon an understanding of those components: of itsrock, minerals and waters, of its present andpotential vegetation, of its animal life and potentialfor
livestock
husbandry
and
of
its
climate.
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Introduction
Civil Engineering is aprofessional engineering
discipline
that
deals
withthe design, construction
and maintenance of thephysical and natural built
environment,
including
works such as bridges,roads, canals, dams, and
buildings.
It
is
the
oldest
engineeringdiscipline
after
militaryengineering.
Petronas
Twin
Towers
were
the
world's
tallestbuildingfrom1998to2004.January 12, 2010
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towers -
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BranchesofCivilEngineering
StructuralEngineering Windengineering
GIS
MaterialsEngg.
CoastalEngg
Surveying
ConstructionEngg.
TransportationEngineering
GeotechnicalEngineering
WaterResources
Engineering
EnvironmentalEngineering
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Civil
Engineering
EducationCivilengineerstypicallypossessanacademicdegreewithamajorincivilengineering.Thelengthofstudyfor
such
adegree
is
usually
four
years
and
the
completeddegreeisusuallydesignatedasaBachelorofEngineering,thoughsomeuniversities
designatethe
degree
as
aBachelor
of
Science.
The
degreegenerallyincludesunitscoveringPhysics,Mathematics,Projectmanagement,Designandspecifictopicsincivilengineering.Initiallysuchtopics
cover
most,
if
not
all,
of
the
sub
disciplines
of
civilengineering.Studentsthenchoosetospecializeinoneormoresubdisciplinestowardstheendof
thedegree.
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Careers
Thereisnoonetypicalcareerpathforcivilengineers.Mostengineering
graduates
start
with
jobs
of
low
responsibility,andastheyprovetheircompetence,theyaregivenmoreandmoreresponsibletasks,thedetailsofacareerpathcanvary.Moresenior
engineerscan
move
into
doing
more
complexanalysisordesignwork,ormanagementofmorecomplexdesignprojects,ormanagementofother
engineers,
or
into
specialized
consulting.
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EnvironmentalEngineering
Environmentalengineeringdealswiththetreatmentofchemical,biological,and/or
thermal
waste,
the
purification
of
water
and
air,andtheremediationofcontaminatedsites,duetopriorwastedisposaloraccidentalcontamination.Environmentalengineerscanbeinvolvedwithpollutionreductionand
greenengineering.
Environmentalengineeringalsodealswiththegatheringofinformationontheenvironmentalconsequencesofproposed
actionsand
the
assessment
of
effects
of
proposedactionsforthepurposeofassistingsocietyandpolicymakersinthedecisionmakingprocess
Afilterbed,
apartofsewagetreatment
January 12, 2010
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment -
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11Burj Dubai,theworld'stallestbuilding,
currentlyunderconstructioninDubai
Petronas
Twin
Towers
were
the
world's
tallest
buildingfrom1998to2004.Designedby
ArchitectCesarPelli
January 12, 2010
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_tallest_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_tallest_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_tallest_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_tallest_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_tallest_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_tallest_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubai -
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Hooverdam CliftonSuspensionBridge,designedbyIsambard
Kingdom
Brunel,inBristol,UK
January 12, 2010
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_dam -
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BasicEnvironmentalIssues
HumanPopulation:Allenvironmentalproblemsaredueto
increasinghumanpopulation.
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BasicEnvironmentalIssues
Sustainability:
meansthat
aresourceisusedinsucha
waythatitcontinuestobe
available.
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BasicEnvironmentalIssues
AGlobalPerspective:Humanactivitycausesglobal
environmentalchange.
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BasicEnvironmentalIssues
TheUrbanWorld:Qualityofurban
environmenthassufferedduetoevergrowing
numberof
people
are
living
in
urban
areas.
Values,KnowledgeandSocialJustice:Solutionstoenvironmentalproblemsinvolvesmorethansimplygatheringfactsandunderstandingthescientificissuesofa
particularproblem.
It
also
has
much
to
do
with
oursystemsofvaluesandissuesofsocialjustice
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DifferentSocieties
Hunterandgatherersocieties
Agriculturalsocieties
Importantimpactsduefoodsurplusduringagricultural
societiesare
Withoutthe
threat
of
starvation
population
began
to
increase
Peopleclearedmoreandmorelandandbegantoshapethesurfaceoftheearth
Urbanizationbegan
Industrialsocieties
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MathematicsofGrowth
ExponentialGrowth:N0=
initial
amount
Nt
=amountaftertyears
r
=
growth
rate
(fraction
per
year)ThenNt+1
=Nt
+rNt
=Nt
(1+r)
Forexample,N1
=N0
(1+r);N2
=N1
(1+r)=N0
(1+r)2;
andingeneral,Nt
=N0
(1+
r)t
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ContinuousCompounding
RateofchangeofquantityNisproportionaltoN
dN/dt=rNN=N0ert
DoublingTime
Thedoublingtime(Td
)ofaquantitythatgrowsata
fixedexponentialrateriseasilyderivedfrom
N=N0ertJanuary 12, 2010
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DoublingTime
DoublingtimecanbefoundbysettingN=2N0 att=Td2N0 =
N0e
rt
N0 appearsonbothsidesoftheequationandcanbecanceledoutandtakingthenaturallogofbothsidesgives ln 2=rTdTd=ln2/r=0.693/rIfthegrowthrisexpressedasapercentageinsteadofasafraction,wegetthefollowingimportantresult
Td=69.3/r(%)=70/r(%)January 12, 2010
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Problem
Ittooktheworldabout 300yearstoincreasein
population
from
0.5
billion
to
4.0
billion.
If
we
assumeexponentialgrowthataconstantrateover
theperiodoftime,whatwouldthatgrowthratebe?
Doit
using
both
approach.
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MaximumSustainable
Yield
AgeStructure
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WaterResourcesinBangladesh
WaterBudget:1000to5000mmofrain.Over200
large
and
small
rivers,
discharge
about
175
billion
cubicmeterofwaterand2.4billiontonsof
sedimenttotheBayofBengal.
Totalcatchment
=1.7
million
sq.
km,
8%
in
Bangladesh
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Crossboundaryinflow(81%)
Precipitation(18.92%)
TotalInflow(100%)
Streamflowtothesea(88.82%)
ET/deeppercolation(11.18%)
Schematic water balance for average year
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WaterUsage
Watersupply
Agriculturaluse
Fisheries
Navigation
Hydropower
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WaterIssues
Flood
Drought Bankerosion
Waterlogging
Wetlandconversion
Waterquality
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WaterPollution
Pollution:Degradationofwaterquality,howfaritdepartsfromthenorm(standard),itseffectsonpublichealthorits
ecologicalimpacts.
Pollutant:Biological,physicalorchemicalsubstancethatinidentifiableexcessisknowntobeharmful.Exp.:Excessive
amountsof
heavy
metals,
certain
radioactive
isotopes,
fecal
coliform
bacteria,phosphorous,nitrogen,sodium,certain
pathogenicbacteriaandviruses.
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SourcesofWaterPollution
SurfaceWater:
Urbanrunoff,Agriculturalrunoff,Accidental
spillsofchemicalsincludingoil,Radioactivematerials,Runoff
fromindustrial
sites,
Leaks
from
surface
storage
tanks,
Sedimentfromvarioussource,Airfalloutintorivers,lakesetc.
Groundwater:
Leaksfromwastedisposalsites,buriedtanks
andpipes,
Seepage
from
agricultural
activities,
acid
rich
water
frommines,septicsystems,pesticides,herbicidenutrients,accidentalspillsand Saltwaterintrusion
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CategoriesofWaterPollutants
Deadorganicmatter
Pathogens
Organicchemicals
Nutrients
Heavymetals
Acids
Sediments
Heat Radioactivity
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Ecosystem
Biotarefertoalllivingthings(animalsandplantsincludingmicroorganisms)withina
givenarea.
Forlifetopersisttheremustbeseveralspecieswithinanenvironment thatincludesfluidmedia airandwater totransportmaterialsandenergy.
Lifeon
earth
is
sustained
by
ecosystems
that
allowtothemtosustainlife.
Sustaininglifeonearthrequiresmorethanindividualsorspecies.Theflowofenergyandcyclingofchemicalelements.
Componentsof
ecosystem:
Producer Consumer Decomposer Energyandchemicalelements
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Ecosystemisanopensysteminregardtoenergyandaclosedsysteminregardtomaterial.
Biodiversityinvolvesthreedifferentconcepts:geneticdiversity(thetotalnumberofgeneticcharacteristics),habitat
diversity(thediversityofhabitatinagivenunitarea),andspecies
diversity.
Species
diversity
involves
three
ideas:
speciesrichness,speciesevennessandspeciesdominance.
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EnvironmentalissuesinBangladesh
Population:40%peoplelivingbelowpovertyline. 140millionwillbecome200millionsoon.Forthelast
15years
we
had
less
attention
on
population
growth.
Consequentlypressurewillbuiltonournatural
resources wet
land
and
forest.
Tomeetthebasicneed food,clothing,shelter,healthcareetc.populationwillbeabigchallenge.
Villagersdue
to
lack
of
job
specially
in
agricultural
sectormovingtowardsurbanarea.Somearesellingtheirlastpropertytogetbetterjobinthemiddle eastorelsewhere.
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Urban
AirPollution
NoisePollution
Solidwaste
Hospitalwaste
WaterPollution
Encroachmentofopenspace
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Rural
Arsenic Agriculturaloutput
Industrialoutput
Indoor(Kitchen)
air
pollution
Lackofsanitation
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NaturalHabitat
Existing 5-7% forestcoverage whereas 20-25% recommendedAffect in Bio-diversity:
450 species wereavailable now which willbe reduced to 250.
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GlobalWarming
Increaseintemperature
Extremeeventslikefloodanddroughtwill
occur
more
frequently
with
high
intensity.By2050about50mpeoplewillbeaffectedduetofloodandabout20mpeoplewillbeaffectedduetodrought.
6%
low
lying
land
will
go
under
water
andabout6millionpeoplewillMigrateandwillcreateenvironmentalrefugee.
Transboundaryissue:75%ofglacierintheHimalayaswillvanishby2030:
Foodsecurity/Navigation/Agriculture
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Adaptation
Government,NGO,CivilSocieties,Media
Institutionalweaknessesmustbe
removed,more
resources
must
be
Diverted:DOE,interagencycooperation
mustbeimproved.
Needregionalcooperationlikebuilding
reservoirin
Nepal.
Cropdiversity,FloatingGarden,Changeprofessionetc.
January 12 2010
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