Lectures:Mgr. Jana Javorčíková, PhD. (lectures, Fhv – seminars)

Seminars:Mgr. Martin Kubuš (Fif – seminars)PaedDr. Jana Javorčíková, PhD. (Fhv – seminars) (Externists)

PASSWORD: mbl1 or mbl2

THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL SETTING OF THE POST-WAR BRITISH SETTING OF THE POST-WAR BRITISH

LITERATURELITERATURE

BEFOREBEFOREWWIIWWII

AFTERAFTERECONOMICSECONOMICS

The slumpThe slump

The economics of the The economics of the gold standardgold standard

FullFull employmentemployment

Keynes´ and BeveridgeKeynes´ and Beveridge´s economics´s economics

John Maynard Keynes: American economist – believed in econ. stimulusWilliam Beveridge: British economist and social reformer

THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL SETTING OF THE POST-WAR BRITISH SETTING OF THE POST-WAR BRITISH

LITERATURELITERATURE

BEFOREBEFOREWWIIWWII

AFTERAFTERPOLITICSPOLITICS

Conservative Conservative hegemonyhegemony

““Government of Government of men”men”

Labour victory (1945)Labour victory (1945)

““administration of administration of things”things”

Labour victory in 1945: Clement Atlee won over W. Churchill (Cons.)Atlee: Welfare State: “from craddle to grave“ or “from womb to tomb“

THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL SETTING OF THE POST-WAR BRITISH SETTING OF THE POST-WAR BRITISH

LITERATURELITERATURE

BEFOREBEFOREWWIIWWII

AFTERAFTER

SOCIETYSOCIETYClass systemClass system

Aristocratic Aristocratic privilege and glitterprivilege and glitter

““THEM”THEM”

dependence of dependence of womenwomen

dualdual system of system of educationeducation

Classless societyClassless society

EEgaligalitarian waytarian way

““US”US”

feminism of the 60´sfeminism of the 60´s

tripartite system of tripartite system of education (Butskellism)education (Butskellism)

status status revolutionrevolution

BUTSKELLISM: blend of Butler and Hugh Gaitskell´s political thought

BUTLER EDUCATION ACTBUTLER EDUCATION ACT

1944 – Butler Education Act passed:1944 – Butler Education Act passed:

(Richard Austen Butler, 1902-(Richard Austen Butler, 1902-82)82)

– – compulsory education under 15compulsory education under 15

– – system of sponsorship for the system of sponsorship for the underprivileged students; underprivileged students;

Characteristics of British UniversitiesCharacteristics of British Universities of the of the 1960’s1960’s

Formal, Formal, traditional, traditional,

conservative, conservative, abstract abstract

(virtual character of Oxford) (virtual character of Oxford)

RedbrickRedbrick provincial provincial universities universities

opposed to Oxbridgeopposed to Oxbridgevs.

THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL SETTING OF THE POST-WAR BRITISH SETTING OF THE POST-WAR BRITISH

LITERATURELITERATURE

BEFOREBEFOREWWIIWWII

AFTERAFTER

CULTURECULTURE““highhigh vs. vs. low”low” cultureculture

common culturecommon cultureequalisation equalisation nationalisation nationalisation decentralisationdecentralisationAmericanisation Americanisation RRacial integrationacial integrationMulticulturalismMulticulturalism

RESULTS OF BUTLER ACTRESULTS OF BUTLER ACT

POSITIVES:POSITIVES:More democratic access to educationMore democratic access to education

NEGATIVES:NEGATIVES:

ANGRY YOUNG MENANGRY YOUNG MEN

DDAVID LODGE AVID LODGE (b. 1935)(b. 1935)

BIOGRAPHYBIOGRAPHY

teacher at the University of Birmingham teacher at the University of Birmingham

(1960 – 1987)(1960 – 1987)

His university studies portrayed in His university studies portrayed in

a combination of an autobiographical novel, a combination of an autobiographical novel,

Bildungsroman Bildungsroman Out of Shelter, 1970Out of Shelter, 1970) and H. ) and H.

James’ international novel (setting: London James’ international novel (setting: London

– Heidelberg).– Heidelberg).

LLODGE´S STYLEODGE´S STYLE

master of parody (master of parody (The British Museum is Falling The British Museum is Falling

Down, 1965; Changing Places, 1975)Down, 1965; Changing Places, 1975); parody of V. ; parody of V.

W.; J. J.; D. H. L; F. K. W.; J. J.; D. H. L; F. K.

Often depicts the Often depicts the Anglo-American cultural gap Anglo-American cultural gap

((Small World, 1984); Small World, 1984);

motivations: sexual intrigue and the drive for motivations: sexual intrigue and the drive for

power;power;

Also wrote Also wrote theoretical handbooks (theoretical handbooks (The Language The Language

of Fiction, 1967of Fiction, 1967) – explaining the methodology of ) – explaining the methodology of

structuralism and empiristructuralism and empiricicism.sm.

Synopsis of Synopsis of Small WorldSmall World

Setting: Rummidge, everywhereSetting: Rummidge, everywhere

: late 1970´s –early 1980´s: late 1970´s –early 1980´s

Characters: professors and scholars in Characters: professors and scholars in humanities (Perssy humanities (Perssy McGarrigle, Angelica Pabbst, Morris McGarrigle, Angelica Pabbst, Morris Zapp, Phillip Swallow)Zapp, Phillip Swallow)

Genre and tone: academic romance, Genre and tone: academic romance, ironicironic

Post-war modernisation of the old

class-ridden and antiquated British society

END OF LECTURE NO. 1

BRITISH POST-WAR BRITISH POST-WAR LITERATURELITERATURE

VARIOUSVARIOUS

GENRES, GENRES,

TOPICS,TOPICS,

STYLES,STYLES,

MOVEMENTS OR MISFITS.MOVEMENTS OR MISFITS.

Six periods/groups according to

Gilbert Phelps:

1. “Survivors“ of the 1930’s : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce

2. “Already active novelists“ Leslie Paul Hartley

3. Post-colonial or anti-colonial novelists: Paul Scott; James G. Farrell; Hanif Kureishi

4. Female writers: Muriel Spark, Beryl Bainbridge

5. Angry Young Men: John Osborne, J. Wain, J. Braine

6. “Misfits“: John Fowles, David Lodge, Ian McEwan

SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION:

Serious novels: Graham Greene Comic novels: G. Greene

Linguistic experimens: Anthony Burgess

Traditionalists: August Wilson

Detective novels: A. Christie

Spy novels: John Le CarréPolitical allegories: George OrwellSci-fi: Aldous Huxley

CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:

The 30´s: All the Fun: Carpe Diem philosophy of the Jazz Age/Roaring 20´s

The 40´s: Extravagance and Reason: war-time escapism

The 50´s: Anger and Fear

The 60´s and 70´s: Dreams Revived: back to colonial past and its effects

Before we talk about movemements and groups...

TWO PROBLEMS:TWO PROBLEMS:

1.1. Self-classification of authorsSelf-classification of authors

2.2. POSTMODERNISM - “ownership of POSTMODERNISM - “ownership of the text“the text“

1. Self-classification of authors:

Classification of authors is not easy. Take, for example Alan Sillitoe.

He is a “typical“ representative of the literary group called “Angry Young Men“ :

1. Sillitoe himself was born to a working class family but was able to pursue in his studies at a university due to a state sponsorship

2. His main representatives followed the same carreer (e.g. Arthur Seeton)

3. He wrote most of his novels during the highlights of the „Angry Young Men“ period.

However, he refused to be labeled an “angry young man“

Alan Sillitoe (Writer)Author of the original novel and scriptwriter of the screenplay for the film. A bestselling novelist for the past 40 years, Alan Sillitoe has lately produced his long-awaited sequel to that first novel, Birthday (Flamingo, 2002).

2. 2. MODERNISM MODERNISM vs.vs. POSTMODERNISMPOSTMODERNISM

MODERNISTS: MODERNISTS: JJamesames J Joyceoyce; V. W.; E; V. W.; Edwarddward M. F M. Fosteroster; G. G.; J. C; G. G.; J. Conradonrad POSTMODERNISTS: POSTMODERNISTS: Muriel Spark; Beryl Bainbridge; David LodgeMuriel Spark; Beryl Bainbridge; David Lodge

CHRONOLOGY:CHRONOLOGY: End of the 19th ctEnd of the 19th ct. – MODERNISM . – MODERNISM 1920´s 1920´s – – highlights of MODERNISMhighlights of MODERNISM 1940´s 1940´s – – POSTMODERNISMPOSTMODERNISM 1960´s – 1960´s – highlights of POSTMODERNISMhighlights of POSTMODERNISM

POSTMODERNISM: POSTMODERNISM: deflection fromdeflection from established rules: double names, charactersestablished rules: double names, characters conventions, conventions, form: pastiche form: pastiche style: syntax, sentence structurestyle: syntax, sentence structure

POSTMODERNISM – BASIC THOUGHTSPOSTMODERNISM – BASIC THOUGHTS

MODERNISMMODERNISM:: STRUCTURALISMSTRUCTURALISM Language is a system of signs.Language is a system of signs. Writing is encoding, Reading is decoding.Writing is encoding, Reading is decoding. Text has Text has THE MEANINGTHE MEANING..

MODERNISMODERNIST EXPERIMENT: sT EXPERIMENT: sub-trends: surrealism, old avant-gardeub-trends: surrealism, old avant-garde

POSTMODERNISM:POSTMODERNISM: POSTSTRUCTURALISM,DECONSTRUCTIONPOSTSTRUCTURALISM,DECONSTRUCTION Language is asystematic.Language is asystematic. Every decoding is another encoding.Every decoding is another encoding. Text has Text has A MEANINGA MEANING..

POSTMODERNPOSTMODERN EXPERIMENTEXPERIMENT Novel Novel anti-novel, anti-novel, noveau romannoveau roman Poetry Poetry concrete poetryDrama concrete poetryDrama total theatre total theatre LITERARY CRITICISMLITERARY CRITICISM: : Marxist criticismMarxist criticism, , Feminist criticismFeminist criticism, , New New

criticismcriticism

Introduction to postmodernism - Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez

1599-1660

LAS MENINAS: THE MAIDS OF HONOUR

1. Who/what are the people in the painting looking at?

2. How many figures are there? /Notice the sources of light/

3. Where are you standing?

a) A passer by - you

b) Somebody else, e.g. a royal couple, infant’s parents,

a joker, etc.

c) Another painter

A passer by

The passer by, be it you or whoever else, represents the OBSERVER of the scene. Metaphorically, he symbolises the READER while the scene represents the TEXT.

How many figures are there?How many figures are there?

1

23

4

5

6

789

How many figures are there?How many figures are there?

1

23

5

6

789

9 10

youyou

MEANING

4

MIRROR

THE PAINTING = THE PAINTING = THE TEXTTHE TEXT

YOU = YOU = THE READERTHE READER

THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN THE PAINTING = THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN THE PAINTING = THE/A MEANINGTHE/A MEANING OF THE PAINTING/ TEXT OF THE PAINTING/ TEXT

SOMETHING THE READER HAS TO ADD BYTHE SOMETHING THE READER HAS TO ADD BYTHE PROCESS OF THINKING, REFLECTING, ETC. PROCESS OF THINKING, REFLECTING, ETC.

Jacques Foucault: Words and ObjectsPAINTING SERVES AS A METAPHOR...

MODERNISMMODERNISM vsvs. . POSTMODERNISMPOSTMODERNISM

Postmodernism is a new trend in arts that expands to many genres, for example to architecture, painting, music, fashion or literature. „

“Postmodern attitude“can

be well illustrated by a

paining by Diego

Velasquese.

Lacroix Goes Giddy for The Kitsch and KiddyLacroix likes to dress his women like a fantastic mix between Peter Pan, Alice In Wonderland and A Mid-Summer Nights Dream. If you’re looking for a lighthearted dress that oozes childhood sentimentality then Lacroix is your man. I like this dress the best, it so reminds me of Alice – are you ready for the rabbit hole?

POSTMODERNISM and FASHION

POSTMODERNISM and FASHION

COLAGE OF STYLES(fairy tale vs. ballet vs. surrealist wedding dress)

AMBIGUITY

EXPERIMENT

QUESTIONS TRADITIONAL VALUES

EXISTENCIALISM

mockery

POSTMODERNISM and FILM

COLAGE OF STYLES(detective story vs. love story vs. pulp fiction)

AMBIGUITY

EXPERIMENT

QUESTIONS TRADITIONAL VALUES

EXISTENCIALISM

PARODY OF A TRADITIONAL GANGSTER FILM

POSTMODERNISM and MUSIC

COLAGE OF STYLES

AMBIGUITY

EXPERIMENT

QUESTIONS TRADITIONAL VALUES

EXISTENCIALISM

POSTMODERNISM and ARCHITECTURE

COLAGE OF STYLES

AMBIGUITY

EXPERIMENT

QUESTIONS TRADITIONAL VALUES

EXISTENCIALISM

...meaning is not:

•inherent to the text

•“given“ or “pre-conceived“ by the writer

•controlled by renowned literary critics

...meaning is: •WHAT READERS ADD TO THE TEXT

•YOUR INTERPETATION BASED ON YOUR UNIQUE PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

END OF LECTURE NO. 2

ANGRY YOUNG MEN - NOVELISTS

1. WHEN WERE THEY ACTIVE?

2. WHO WERE THEY?

3. WHAT/WHO DID THEY WRITE ABOUT AND AGAINST?

LECTURE NO. 3

1. WHEN WERE THEY ACTIVE?

Active in the 50´s:

1951: Leslie Paul´s autobiography: The Angry Young Men1956: 8th May – premiére of Look Back in Anger

Characteristics of the period:

•“the individual has been devalued, like the pound“ (L. P. Hartley) •people still feeling the hangover of the war•culture was in crisis: narrowness and pessimism of novels

John Osborne

2. WHO WERE THEY?

Defined themselves against:

a blend of homely sensibility;upper class aloofness;liberal politics;avant-garde literary device.

The writers themselves and their characters were:

• Young, needy, intellectuals• Disillusioned• Displaced• Conformists (contrast to the Beat Generation)

3. WHO/WHAT DID THEY WRITE ABOUT AND AGAINST?

Wrote about : An angry young anti-hero:

•working class origin•boorish rather than well behaved•rudely angry rather than angry•philistine rather than arty

Other dominant topics:

•rise of a working class man into the upper middle class•hurdles of education, upbringing and accent

ANGRY YOUNG NOVELISTS – REPRESENTATIVES

John Barrington Wain

- b. 1925 in the English Midlandsgraduated from Oxford - professor of poetry at Oxford (1973 – 78)a member of the Inklinks (an Oxford literary group)

Hurry on Down, 1953 – a picaresque novelLiving in the Present, 1955The Contenders

John Braine

b. 1922 in Bedford, Yorkshire; d. 1986

Room at the Top, 1957;Life at the Top, 1962;The Jealous God, 1964;Stay with Me till Morning, 1970;Writing a Novel, 1974;Finger on Fire, 1977.

ANALYSIS OF MAJOR NOVELS BY ANGRY YOUNG MEN:

John Wain: Hurry on Down - bestseller

Genre: picaresque novel, partly autobiographical

Main character: Charles Lumley – university graduate unable to fit in

Jack of all trades:

driversmuggler bouncer

hospital orderly

ANALYSIS OF MAJOR NOVELS BY ANGRY YOUNG MEN:

John Brain: Room at the Top – bestseller Life at the Top – sequel

Style: open – X-rated in the USA

Main character: Joe Lampton – an army vet, town-hall clerk

Not unlike Clyde Griffits (American Tragedy, Theodore Dreiser)

rich Susan Brown

- Seduces and marries herpoor Alice Aisgill

Loves two women

“the running fight between himself and society had ended in a draw“

Colin Wilson: The Outsider;Kingsley Amis: Lucky Jim;Allan Sillitoe: Loneliness of the Long Distance RunnerStan Barstow: A Kind of LovingDavid Storey: This Sporting LifeKeith Waterhouse

ANGRY YOUNG NOVELISTS – OTHER REPRESENTATIVES

ANGRY YOUNG MEN - DRAMATISTS

John Osborne

Life:

• (b. 1929 in London)

• educated at "a rather cheap boarding school"

• former actor in provincial repertory companies

• founding member of the "A. Y. M." group

ANGRY YOUNG MEN - DRAMATISTS

John Osborne

Characteristics of Osborne's style

• primitive dramatic skills;• "kitchen sink" drama;• mood of frustration: anarchic, cynical, nihilistic anti-heroes, social misfits.

Major plays and novels

• The Entertainer, 1957 - comic Archie Rice; Luther, 1961;• Inadmissible Evidence, 1964; A Patriot for Me, 1965 • Autobiography: A Better Class of Person.

Richard Burton as Jimmy Porter, the speaker of the generation: "Nobody thinks,

nobody cares, no beliefs,

no convictions and no enthusiasm“

MAJOR ISSUES:• conflict of generations, social classes and opposite sexes:

• conflict of the "sycophantic, phlegmatic and pusillanimous” world of upper class and Jimmy's private, "loose" morality.

John Osborne

Look Back in Anger

JIMMY PORTER:A tall, thin young man about 25. A mixture of sincerity and cheerful malice, of tenderness and freebooting cruelty,restless, importunate, full of pride, a combination whichalienates the sensitive and the insensitive alike.

ALISON PORTER:Tall, slim, delicate, with surprising reservation in her eyes

“I was wrong! I don’t want to be saint. I want to be a lost cause. I want to be corrupt and futile“

Jim hates:SundaysSunday ironingPretentionus editorialsSycophantic, pusillanimous people

Jim loves: ?

WORKING CLASS NOVELISTS

Representatives: 1. Working-class origin writers 2. novelists writing about the working class.

Allan Sillitoe• b. 1928 in Nottingham • son of an illiterate tannery laborer• father unemployed during Depression - financial problems• left school at 14 - earned money in RAF (Malaya)

Style:• versatile author: plays, poems (The Rats and Other Poems, 1960) over 50 essays, children´s books: character of Marmelade Jim • labelled also as an AYM• advocate of the social function of novels (like J. Galsworthy, E. Zola)• realistically portrayed working-class heroes

Allan Sillitoe

Style:

• versatile author: plays, poems (The Rats and Other Poems, 1960) over 50 essays, children´s books: character of Marmelade Jim

• labelled also as an AYM

• advocate of the social function of novels (like J. Galsworthy, E. Zola)

• realistically portrayed working-class heroes

WORKING CLASS NOVELISTS – A. SILLITOE

Major writings:

• The Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, 1958depicts a weekend of a young laborer Arthur Seaton (an anti-hero)local colour

• Loneliness of a Long-Distance Runner, 1959 a collection of stories (Uncle Ernest)

• Raw Material, 1972autobiographical features

Allan SILLITOE: Loneliness of a Long-Distance Runner, 1959 Style: – rich in inner monologues – slang – local colour (dialects, regionalisms)

- Symbol of protest against those in power – upper classes

Shows inner rebelion

Allan SILLITOE: Loneliness of a Long-Distance Runner, 1959 Style: – rich in inner monologues – slang – local colour (dialects, regionalisms)

-“Come on , Smith“, Roach the sports master called to me, “we don´t want You to be late for the big race, eh? Although I dare say you´d catch them up if you were“

... So the big race it was, for them, watching from the grandstand under the fluttering Union Jack, a race for the governor, that he has been waiting for, and I hoped he and all The rest of his pop-eyed gang were

busy placing big bets on me, hundred to one to win, all the money they had in their pockets All the wages they were going

to get for the next five years and the more they placed , the happier I´d be.

Allan SILLITOE: Saturday Night and Sunday Morning

Sunday morningsSaturday nights

• wild parties, • drinking, • dating women

• repenting – gone fishing

Conformist lifestyle:No motivation

ambitions,enthusiasm,

beliefs.Shows nihilism,

resignation of WC

ARTHUR SEATON

married, older – Brenda

younger Doreen

WORKING CLASS NOVELISTS – OTHER REPRESENTATIVES

Sid Chaplin

• b. 1916, Shildon, Durham - d. 1980• the son of a coal miner, working in mines at 15• obtained education from the worker´s Educational Association (Durham) • writing since 1950´s

Durham mining community writings:The Leaping Lad, 1964The Thin Seam, 1950The Day of the Sardine, 1961The Mines of Alabaster, 1971

Other writers: Mervyn Jones: Holding On

WORKING CLASS NOVELISTS – OTHER REPRESENTATIVES

Sid Chaplin

Durham mining community writings:

The Day of the Sardine, 1961

ARTHUR HAGGARSTON: – his journey to adulthood – conflict between him and his tedious, repressive employer

– the only way out of stereotype: gangs,

violence

COMPARISON OF AYM and WCNCOMPARISON OF AYM and WCN

AYMAYM

Jim PorterJim Porter

Jim Dixon Jim Dixon (comic)(comic)

WCNWCN

SmithSmith

Uncle ErnestUncle Ernest

(serious)(serious)

Social rank/Social rank/

educationeducationWC but univer. WC but univer. graduategraduate

Little education - Little education - criminalscriminals

Family Family backgrounbackgroundd

Social Social statusstatus

Do have a Do have a family/ misfits by family/ misfits by choicechoice

No family, at the No family, at the subsistance levelsubsistance level

Reasons Reasons for their for their frustrationfrustrationss

Social Social misplacementmisplacement

angeranger

Impoverished lifeImpoverished life

resignationresignation

COMPARISON OF AYM and WCNCOMPARISON OF AYM and WCN

WHO HAD A BETTER REASON TO PROTEST?

Who did?

ANGRY INTELLECTUALS“LOUDMOUTHS“

UNEDUCATED WORKERS, WHO WERE OFTEN CRIMINALISED AND

DEMONISED

POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE IN POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE IN ENGLISHENGLISH

http://images.google.sk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/post/icons/post.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/post/&h=255&w=428&sz=26&hl=sk&start=71&tbnid=jZzvTNwkMbOMRM:&tbnh=75&tbnw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dicons%2B%252B%2Bliterature%26start%3D54%26ndsp%3D18%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dsk%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

CANADA

AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND

INDIA

PAKISTAN

CEYLON

MALAYSIA

TASMANIA

GUYANA

EGYPT, SUDAN, SOUTH AFRICA, NAMIBIA...

NOVELISTS OF THE 50´s – DISSOLUTION OF THE EMPIRE

1. What were the reasons for decolonization and its results?

Two reasons for decolonization: 1. Imperialism grew unpopular

2. Finance

Milestones in decolonization: 1947 – independent India 1956 – “Suez fiasco”1960´s – conflicts in Malaya, Cyprus1982 – Falkland Islands crisis

Results of decolonization: 1. loose association - Commonwealth 2. mass immigration (1950´s – 60´s)

LECTURE

NOVELISTS OF THE 1950´s:

1. Post-Imperialists – predecessors: Rudyard Kipling (The Jungle Book), Edward Morgan Forster (Passage to India)

James Gordon Farrell, Paul Scott

2. Anti- imperialists: Doris Lessing, Nadine Gordimer

POST-COLONIAL WRITINGS 2. Who were the major representatives of post-colonial literature?

Doris Lessing

(b. 1919, Persia – present-day Iran - ) Childhood spent in Rhodesia, Africa Exposed to contradictions, illusions and pessimism

Style:

“...English writer without English tradition“ realism: ambiguous nature of African-English co-existence

1979 – psychoanalysis, (The Golden Notebook); “space fiction“

The Grass is Singing, 1950 Children of Violence African Stories, 1961

Doris Lessing

The Grass is Singing, 1950

Collection of stories: Little Tembi, No Witchcraft for Sale

African English: Baas, Missus, Boss Boy

European rationalism (Cartesian compulsion

to think rationally

African rituals (faith healing, taboo and code,

miracles)

VS.

James Gordon Farrell

•(b. 1935, Liverpool – 1979)•Spent a great deal of life abroad: France, North America•Won the Booker Prize in 1973

Style: – “Blended English sensitivity and Indian exoticism”– topics: Hindustan life, trappings of civilisation

The Siege of Krishnapur; 1973A Girl In the Head The Singapore Grip, 1978The Hill Station, 1981

POST-COLONIAL WRITERS:

Sabres and Dust by Chris Collingwood British light cavalry and horsemen of Skinners Horse fight Pindarn and Maratha 1826.In 1827 Skinners Regiment was known as the 1st Regiment of Local Horse and had just been awarded the Battle Honour 'Bhurtpore' for its part in the reduction of the fortress at Bharatpur. Skinner himself being made a companion of the Order of the Bath.

James Gordon Farrell

The Siege of Krishnapur; 1973

– depicts 1857 – Sepoy rebellion in India

– the English struggling for their way of life

The Singapore Grip, 1978

POST-COLONIAL WRITERS:

Paul (Mark) Scott

( 1920- d. 1978)-“brings to India the fractious personality of the Westerner”

India – a Lost Paradise, Englishman’s India

Raj Quartet: -The Towers of Silence ; -The Day of the Scorpion-The Jewel in the Crown; -Staying On

POST-COLONIAL WRITERS: Officer Skinners Horse 1905 by Mark Churms The Founder's Church of St. James, Dehli, illustrates its association with this famous regiment of Bengal Lancers.

TETRALOGY BY PAUL SCOTTTETRALOGY BY PAUL SCOTT

LEGACY OF POST-COLONIAL WRITERS:

• CRITICISM OF COLONIALISM AND ITS PROPAGANDA• CRITICISM OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT IMPACT OF COLONIALISM

COLONIAL VISUAL ARTS:

• pictoresque

• romantic

• idealised

LEGACY OF POST-COLONIAL WRITERS:

• CRITICISM OF COLONIALISM AND ITS PROPAGANDA• CRITICISM OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT IMPACT OF COLONIALISM

COLONIAL VISUAL ARTS:

The British portrayed as (naturally) superior

VISUAL ARTSVISUAL ARTS

Painters often showed the Indians in subordinate positions

VISUAL ARTS AND PROPAGANDAVISUAL ARTS AND PROPAGANDA

http://posters.nce.buttobi.net/

Rudyard KiplingRudyard Kipling

White Man's BurdenWhite Man's Burden

Take up the Take up the White Man's burden-White Man's burden---Send forth the best ye breed--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileGo bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil Half-devil and and half-childhalf-child..

1865-1936

Post-colonial literature reacts to Post-colonial literature reacts to myths, half-truths and the autocratic myths, half-truths and the autocratic view of the world represented by the view of the world represented by the

colonial literaturecolonial literature

POST-COLONIAL WRITERS:

PROPAGANDA AND CRITICISM OF COLONIALISM IN POST-COLONIAL WRITINGS

1. Direct Criticism:

Doris LessingNadine Gordimer

2. Indirect criticism: Paul Scott

In his novel The Jewell in the Crown, Scott pays attention to the propaganda taught at British colonial schools, run by British teachers. Except for basics of algebra and reading, teachers often idealised the relationship bethween India and Great Britain. Britain was depicted as a “mother“, taking India under her protective wing, promoting education, religion, hygiene and culture. Indians, on the other hand, were depicted as willing to offer their country as a gift to their “Mother Country“, Britain. In visual arts, many painters also depicted the harmonic relationship and obedience or submissiveness of the Indians.

POST-COLONIAL WRITERS:

PROPAGANDA AND CRITICISM OF COLONIALISM IN POST-COLONIAL WRITINGS

1. Direct Criticism:

Doris LessingNadine Gordimer

2. Indirect criticism: Paul Scott

In his novel The Jewell in the Crown, Scott pays attention to the propaganda taught at British colonial schools, run by British teachers. Except for basics of algebra and reading, teachers often idealised the relationship bethween India and Great Britain. Britain was depicted as a “mother“, taking India under her protective wing, promoting education, religion, hygiene and culture. Indians, on the other hand, were depicted as willing to offer their country as a gift to their “Mother Country“, Britain. In visual arts, many painters also depicted the harmonic relationship and obedience or submissiveness of the Indians.

POSTCOLONIAL AND POSTIMPERIAL POSTCOLONIAL AND POSTIMPERIAL LITERATURE IN ENGLISHLITERATURE IN ENGLISH

Salman RushdieSalman Rushdie

““Novels are not to lay down rules Novels are not to lay down rules but to ask questions.“but to ask questions.“

bb. in Bombay, India to a prosperous family. in Bombay, India to a prosperous family bb. in 1947, the year of political changes in India. in 1947, the year of political changes in India Moved to EnglandMoved to England Received M.A. from King´s College, CambridgeReceived M.A. from King´s College, Cambridge Worked as an actor, free-lance advertising copy-writerWorked as an actor, free-lance advertising copy-writer 1989 - 1989 - “FATWA” - Condemned by “FATWA” - Condemned by Ayatollah Ayatollah Khomeni to Khomeni to

death death

FATWA – SENTENCE TO DEATHFATWA – SENTENCE TO DEATH

I inform all zealous Muslims of the world I inform all zealous Muslims of the world

that the author of the book entitled that the author of the book entitled The Satanic VersesThe Satanic Verses——

which has been compiled, printed and published which has been compiled, printed and published

in opposition to Islam, the Prophet, and the Qur'an—in opposition to Islam, the Prophet, and the Qur'an—

and all those involved in its publication and all those involved in its publication

who were aware of its content, who were aware of its content,

are sentenced to death. are sentenced to death.

I call on all zealous Muslims I call on all zealous Muslims

to execute them quickly,to execute them quickly, wherever they may be found, wherever they may be found,

so that no one else will dare to insult the Muslim so that no one else will dare to insult the Muslim sanctities. sanctities.

God Willing, whoever is killed on this path is a God Willing, whoever is killed on this path is a martyr.martyr.

EFFECTS OF EFFECTS OF THE SATANIC THE SATANIC VERSESVERSES

Japanese translator Hitosh Igorashi Japanese translator Hitosh Igorashi stabbed to deathstabbed to death

Italian translator Ettore Capriolo – Italian translator Ettore Capriolo – seriously injuredseriously injured

Norweigan translator William Nygaard Norweigan translator William Nygaard hardly survived assassination attackhardly survived assassination attack

Salman Rushdie’s Salman Rushdie’s Style:Style: Influenced by J. JoyceInfluenced by J. Joyce Combines fantasy and magicCombines fantasy and magic Uses sUses satireatire Attacks religious bigotryAttacks religious bigotry

Criticism:Criticism: IncoherentIncoherent

mmelange of plots, elange of plots,

themes, characters themes, characters

The Satanic Verses – issues:The Satanic Verses – issues:

Ispired by the life of MuhammadIspired by the life of Muhammad

Attempts to be the “false part of Attempts to be the “false part of Qur’an“Qur’an“

Uses Uses MAGIC REALISM MAGIC REALISM (characters of (characters of angels, demons, hybrids...)angels, demons, hybrids...)

DEVIL

Main characters:Main characters:

Indian expatriates in EnglandIndian expatriates in England

GIBREEL FARISHTABollywood star

SALADIN CHAMCHAVoice-over in Indian films

ARCHANGEL GIBREELschizophrenia

Falls into hallucinations Understands his Indian identity

PLANE CRASH

Theme of Theme of The Satanic Verses:The Satanic Verses:

...“migration, metamorphosis, divided ...“migration, metamorphosis, divided selves, love, death, London and Bombay.selves, love, death, London and Bombay.„„

Other concepts: Other concepts: faith faith BLASPHEMOUSBLASPHEMOUS

fanaticismfanaticism

revelationrevelation

justifying God’s existence justifying God’s existence

Rushdie writes of the titleRushdie writes of the title of of Satanic VersesSatanic Verses:: You call us devils? It seems to ask. You call us devils? It seems to ask.

Very well, then, here is the devil's version of the world, Very well, then, here is the devil's version of the world, of "of "your" worldyour" world, ,

the version written the version written from the experiencefrom the experience of those of those who have been demonized by virtue of their who have been demonized by virtue of their othernessotherness. .

Just as the Asian kids in the novel Just as the Asian kids in the novel wear toy devil-horns proudly, wear toy devil-horns proudly,

as an assertion of pride in identity, as an assertion of pride in identity, so the novel so the novel proudly wears its demonic titleproudly wears its demonic title. . The purpose is not to suggest that the Qur'anThe purpose is not to suggest that the Qur'an

is written by the devil;is written by the devil;it is to attempt the sort of act of affirmation that,it is to attempt the sort of act of affirmation that, in the United States, transformed the word in the United States, transformed the word blackblack

from the standard term of racist abusefrom the standard term of racist abuse into a into a "beautiful""beautiful" expression of cultural pride. expression of cultural pride.

Other novels by Salman RushdieOther novels by Salman Rushdie

Novels:Novels:

The Book of the Pir, 1971The Book of the Pir, 1971 Midnight Children, 1981Midnight Children, 1981 Shame, 1983Shame, 1983 The Satanic Verses, 1989The Satanic Verses, 1989

Concepts:Concepts: NEWNESS – CHANGENEWNESS – CHANGE(IDENTITY POLITICS): FOREIGNERS –ALIENS – UNSPOILED (IDENTITY POLITICS): FOREIGNERS –ALIENS – UNSPOILED NATIVESNATIVESCENTRAL AND MARGINAL CULTURESCENTRAL AND MARGINAL CULTURES

POSTCOLONIAL AND POSTCOLONIAL AND POSTIMPERIAL LITERATURE IN POSTIMPERIAL LITERATURE IN

ENGLISHENGLISH

Kazuo IshiguroKazuo Ishiguro

““What is history to a nation, memory is to the What is history to a nation, memory is to the individual” individual”

bb. in 1954 in Nagasaki, Japan. in 1954 in Nagasaki, Japan mmoved to Britain in 1960oved to Britain in 1960 depicts cdepicts cultural gap between two culturesultural gap between two cultures ggraduated from the Univ. of East Anglia, lives in raduated from the Univ. of East Anglia, lives in

LondonLondon

Ishiguro’s sIshiguro’s style:tyle:

““It is perhaps a sign of my advancing It is perhaps a sign of my advancing years, that I have taken to years, that I have taken to wanderingwandering into rooms for no purpose.” (Masuji into rooms for no purpose.” (Masuji Ono, in: Artist of the F.V.)Ono, in: Artist of the F.V.)

Characters wander through the Characters wander through the ““roomsrooms““ of their memories (ellips of their memories (ellipsees, s, meanders)meanders)

Distortion of the past and presentDistortion of the past and present Ironical deceptions of memoryIronical deceptions of memory

Ishiguro’s major novelsIshiguro’s major novels

Novels:Novels: A Pale view of Hills, 1982A Pale view of Hills, 1982 An Artist of the Floating World, 1985An Artist of the Floating World, 1985 The Remains of the Day, 1989The Remains of the Day, 1989 The Unconsoled, 1995The Unconsoled, 1995

Concepts: Concepts: FLOATING WORLD – “FLOATING WORLD – “the night time of the night time of

pleasure, entertainment and drink.”pleasure, entertainment and drink.” JOURNEY – the JOURNEY – the ““journeyjourney““ motif motif

The Remains of the DayThe Remains of the Day

SetSet in pre and post-war Britain in pre and post-war BritainNarrator:Narrator: aging butler Stevens aging butler Stevens

who serves for Lord who serves for Lord DarlingtonDarlington

THE ESSENCE OF BRITISHNESS

Mrs Kenton – love subdued to duty

Lord Darlington – abosolute loyalty

Stevens’ father – latent love

Mr. Farraday – new American master

The Prophet´s HairThe Prophet´s HairSet in: India, 19-Set in: India, 19-Characters: wealthy moneylender Hashim, his son Atta, daughter Huma Characters: wealthy moneylender Hashim, his son Atta, daughter Huma

Plot: Hashim finds a relic, decides to keep it. Instead of good fortune, it Plot: Hashim finds a relic, decides to keep it. Instead of good fortune, it brings his family ill fortune: Hashim turns a bigot, forces his family to brings his family ill fortune: Hashim turns a bigot, forces his family to ultraorthodox Muslim life. ultraorthodox Muslim life.

Contribution:Contribution: Developing cultural awareness: Developing cultural awareness: shikara, khichri, phial, purdah, shikara, khichri, phial, purdah,

mulahsmulahs(no endnotes, explanation)(no endnotes, explanation)

Combines fantasy and magic (reclic = prophet´s hair – its Combines fantasy and magic (reclic = prophet´s hair – its miraculous powers)miraculous powers)

Satire of religious bigotry (countereffects of the relic, mullahs Satire of religious bigotry (countereffects of the relic, mullahs wanted to lynch Atta for the loss of relic, Sheikh´s crippled children wanted to lynch Atta for the loss of relic, Sheikh´s crippled children were healed which “ruined them for life“)were healed which “ruined them for life“)

LITERATURE OF THE 60’ s , 70’s AND 80’s

• After experiment with new topics (post-imperialism) • Experiment with the form

Saga

Bildungsroman

Roman fleuveStream novelRiver novel

Saga NovelSaga Novel

a narrative or a tale of heroic a narrative or a tale of heroic achievements or extraordinary or achievements or extraordinary or marvellous adventures, e.g. Beowulfmarvellous adventures, e.g. Beowulf

a narrative about the life of a large a narrative about the life of a large family, written over a long period and family, written over a long period and linked together by a character or linked together by a character or place, e.g. Forsyte Sagaplace, e.g. Forsyte Saga

OTHER EXPERIMENTS WITH OTHER EXPERIMENTS WITH FORMFORM

Roman Fleuve – stream novel – “river novel“Roman Fleuve – stream novel – “river novel“

a term used for a series of novels, each of which a term used for a series of novels, each of which exists as a separate novel but all of which are related exists as a separate novel but all of which are related because the characters reappear in each succeeding because the characters reappear in each succeeding work. work.

roman fleuve was established by E. Zola, H. Balzac roman fleuve was established by E. Zola, H. Balzac and M. Proustand M. Proust

the most popular variants: the most popular variants: trilogy, tetralogytrilogy, tetralogy

Bildungsroman Bildungsroman - - the term used widely by German critics, referring to a the term used widely by German critics, referring to a

novel which is an account of the youthful development novel which is an account of the youthful development of a hero or heroine (David Lodge: of a hero or heroine (David Lodge: Out of ShelterOut of Shelter))

NOVELISTS OF THE 50´sNOVELISTS OF THE 50´sANTHONY POWELL, ANGUS WILSON, C. ANTHONY POWELL, ANGUS WILSON, C.

P. SNOWP. SNOW

Novelists of the 50´s – achieved Novelists of the 50´s – achieved considerable considerable reputation in the 50´sreputation in the 50´s

– – unique category unique category

Common Features: Common Features: satiric interest in the changes in the Great satiric interest in the changes in the Great

Britain in the 50´s and 60´sBritain in the 50´s and 60´s disgust with the spread of Western disgust with the spread of Western

civilisationcivilisation genre (roman fleuve)genre (roman fleuve)

NOVELISTS OF THE 50´s NOVELISTS OF THE 50´s AANTHONYNTHONY POWELL POWELL, ANGUS WILLSON, ANGUS WILLSON

and Cand CHARLESHARLES P PERCYERCY SNOW SNOW

stories of “upper-class hard-heads“stories of “upper-class hard-heads“started publishing in the 30´sstarted publishing in the 30´s

AANTHONYNTHONY POWELL POWELL

educated at prestigious Eton educated at prestigious Eton Balliol College (Oxford)Balliol College (Oxford) a friend of Evelyn Waugh, Graham Greenea friend of Evelyn Waugh, Graham Greene started as a film script-writerstarted as a film script-writer critic and book reviewer for: critic and book reviewer for: the Daily Telegraph; the Daily Telegraph; the Times Literary Supplement; the Times Literary Supplement; Punch; the SpectatorPunch; the Spectator

Nicolas Poussin’s picture which gives name to the novel

(1905 - 2000)(1905 - 2000)

Style:Style:

universal: - 4 volumes of memoirsuniversal: - 4 volumes of memoirs 3 volumes of diaries3 volumes of diaries 2 volumes of literary criticisms2 volumes of literary criticisms

ANTONY POWEL’S MAJOR ANTONY POWEL’S MAJOR WORKS:WORKS:

NovelsNovels: : Afternoon Men, 1931Afternoon Men, 1931 Venusberg, 1932Venusberg, 1932 A A DanceDance to the Music of Time to the Music of Time

slowly developing narrative slowly developing narrative (narrator: Nicholas Jenkins), set between the 20´s (narrator: Nicholas Jenkins), set between the 20´s

and 50´sand 50´s a chronicle of British upper middle class a chronicle of British upper middle class a fictionalised war memoira fictionalised war memoir a prose elegy for the decline and fall of a ruling classa prose elegy for the decline and fall of a ruling class

A A Dance to the Music of Dance to the Music of Time Time

1.1. A Question of UpbringingA Question of Upbringing2.2. A Buyer´s MarketA Buyer´s Market3.3. The Acceptance WorldThe Acceptance World4.4. At Lady Molly´sAt Lady Molly´s5.5. Casanova´s Chinese RestaurantCasanova´s Chinese Restaurant6.6. The Kindly OnesThe Kindly Ones7.7. The Walley of BonesThe Walley of Bones8.8. The Soldier´s ArtThe Soldier´s Art9.9. The Military PhilosophersThe Military Philosophers1010. . Books do Furnish a RoomBooks do Furnish a Room1111. . Temporary KingsTemporary Kings1212. . Hearing Secret HarmoniesHearing Secret Harmonies

A A Dance Dance to the Music of to the Music of Time Time

Metaphor: Metaphor:

Conformism of those Conformism of those

who „dance to the music of time“who „dance to the music of time“

Parody of English Parody of English

political, social and military lifepolitical, social and military life

A painting by Nicolas PoussinA painting by Nicolas Poussin

Seasons hand in hand

Symbolising:

•Passing of time,•Human mortality

Dance SymbolisesPartmership – its twistsand turns

Charles Percy Snow Charles Percy Snow BBaron Snow of Leicester aron Snow of Leicester

(1905 - 1980)(1905 - 1980)

educated as a chemist and physicist at the Univ. of educated as a chemist and physicist at the Univ. of LeicesterLeicester

held important positions in the British Government held important positions in the British Government

Style: Style: -rational, atheistic, rational, atheistic, - scientifically exact, influenced by the genre of scientifically exact, influenced by the genre of detective detective storiesstories- - conflict between the sciences and the humanities (conflict between the sciences and the humanities (The The Two Cultures)Two Cultures)

NOVELS BY CHARLES PERCY NOVELS BY CHARLES PERCY SNOWSNOW

Strangers and Brothers,Strangers and Brothers, 1940 – 1970 1940 – 1970 - eleven novels in the series - eleven novels in the series - narrated by 'Lewis Eliot'. - narrated by 'Lewis Eliot'. - follows his life and career from humble - follows his life and career from humble

beginnings in an English provincial town, to beginnings in an English provincial town, to London lawyer, to Cambridge don, to wartime London lawyer, to Cambridge don, to wartime service in Whitehall, to senior civil servant and service in Whitehall, to senior civil servant and finally retirement.finally retirement.

The Masters, 1951The Masters, 1951 The New Men, 1954The New Men, 1954 Last Things, 1970Last Things, 1970

ANGUS WILSONANGUS WILSON b. 1913b. 1913

Style: Style: -restless experimentation with:-restless experimentation with: REALISM (REALISM (Hemlock and After, 1952)Hemlock and After, 1952) FABLE, ALLEGORY (FABLE, ALLEGORY (The Old Man at the ZOO, 1961)The Old Man at the ZOO, 1961)

Topics:Topics: criticised SOCIETY ; society understood holisticallycriticised SOCIETY ; society understood holistically favoured NATURE – source of stable valuesfavoured NATURE – source of stable values

Characters: Characters: ((3 groups)3 groups) PRINCIPAL PLAYERSPRINCIPAL PLAYERS SUPPORITNG ROLESSUPPORITNG ROLES ADDITIONAL CASTADDITIONAL CAST

NOVELISTS OF THE 50´s - NOVELISTS OF THE 50´s - GRAHAM GREENEGRAHAM GREENE

b. in 1904 to the family of a Headmaster;b. in 1904 to the family of a Headmaster; studied at Balliol College, Oxford;studied at Balliol College, Oxford; editor of the editor of the Oxford OutlookOxford Outlook, , The Times, The The Times, The

Spectactor;Spectactor; during WWII an employee of the Ministry of during WWII an employee of the Ministry of

Information.Information.

Style:Style: 1. Catholicism;1. Catholicism; 2. Exotic settings (Cuba, Estonia);2. Exotic settings (Cuba, Estonia); 3. Spy novels, double agents;3. Spy novels, double agents; 4. Greenland.4. Greenland.

GRAHAM GREENE’S STYLEGRAHAM GREENE’S STYLE

Greenland Greenland

– – the term describing specific the term describing specific atmosphereatmosphere in Greene´s in Greene´s novels:novels:

“… “… the sweat and infection, the ill-built town which is beautiful the sweat and infection, the ill-built town which is beautiful for a few minutes at sundown, the brothel where all men for a few minutes at sundown, the brothel where all men are equal, the vultures… the snobbery of the 2nd class are equal, the vultures… the snobbery of the 2nd class public schools, the law which all can evade, the everpresent public schools, the law which all can evade, the everpresent haunting underworld of gossip, spying, bribery, violence haunting underworld of gossip, spying, bribery, violence and betrayal…“ and betrayal…“ Evelyn WaughEvelyn Waugh

Technique of writing/narration:Technique of writing/narration: Camera Eye – recording Camera Eye – recording significant details (absolutely objective narrative, no significant details (absolutely objective narrative, no judgemental voice)judgemental voice)

HAVANAHAVANA...the sweat and infection, ...the sweat and infection, the ill-built town the ill-built town which is beautiful which is beautiful for a few minutes at sundown, for a few minutes at sundown, the brothel where all men are the brothel where all men are equal, equal, the vultures… the vultures… the snobbery of the 2nd class the snobbery of the 2nd class public schools, the law public schools, the law which all can evade,which all can evade, the everpresent the everpresent haunting underworld haunting underworld of gossip, spying, of gossip, spying, bribery, violence bribery, violence and betrayal…“ and betrayal…“ Evelyn WaughEvelyn Waugh

GRAHAM GREENE’S MAJOR GRAHAM GREENE’S MAJOR WORKSWORKS

Novels:Novels:

Early Years:Early Years: 1929, The Man Within1929, The Man Within Pre-WWII novels:Pre-WWII novels: 1938, Brighton Rock1938, Brighton Rock 1939, The Confidential Agent1939, The Confidential Agent 1940, The Power and the Glory1940, The Power and the Glory

Post-WWII novels:Post-WWII novels:1948, The Heart of the Matter1948, The Heart of the Matter1951, The End of the Affair1951, The End of the Affair1955, The Quiet American1955, The Quiet American1958, Our Man in Havana1958, Our Man in Havana1969, Travels with my Aunt1969, Travels with my Aunt1973, The Honorary Consul1973, The Honorary Consul

Our Man in HavanaOur Man in Havana

Parody of a spy novelParody of a spy novelBased on G. G’s experience during Based on G. G’s experience during

WWIIWWII

Set in CubaSet in CubaStory of an underdog Wormold Story of an underdog Wormold Selling vacuum cleaners mistaken for Selling vacuum cleaners mistaken for

military plans of nuclear bombsmilitary plans of nuclear bombsBecomes Secret Agent 5920015Becomes Secret Agent 5920015

a) Objective narrator b) Subjective narratora) Objective narrator b) Subjective narratorc) 1st person narr. d) 3rd person narratorc) 1st person narr. d) 3rd person narrator

There were eight Japanese gentlemen having There were eight Japanese gentlemen having a fish dinner at Bentley´s. They spoke to each a fish dinner at Bentley´s. They spoke to each other rarely in their incomprehensible tongue, other rarely in their incomprehensible tongue, but always with a courteous smile and often but always with a courteous smile and often with a small bow. All but one of them wore with a small bow. All but one of them wore glasses. Sometimes a prety girl who sat in the glasses. Sometimes a prety girl who sat in the window beyond gave them a passing glance, window beyond gave them a passing glance, but her own problem seemed too serious for but her own problem seemed too serious for her to pay any real attention to anyone in the her to pay any real attention to anyone in the world except herself and her companion. world except herself and her companion.

LITERATURE OF THE 50´S AND 60´S - EXOTIC NOVELS

• 50’s – 60’s – Period of the “Dreams revived“

• Inspiration by the colonial past, (Lawrence Durrell) exotic countries, (William Golding) utopia, dystopia and sci-fi (Eric Arthur Blair – George Orwell) – George Orwell)

Lawrence Durrell (1912 - 1990)

b. in Jullundur, northern India to his English father and Irish-English mother result: inclination toward “Tibetan mentality“; mixed nationality sent to England at the age of 11 to be formally educated there missed Southern climate and way of life, moved to Corfu fled Greece in 1941 just ahead of Nazi army Press attaché in the British Information Office in Alexandria, Egypt (Belehrad and Rhodes) A teacher of English literature in Cyprus Deeply touched by the death of his wife and daughter

Lawrence Durrell (1912 - 1990)

Style: Influenced by Henry Miller (naturalism), H. D. Lawrence (sexual openness) Fascination for the Far East (oriental folklore,

habits) Modernist fiction (philosophical point of view)

Novels: Pied Piper of Lovers (pseudonym: Charles Norden)

Panic Spring, 1937 Bitter Lemons

The Alexandria QuartetThe Alexandria Quartet The Alexandria Quartet: Justine, 1957 Balthazar, 1958 Mountain Olive, 1958 Clea, 1960

Subject: the expression of love: pure love, incest, rape, infant prostitution, lesbian love, homosexuality.

Specific expressions of L. G. Dartley´s love to Justine (passion), Melissa (affection), Clea (healing love), Mount Olive (friendship).

The Revolt of Aphrodite: 1. Tunc, 1968 2. The Avignon Quintet, 1974-85

William Golding (1911 - 1993)

b. in Newquay, Cornwall graduated from Oxford University during WWII joined the military service 1983 - Nobel Laureate in Literature

Style: influenced by Greene´s religiosity: original sin, evil in

people Interested in existential rather than national issues: “I

should have thought that a pack of British boys… would have been able to put up a better show than that”.

called his writings “fables“ or “myths“; also writing moral allegories: post Darwinist and post Wellsian pessimism

excessively using symbolism

SOCIAL RULES AND ABSENCE THEREOF

Novels by W. GoldingNovels by W. Golding

Poems, 1934The Inheritors, 1955Pincher Martin, 1965Free Fall, 1959The Spire, 1964The Lord of the Flies, 1954

EVIL IN MEN

CORRUPTION OF POWER

OUTSIDERISM

INNER SAVAGERY

CORRUPTION OF POWER

SOCIAL RULES AND ABSENCE THEREOF

Novels by W. GoldingNovels by W. Golding

„„Man produces evil like Man produces evil like a bee produces honey“a bee produces honey“

An outsider often An outsider often draws attention away draws attention away from predators’ from predators’ mistakesmistakes

People need an People need an absolute monarchabsolute monarch

EVIL IN MEN

OUTSIDERISM

INNER SAVAGERY

Lord of the FliesLord of the Flies

Subject: collapse of civilisation: transition from civilised to barbaric

Inspired by Robert Ballantyne´s Coral Island

(1858), Jules Verne, Daniel Defoe and sci – fi

Setting: unspecified - Indian – Pacific Ocean – time: WWII (?)

Lord of the Flies = inborn evil in Lord of the Flies = inborn evil in peoplepeople

NemesisNemesis (in Greek, (in Greek, ΝέμεσιςΝέμεσις), was the spirit of ), was the spirit of divine retribution against those who succumb to divine retribution against those who succumb to hubris, vengeful fate personified as a hubris, vengeful fate personified as a remorseless goddess. remorseless goddess.

The name The name NemesisNemesis is related to the Greek word is related to the Greek word νείμειννείμειν, meaning "to give what is due". The , meaning "to give what is due". The Romans equated one aspect of Greek Nemesis, Romans equated one aspect of Greek Nemesis, which might be interpreted as "indignation at which might be interpreted as "indignation at unmeritedunmerited advantage", as advantage", as InvidiaInvidia (Aronoff (Aronoff 2003).2003).

Nemesis is now used as a term used to describe Nemesis is now used as a term used to describe one's worst enemy, normally someone or one's worst enemy, normally someone or something that is the exact opposite of oneself something that is the exact opposite of oneself but is also somehow similar. For example, but is also somehow similar. For example, Professor Moriarty is frequently described as the Professor Moriarty is frequently described as the nemesis of Sherlock Holmes.nemesis of Sherlock Holmes.

Post Darwinist and post Wellsian pessimism

LoF shows the downfall of civilisation LoF shows the downfall of civilisation (from civilised to barbaric)(from civilised to barbaric)

Charles Darwin Origin of Species (1869)The Survival of the Fittest

Herbert Spencer had published The principles of biology in 1864. In that he referred to 'survival of the fittest' twice

Golding’s Post Darwinist and post Wellsian pessimism

Herbert George Wells„The Father of Sci-fi“

Author of:The Time Machine The War of WorldsThe Invisible ManThe Island of Doctor Moreau

Believed that technologydoes not make a man

happier

Symbolism in Lord of the FliesSymbolism in Lord of the Flies

English cathedral choir schoolboys - microcosm

Piggy, glasses: intelligence Ralph, the conch – democracy Simon – Jesus Roger – Evil, Satan Jack – anarchy The island – a microcosm The beast – evil, residing within everyone Lord of the Flies – the Devil

Other authors: Malcolm Lowry: Under the Volcano

BRITISH POST-WAR POETRYBRITISH POST-WAR POETRYSEVERAL MOVEMENTS EMERGED

THE MOVEMENT THE GROUP

THE UNDERGROUND

THE REVIEW THE MARTIANS

TED HUGHES SEAMUS HEANEY

THE MOVEMENT

- dominated in the 40's - 50's; - manifesto of THE MOVEMENT: collections:

"Poets of the 50's", 1955 and "New Lines", 1956

P. Larkin: I believe a poet has to enjoy writing poetry and the readers enjoy reading it, or they are

both wasting their time.

(The Times, 1964).

I had suggested, in exasperation, that he findsSomething other to write

aboutthe moon, and flowers and

birds, and temples,And the bare hills of the once

holy city -Through the leprous lakes of

mud.

(Changing the Subject).

The poet

Should seek more serious

topics

Struggle with life

Artistic manifesto of the Artistic manifesto of the MovementMovement

Influences: W.Butler Yeats; W.H.Auden; Edwin Muir;

Philosophy of the Movement* Disillusionment* Empirism* Subjectivity, intimacy, privacy* Intellectualism* Specific target: poets, churchgoers, mourners* Rational, logical language

* Representatives: educated, Oxbridge graduates

IntimacyIntimacy

And why should this chain of miracles be

easier to believe

Than that my darling should come to me as naturally

As she trusts a restaurant not to poison her?"

Existential topics

This man I knewOnly a little, by his deathShows me a love I thought I lacked...For finished work, like answered prayer, makes death taste sweet.

Sharp observations

on life

Vivid SIMILES

MEMBERS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

1. Robert Conquest “A World of Difference“, 1955; "Arias from a Love Opera", 1969 "Forays", 1979

2. Philip Larkin: Whitsun Weddings3. D. J. Enright4. Elisabeth Jennings “Poems“, 1953; “A Way of

Looking“, 1955; A Sense of the World"5. Kingsley Amis Poems: "The End"6. John Wain "Mixed Feelings", 1951; "A Word Carved

on a Sill", 1956; Weep before God, 19617. Thom Gunn "On the Move", 1966; "The Sense of

Movement"8. John Holloway - literary criticism9. Donald Davie - literary criticism

PHILIP LARKIN

- b. 1922 in Coventry, died 1985; - studied at Oxford, St. John's - librarian in Belfast, Leicester

Collections:“The North Ship", 1945“The Less Deceived“, 1955“The Whitsun Weddings“, 1964“High Windows“

Style:

DaysWhat are days for?Days are where we five.They come, they wake usTime and time overThey are to be happy in:Where can we live butAh, solving that questionBrings the priest and the doctorIn their long coatsRunning over the fields.

DaysWhat are days for?Days are where we live.They come, they wake usTime and time overThey are to be happy in:Where can we live butAh, solving that questionBrings the priest and the

doctorIn their long coatsRunning over the fields.

RHETORIC QUESTION

ANAPHORA

METAPHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS

TABOO QUESTIONS

MOTIFS OF PANTA REI

DENNIS JOSEPH ENRIGHT - b. 1920

Style: comic, funny versesCollections:"The Laughing Hyena", 1953"Bread Rather than Blossoms", 1956“The Old Adam", 1965"Unlawful Assembly", 1968“The Terrible Shears",

MINOR MOVEMENTS AND LITERARY TRENDS:THE UNDERGROUND

• Loose groups also called “The Liverpool Poets”

• Representatives: Adrian Henri, Roger McGough

• TOPICS: Criticism of “the Establishment” Formed since the 1960´s

• Influenced by the Beat Generation, jazz, William Blake, dadaism, surrealism• Collections: Love, love, love, love, 1968; Children of Albion, 1969

THE REVIEW

- Their manifesto: magazine - Reaction to the Movement- Confessional poetry and dramatic

lyrics of Alfred Alvarez

THE MAVERICKS

- Opposition to the Movement- their anthology: The Mavericks- representatives: Ian Silkin (Nature

with Man, 1965)

TONE: reflexive, meditative poetry about the North of England and its nature

THE MARTIANS or THE MARTIAN SCHOOL

- collection: A Martian Sends a Postcard Home,

1979

- representatives: Craig Raine

SEAMUS HEANEY“...poetry as revelation of the self to the self, as the restoration

of the culture to itself, poems as elementsof continuity...” (1976)

- b. in Ireland (Conn Derry), 1939 - studied in Belfast at Queen´s University - teacher, later the Head of the Department in Dublin 1995 – awarded the Nobel Prize

Style: - prolific, near-demonic poet - simple but strong - anti-human - reflections of the experience of human cruelty - psychic drama

SEAMUS HEANEY’s APOLITICAL POETRY

1. APOLITICAL POETRY: Traditionalist: images of farms, diligence, animals,

nature

Language: robust, uses dialects, archaisms, experiments with assonance

Prosody: unrhymed, American free verse form inspired by neonaturalism of Ted Hughes, Robert Lowell

Collections: - Death of a Naturalist, 1966 Wintering Out The North, 1975 Field Work, 1979

SEAMUS HEANEY’s POLITICAL POETRY

2. POLITICAL POETRY

influenced by Patrick Ravanagh rooted in Heaney´s Irish Catholic origin

(Ulster Catholics)

criticises bigotry of the Protestant Extremists

Military Images: Trout, Rookery Collections: Whatever You Say, Say Nothing North, 1975

(Edward James) Ted Hughes

b. 1930 in the North of England (West Yorkshire);

Studied at Cambridge; interested in folklore, D.H Lawrence, Shakespeare, Dylan Thomas;

Many unusual jobs 1956 – married to a U.S. poet Sylvia Plath; founded Arvon foundation; died 1984.

Ted Hughes’ style:

individual; middle-English poetry – north-English dialect; philosophical topics, questions; neo-naturalist; 1st person narrator: „I sit in the top of the world, my eyes

closed“.

Topics/Themes: brutality vs. vitality : Symbolism: of Jaguar, Hawk, Fox, Cat, Pike; pigs, apes,

parrots Death vs. life: symbolism of animal world, war Horror, roughness: - ”silhouette of horror“, “enraged jaguar”; “sudden sharp hot stink of fox” Determinism; Exercise of powerExercise of power

Controversial poetry of Ted Controversial poetry of Ted Hughes Hughes

Exercise of power:

I kill where I please because it is all mine...Nothing has changed since I began.My eye has permitted no change.I am going to keep things like this.

(Hawk Roosting)

Collections of poems: - The Hawk in the Rain, 1957; - Lupercal, 1960; - Gandette, 1977; - Cave Birds, 1978; - Moortown, 1979.

Written testWritten test

Content: lectures, seminars, Look Content: lectures, seminars, Look Back in Anger, Lord of the Flies, Back in Anger, Lord of the Flies, doplňujúce texty na skúšku (see: web doplňujúce texty na skúšku (see: web page)page)

FORM: multiple choice, gap filling, FORM: multiple choice, gap filling, essay essay

Sample task 1Sample task 1

1. Who wrote 1. Who wrote Dance to the Music of Dance to the Music of Time?Time?

a)a) John OsborneJohn Osborne

b)b) Baron Snow of LeicesterBaron Snow of Leicester

c)c) Doris Lessing Doris Lessing

d)d) Charles Percy SnowCharles Percy Snow

e)e) None of theseNone of these

Sample task 2Sample task 2

1. What do Allan Sillitoe, Kingsley Amis 1. What do Allan Sillitoe, Kingsley Amis and Sid Barstow have in commonand Sid Barstow have in common??

a)a) They were awarded the Nobel prizeThey were awarded the Nobel prize

b)b) They all use metaphors in the titles They all use metaphors in the titles of their novelsof their novels

c)c) They all use the setting of Greenland They all use the setting of Greenland

d)d) TheyThey are working class novelistsare working class novelists

e)e) None of theseNone of these

Task 3 – Essay - Points for:Task 3 – Essay - Points for:

Cultural and historical contextCultural and historical contextCorrect information from the piece Correct information from the piece

(names, setting, plot)(names, setting, plot)Active use of the story to illustrate Active use of the story to illustrate

your pointyour point Independent thinkingIndependent thinking

Write a paragraph on the status revolt of a female protagonist in Write a paragraph on the status revolt of a female protagonist in LBALBA

The character in LBA who represents the status rebellion is Alison The character in LBA who represents the status rebellion is Alison Redfern, the daughter of an India veteran, colonel Redfern. Redfern, the daughter of an India veteran, colonel Redfern.

She was born to a privileged upper class, however, for dubious She was born to a privileged upper class, however, for dubious reasons she decided to marry below her standard. reasons she decided to marry below her standard.

She married a working class representative, Jim Porter, who in She married a working class representative, Jim Porter, who in spite of his education could not find a proper job and worked spite of his education could not find a proper job and worked in a candy stand. in a candy stand.

He represents a „typical“ angry young man, product of Butler’s He represents a „typical“ angry young man, product of Butler’s educational law of 1944 which left many overqualified educational law of 1944 which left many overqualified young people unemployed.young people unemployed.

That, of course, made Jim irritated and oversensitive and he That, of course, made Jim irritated and oversensitive and he often relieved his anger on Alison. Thus Alison, as a often relieved his anger on Alison. Thus Alison, as a representative of the upper class ended up in a depressive representative of the upper class ended up in a depressive relationship with an upset and conformist young man.relationship with an upset and conformist young man.

It is a good question what made Alison rebell against her own It is a good question what made Alison rebell against her own class and parents – was it just a generation gap, natural class and parents – was it just a generation gap, natural teenage protest against authorities, or more serious teenage protest against authorities, or more serious reasons? reasons?

Or was it love that brought her to a tiny attic room? Or was it love that brought her to a tiny attic room? John Osborne did not really answer the question in the play and John Osborne did not really answer the question in the play and

let the spectactor wonder about Alison’s true motivation. let the spectactor wonder about Alison’s true motivation.

List of Sources

Photos and Images:Books http://images.google.sk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wickedlady.com/tins/images/literature.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wickedlady.com/tins/literature.html&h=348&w=300&sz=36&hl=sk&start=18&tbnid=qKxvZv6mYZBb_M:&tbnh=120&tbnw=103&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2Bliterature%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dsk%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGwww.newtherapist.com/diagnosis12.html

Farrell, J. G.http://images.google.fr/images?svnum=10&hl=sk&lr=&q=j.+g.+farrell+%2B+writer&btnG=H%C4%BEada%C5%A5

Greene, Grahamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene

Ishiguro, Kazuohttp://images.google.fr/images?q=kazuo+ishiguro&hl=sk&btnG=Vyh%C4%BEad%C3%A1vanie+obr%C3%A1zkovOsborne, Johnhttp://images.google.fr/images?q=john+osborne&hl=sk&btnG=Vyh%C4%BEad%C3%A1vanie+obr%C3%A1zkov

Postmodernismhttp://www.colorado.edu/English/courses/ENGL2012Klages/pomo.html

Rushdie, Salmanhttp://images.google.fr/images?q=salman+rushdie&hl=sk&btnG=Vyh%C4%BEad%C3%A1vanie+obr%C3%A1zkov

Sillitoe, Allan http://images.google.fr/imgres?imgurl=http://www.open2.net/open2static/source/file/root/45/58/188077/allan_sillitoe.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.open2.net/castandcrew/snsm.html&h=134&w=134&sz=30&hl=sk&start=4&tbnid=TBt2TYSuNpOLaM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=92&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dallan%2Bsillitoe%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dsk%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

Web-pages:

Postcolonialismhttp://www.britishempire.co.uk/art/artandempire.htm super stránka na kol umenie

Postmodernismhttp://images.google.sk/imgres?imgurl=http://home.nc.rr.com/donaldwood/Society-BG.gif&imgrefurl=http://home.nc.rr.com/donaldwood/Page%252010.htm&h=200&w=253&sz=5&hl=sk&start=322&tbnid=awNCbk-iHKJ5bM:&tbnh=88&tbnw=111&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2Bpostmodernism%26start%3D306%26ndsp%3D18%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dsk%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

READING COUPLE – IMAGE

http://images.google.sk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.americanplacetheatre.org/stage/images/stories/illustrations_icons/performances.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.americanplacetheatre.org/stage/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dsection%26id%3D7%26Itemid%3D35&h=128&w=150&sz=3&hl=sk&start=247&tbnid=7ZN3fPfAAUBvbM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=96&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dicons%2B%252B%2Bliterature%26start%3D234%26ndsp%3D18%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dsk%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

Introduction – quick and easyIntroduction – quick and easy

Decide what was it´s theme:Decide what was it´s theme: (e.g. social and historical changes (e.g. social and historical changes

can lead to can lead to personal tragedies personal tragedies

and crises)and crises)

Write your thesis statement: John Osborne in his play Write your thesis statement: John Osborne in his play Look Back in AngerLook Back in Anger demonstrates demonstrates

how social and historical changes can lead to many personal tragedies and how social and historical changes can lead to many personal tragedies and crisescrises

Think of the play you liked Think of the play you liked (e.g. (e.g. Look Back in AngerLook Back in Anger))

Expand your thesis:JohnExpand your thesis:John Osborne, Osborne, a British playwrighta British playwright and an and an Angry young manAngry young man in his in his 3-act play3-act play Look Back in Anger demonstrates how social and historical changes can lead to Look Back in Anger demonstrates how social and historical changes can lead to disastrous disastrous personal personal

tragedies and crises.tragedies and crises.

Write the first and secondWrite the first and second sentence of your sentence of your introduction:introduction:

People who read in books of history about historical, political and People who read in books of history about historical, political and social turmoils tend to forget how these great changes influenced social turmoils tend to forget how these great changes influenced day-to-day lives of individuals.day-to-day lives of individuals.

For example, everybody remembers how the Nazis seized Italy but For example, everybody remembers how the Nazis seized Italy but few understand that they were the first and the last ones in history few understand that they were the first and the last ones in history that made the Italian traffic run on time. Another example is the that made the Italian traffic run on time. Another example is the American space program that gave us not only te first man on the American space program that gave us not only te first man on the moon but also aluminium folio or the frying pan. moon but also aluminium folio or the frying pan.

John Osborne, a British playwright and an angry young man in his play John Osborne, a British playwright and an angry young man in his play Look Back in AngerLook Back in Anger (1956) also demonstrates how social and (1956) also demonstrates how social and historical changes, namely the Butler´s educational act in 1944 lead historical changes, namely the Butler´s educational act in 1944 lead to many personal tragedies and crises and how his main protagonist to many personal tragedies and crises and how his main protagonist Jim Porter struggles with personal and emotional paralysis.Jim Porter struggles with personal and emotional paralysis.

WARNINGWARNING

Any non-academic behaviour during Any non-academic behaviour during the test will affect your grade.the test will affect your grade.

Talking to another student - 5 point penaltyTalking to another student - 5 point penalty

Use of cheat-sheets, cell phones, more Use of cheat-sheets, cell phones, more talking to other students – talking to other students – test confiscated, test confiscated, F gradeF grade

Lost test –Lost test – minus 10 points minus 10 points